Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur? Near plate boundaries (edges) Why?

• Where do earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur?– Near plate

boundaries (edges)

• Why?– Plate edges

scrape together causing vibrations or where plates collide (oceanic and continental boundaries)

•http://www.yenka.com/freecontent/attachment.action?quick=12o&att=2773

Earthquakes

What: Vibrations caused by the breaking of rock.

2004 Japan

December 2004, Sumatra

May 2008, China

Oakland, CA. The upper level of the two-level structure roadway has collapsed onto the lower level. The columns failed in response to the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. 41 people were killed in the

collapse.

9.0 Earthquake - Japan March 11, 2011

Damage to Humans

20,896 people killed, 4,647 missing, 5,314 injured, 130,927 displaced

Damage to Infrastructure

Destroyed or damaged:332,395 buildings, 2,126 roads, 56 bridges 26 railways

How does an earthquake occur?

• Plates shift position

• Vibrations disrupt the surrounding area

December 1954, Dixie Valley, NV (magnitude 6.8) The shack was relatively undamaged, despite being

only a few meters from the two- to three-meter offset.

1989 Loma Prieta Fault, CA

7.0 Earthquake Haiti 2010

•http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1953689,00.html

Where do earthquakes occur?Along fault lines (cracks in the plates) and

plate boundaries

http://baird.si.edu/minsci/tdpmap/viewer.htm

Earthquakes may be deep underground or right at the surface

(surface quakes cause more damage)

Earthquakes in the 7 days

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/index.php

NJ’s most recent quake

• November 23rd, 2012

• Magnitude 2.2

• Largest ever in NJ:– 11/29/1783– magnitude 5.3– felt from NH to PA

http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/last_event_states/states_new_jersey.html

8/23/11 5.8 earthquake in VA

• Was felt from GA to ME and all the way out to Chicago

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/se082311a.php#summary

How is an Earthquake measured?How is an Earthquake measured?• Seismograph measures waves from an

earthquake,

• the ground moves up and down but the weight with pen stays at the same level.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbd1FcuLJLQ

Richter ScaleRichter Scale• Lines drawn by the pen determine

magnitude (strength of quake) on Richter scale

• Scale goes from 0 & up, 6+ causes serious damage.

• 9.5 highest recorded quake (1960 – Chile)

Ancient Chinese Seismograph

• 132 AD, Zhang Heng -scientist

• A central pendulum swings with a quake, thus pulling on a dragon, which releases a ball into the toad’s mouth making a sound and marking the direction of the quake.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcVFuIccf5c

Damage

• Can crack buildings and roadways (billions of dollars in damages)

• Can trigger fires, landslides, and tsunamis

• Kills an average of 10,000 people a year.

• 2008 China: over 87,000 people died in a 7.9 magnitude earthquake

Largest and Deadliest Earthquakes in the World

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/year/byyear.php

• Historical Earthquake List:• http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php

How to win a Nobel Prize

Unanswered Questions about Earthquakes What starts or stops an earthquake? Do earthquakes “talk'' to each other? In other

words, does one earthquake trigger the next earthquake? If so, how/why?

Can earthquakes be predicted, and if so, how?

http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/elephants-predict-earthquakes/story?id=8643318

• http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/east-coast-earthquake-animals-zoos-reacted-temblor-began/story?id=14371679

Earthquake Safety

• Knowing what to do before, during, and after an earthquake can help you and your family survive.

Build quake resistant buildings that move with the earth as it vibrates

Earthquake Safety• Move or secure objects on high shelves

Earthquake Safety

• Stay indoors during the shaking and stand in a doorway or hide under a sturdy table away from windows and high objects.

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1005/es1005page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Drop, Cover, and Hold On!

After the quake

• Move outdoors to open areas quickly, watch for falling objects during aftershocks

Be Aware of Falling Debris

• Earthquake Safety Tips BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE: Have a disaster plan. Choose a safe place in every room. It’s best to get under a sturdy piece of furniture like a table or a desk where nothing can fall on you. Practice DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Drop under something sturdy, hold on, and protect your eyes by pressing your face against your arm. If you live in an earthquake prone area, bolt tall furniture to the wall and install strong latches to cupboards. Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing and written instructions on how to turn off electricity, gas, and water.

DURING AN EARTHQUAKE: DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON! Stay indoors until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows. If you’re in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow. If you’re outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power lines. Then, drop to the ground. If you’re in a car, slow down and drive to a safe place. Stay in the car until the shaking stops.

AFTER THE SHAKING STOPS: Check for injuries. Inspect your home for damage. Eliminate fire hazards, so turn off the gas if you think its leaking. Expect aftershocks. Each time you feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON.

TsunamisTsunamis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-zfCBCq-8I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJBS94GVyuo

What is a tsunami?• Japanese words tsu (harbor) and nami (waves)• It is a wave or series of waves in the ocean that

can be hundreds of miles long and have been known to reach heights of up to 45 ft

• Waves can travel at speeds close to 300 mph• They can cause massive damage and kill many

along coastal lands.

How does it happen?How does it happen?• Triggered by underwater earthquakes which

forces the water upward• The wave moves outward in all directions• As a wave reaches shallow water, it slows

down and gets taller.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/tsunami/main.html

http://www.pep.bc.ca/tsunamis/causes_2.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chbbiSCczB8

http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/tsnumai/flash02.htm

• Prior to this earthquake the Indian Plate was moving beneath the Burma Plate, meeting resistance and compression forces accumulated. When the fault between these two plates suddenly slipped a rupture approximately 1,200 kilometers long developed in the ocean floor with a vertical displacement of about 15 meters. The boundary between the plates and the line of failure are shown on the map below as the blue saw-tooth line.

Contour lines-arrival time, colors-wave height

Can I surf a Tsunami Wave?Typical Tsunami Wave

vs. Typical Wind-generated Wave

Wave FeatureWind-

generated Wave

Tsunami Wave

Wave Speed5-60 mph

(8-100 kph)

500-600 mph(800-1,000 kph)

Wave Period(time required for two waves to pass a single point in space)

5 to 20 seconds apart

10 minutes to 2 hours apart

Wave Length(horizontal distance between two waves)

300-600 feet apart(100-200 meters apart)

60-300 miles apart(100-500 km apart)

No- there is no face to the wave

Surfing wave Tsunami wave

Dec. 2004 TsunamiDec. 2004 Tsunami• 9.2 Earthquake in Indian Ocean caused it• Killed 230,000 people• Made clear that tsunami warning systems are

needed globally

2011 Tsunami in Japanhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-zfCBCq-8I

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia

1960 9.5

Chile

Saving lives

• Currently there is a warning system in the Pacific Ocean. (none in the Indian or Atlantic Oceans)

• Buoys alert satellites, which relay information to scientists who issue warnings to countries.

• Evacuation alarms will sound.

Warning system

If you see the water receding from the shoreline, move to higher ground

immediately!

Tsunami wave

http://www.howstuffworks.com/tsunami.htm

Review: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chbbiSCczB8&feature=related

Tilly Smith warns family: http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video?id=6707152

Could it happen here?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9e8CRE3lRdA

• Family survives 2004 tsunami

• Tsunami ground zero 2004

• Japan 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRXlHhxhq64

• The Impossible Trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bgw394ZKsis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l-fBxtGFrA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hq_PoQDyqwQ

Earthquake and Tsunami Review

What type of plate boundary produces earthquakes?

• Convergent, Divergent, and Transform

Where do we see the most earthquakes occur?

• Near plate boundaries

What should you do to stay safe during an earthquake?

• Drop, cover, and hold on

• After the quake, evacuate the building and move to an open area.

What causes a tsunami?

• Underwater earthquakes, usually at convergent plate boundaries.

How do you stay safe during a tsunami?

• If an earthquake has occurred and you are near water, move quickly to higher ground or far inland.