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SEMINAR REPORT
TOPIC: NEXT BIG FUTURE IDEAS FOR GENERATE ELECTRICITY
ANJALIDAS
S6,EEE
REG.NO:89030559
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere thanks to PROF: Ravi Kumar .S , head of department for providing
me with guidance and facilitate for the seminar
I express sincere gratitude to seminar coordinator PROF: Anil B, staff in charge, for their
cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting the seminar
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS department and my friends for their support and encouragement
ANJALI DAS
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ABSTRACT
World is now going through an energy crisis. Thats why everyone is searchingfor green power. Green energy is economical and eco friendly. Day by day the
research based on generating electricity by different ways are developing. In
future needed electricity can be developed by our self. Now it is necessary to
create electrical energy from green power without creating any problem. New
fastest growing technology is PV .Widely uses solar and wind energy effective-
ly by introducing multi system approach to generate electricity.
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CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION2. IMPORANT IDEAS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY
POLYMER SOLAR CELL1.1 STRUCTURE
1.2 BASIC PROCESSES IN A POLYMER SOLAR CELL
1.3. BULK HETEROJUNCTION CELLS
1.4. WHAT ABOUT LIFETIMES?
1.5.CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS OFFER THESE ADVANTAGES
1.6.DISADVANTAGES
1.7 APPLICATION
SOLAR PYRAMID2.1THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT PROPOSED INVOLVES
THREE STEPS
2.2COOLING SYSTEM
2.3POWER GENERATION PROCESS2.4DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT
2.5ADDITIONAL FUNCTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR PLANT
2.6ADVANTAGES
2.7DISADVANTAGES
2.8APPLICATION
3.OTHER IDEAS
SOLAR WIND BRIDGE MOLTEN SALT SOLAR
4.CONCLUSION
5.REFERENCE
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2.INTRODUCTION
It is expected that the global energy demand will double within the next 50
years. Fossil fuels, however, are running out and are held responsible for the
increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere. Hence,
developing environmentally friendly, renewable energy is one of the challeng-
es to society in the 21st century. One of the renewable energy technologies is
photovoltaics (PV), the technology that directly converts daylight into electrici-
ty. PV is one of the fastest growing of all the renewable energy technologies,in fact, it is one of the fastest growing The Sun is providing the Earth with an
enormous amount of energy, approximately 200000 times the capacity of the
total energy production facilities. Only a very small amount of this energy is
used. Hence the thought of developing a device that effectively and cheaply
harvests the solar energy is very attractive.
There is a line of problems connected with using the solar energy. Firstly the
averaged yearly local intensity is varying from less than 100Wm2 over a very
large area in order to produce an amount of electrical energy comparable with
that consumed by a city, fabric or even a house.
Secondly the energy of the sunlight cannot be directly used in any way. There-
fore, turning the radiative solar energy into a more useable energy type is the
primary objective. There exists two different approaches to this problem but
with either approach a rather large amount of the radiative energy is lost in
the conversion.
Conversion into thermal energy.
Conversion into electrical energy.
The solar light is converted into thermal energy when interacting with matter.
This can be used for heating water and house warming etc. The applications
are naturally limited as a very large part of our energy consumption is electrical
energy.
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2. IMPORTANT IDEAS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY
1. POLYMER SOLAR CELLS
Polymer solar cells are a type of flexible solar cell. They can come in many
forms Including: organic solar cell (also called plastic solar cell), or organic
chemistry photovoltaic cell that produc-
es electricity from sunlight using polymers. There are also other types of more
stable thin-film semiconductors that can be deposited on different types of
FIG:1
Polymers to create solar Cells. This technology is relatively new, being actively
researched by universities, national Laboratories and several companies
around the world. Currently, commercial solar cells are made from a refined,
highly purified silicon crystal, similar to the material used in the manufacture
of integrated circuits and computer chips (wafer silicon). The high cost of these
silicon solar cells, and their complex production process has generated interest
in developing alternative photovoltaic technologies. Compared to silicon-baseddevices, polymer solar cells are lightweight (which is important for small au-
tonomous sensors), potentially disposable and inexpensive to fabricate (some-
times using printed electronics), flexible, and customizable on the molecular
level, and they have lower potential for negative environmental impact. An ex-
ample device is shown in Fig. 1.
The disadvantages of polymer solar cells are also serious: they offer about 1/3
of the efficiency of hard materials, and they are relatively unstable toward
photochemical degradation. For these reasons, despite continuing advances in
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semiconducting polymers, the vast majority of solar cells rely on inorganic ma-
terials .During the last 30 years the polymer solar cell has developed from an
inefficient light-harvesting device with almost no lifetime to a device that may
be introduced to the commercial marked within a short span of years.
Today scientists are working with a lot of different types of polymer solar cells
and since it will be too comprehensive to deal with all of them, only one type
will be treated in this report. The type of solar cell which will be treated is a
polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cell, and a schematic illustration of
it can be seen in Figure2.
1.1 STRUCTURE
This type of polymer solar cell consist of five layers: Glass, ITO, PEDOT: PSS, ac-
tive layer, calcium and aluminum. The glass serves as a supporting layer for the
solar cell and the only demand glass has to fulfill is that it does not absorb light
in the visible area, since the solar cell uses this light to generate power. Other
and more flexible types of supporting layers, like transparent polymers, can al-
so be used. The focus of this report will not lie on the supporting layer and
therefore the use of other types of supporting layers will not be discussed any
further.
Figure 2: The structure of a polymer solar cell
ITO (indium tin oxide) and aluminum serves as the electrodes in the solar cell.
Beyond that, the ITO and aluminium are also used to generate a built-in elec-
tric field caused by the difference in the metals work functions. This electric
field is used dissociate the excitons, which are generated when the active layer
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absorbs light, and afterwards to pull the charge carriers out from the active
layer. Like glass the ITO layer is transparent in the visible area. PEDOT:PSS
(poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)-thiophene]:poly(styrene sulfonate)) and calcium are
two materials which are introduced into the solar cell in order to increase the
built-in electric field and thereby improve the performance of the solar cell.
The active layer in this polymer solar cell consists of a blend between the con-
jugated polymer MEH-PPV ((poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)- 1,4-
phenylenevinylene])) and the modified fullerene PCBM (1-(3-
Methoxycarbonylpropyl)- 1-phenyl-[6.6]C61) . MEH-PPV is the absorbing part
of the active layer and PCBM is introduced into the layer to make the dissocia-
tion of the excitons more effective.
1.2 BASIC PROCESSES IN A POLYMER SOLAR CELL
Various architectures for organic solar cells have been investigated in recent
years. In general, for a successful organic photovoltaic cell four important pro-
cesses have to be optimized to obtain a high conversion efficiency of solar en-
ergy into electrical energy.
- Absorption of light
- Charge transfer and separation of the opposite charges
- Charge transport
- Charge collection
For an efficient collection of photons, the absorption spectrum of the photoac-
tive inorganic layer should match the solar emission spectrum and the layer
should be sufficiently thick to absorb all incident light. A better overlap with
the solar emission spectrum is obtained by lowering the band gap of the inor-
ganic material, but this will ultimately have some bearing on the open-circuit
voltage. Increasing the layer thickness is advantageous for light absorption, but
burdens the charge transport. Creation of charges is one of the key steps in
photovoltaic devices in the conversion of solar light into electrical energy. In
most inorganic solar cells, charges are created by photoinduced electron
transfer. In this reaction an electron is transferred from an electron donor (D),
a p-type semiconductor, to an electron acceptor (A), an n-type semiconductor,
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with the aid of the additional input energy of an absorbed photon (h). In the
photoinduced electron transfer reaction the first step is excition of the donor
(D*) or the acceptor (A*),Followed by creation of the charge-separated state
consisting of the radical cation of the donor (D+) and the radical anion of the
acceptor (A-).
D + A + h D* + A (or D + A*) D+ + A-
For an efficient charge generation, it is important that the charge-separated
state is the Thermodynamically and kinetically most favorite pathway after
photoexcitation. Therefore, it is important that the energy of the absorbed
photon is used for generation of the chargeseparated state and is not lost via
competitive processes like fluorescence or non-radiative decay. In addition, itis of importance that the charge-separated state is stabilized, so that the pho-
togenerated charges can migrate to one of the electrodes. Therefore, the back
electron transfer should be slowed down as much as possible.
Figure3. Schematic drawing of the working principle of an inorganic photovoltaic cell.
Illumination of donor (in red) through a transparent electrode (ITO) results in
the photoexcited state of the donor, in which an electron is promoted from the
highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecu-
lar orbital (LUMO) of the donor. Subsequently, the excited electron is trans-
ferred to the LUMO of the acceptor (in blue), resulting in an extra electron on
the acceptor (A-) and leaving a hole at the donor (D+). The
photogenerated charges are then transported and collected at opposite elec-
trodes. A similar charge generation process can occur, when the acceptor is
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photoexcited instead of the donor. To create a working photovoltaic cell, the
photoactive material (D+A) is sandwiched between two dissimilar (metallic)
electrodes (of which one is transparent), to collect the photogenerated charg-
es. After the charge transfer reaction, the photogenerated charges have to mi-
grate to these electrodes without recombination. Finally, it is important that
the photogenerated charges can enter the external circuit at the electrodes
without interface problems.
1.3. BULK HETEROJUNCTION CELLS
In combining electron donating (p-type) and electron accepting (n-type) mate-
rials in the active layer of a solar cell, care must be taken that excitons created
in either material can diffuse to the interface, to enable charge separation. Due
to their short lifetime and low mobility, the diffusion length of excitons in or-
ganic semiconductors is limited to about ~10 nm only. This imposes an im-
portant condition to efficient charge generation. Anywhere in the active layer,
the distance to the interface should be on the order of the exciton diffusion
length. Despite their high absorption coefficients, exceeding 105 cm-1, a 20 nm
double layer of donor and acceptor materials would not be optical dense, al-
lowing most photons to pass freely. The solution to this dilemma is elegantlysimple. By simple mixing the p and ntype materials and relying on the intrinsic
tendency of polymer materials to phase separate on a nanometer dimension,
junctions throughout the bulk of the material are created that ensure quantita-
tive dissociation of photogenerated excitons, irrespective of the thickness. Pol-
ymer-fullerene solar cells were among the first to utilize this bulk-
heterojunction Principle. Nevertheless, this attractive solution poses a new
challenge. Photogenerated charges must be able to migrate to the collecting
electrodes through this intimately mixed blend. Because holes are transported
by thep-type semiconductor and electrons by the ntype material, these mate-
rials should be preferably mixed into a bicontinuous, interpenetrating network
in which inclusions, cul-de-sacs, or barrier layers are avoided. The close-to-
ideal bulk heterojunction solar cell, When such a bulk-heterojunction is depos-
ited on an ITO substrate and capped with a metal back electrode, working pho-
tovoltaic cells can be obtained (Figure4).
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Figure4. The bulk-heterojunction concept.
After absorption of light by the photoactive material, charge transfer can easi-
ly occur due to the nanoscopic mixing of the donor and acceptor (solid and
dashed area). Subsequently, the photogenerated charges are transported and
collected at the electrodes. The bulk heterojunction is presently the mostwidely used photoactive layer the name bulk-heterojunction solar cell has
been chosen, because the interface (heterojunction) between both compo-
nents is all over the bulk (Figure 5), in contrast to the classical (bilayer-
)heterojunction. As a result of the intimate mixing, the interface where charge
transfer can occur has increased enormously. The exciton, created after the
absorption of light, has to diffuse towards this charge-transfer interface for
charge generation to occur. The diffusion length of the exciton in organic ma-
terials, however, is typically 10 nm or less. This means that for efficient charge
generation after absorption of light, each exciton has to find a donoracceptor
interface within a few nm, otherwise it will be lost without charge generation.
An intimate bicontinuous network of donor and acceptor materials in the na-
nometer range should suppress exciton loss prior to charge generation. Con-
trol of morphology is not only required for a large charge-generating interface
and suppression of exciton loss, but also to ensure percolation pathways for
both electron and hole transport to the collecting electrodes
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1.4. WHAT ABOUT LIFETIMES?
Of course any practical application of bulk-heterojunction polymer-fullerene
solar cells day inorganic, polymer-based solar cells must be protected from
ambient air to prevent degradation of the active layer and electrode materials
by the effects of water and oxygen. Even with proper protection there are sev-
eral degradation processes that need to be eliminated to ensure stability.
Apart from device integrity, the materials must be photo chemically stable and
the nanoscale bicontinuous donor-acceptor in the active layer should pre-
served. A recent study revealed that MDMO-PPV/PCBM solar cells show an
appreciable degradation under accelerated lifetime testing conditions (in-
creased temperature). Interestingly, the degradation is not so much associatedwith the chemical stability. At elevated temperatures, the PCBM molecules can
diffuse through the MDMOPPV matrix and form large crystals, thereby increas-
ing the dimension and extent of phase segregation. This behavior has been ob-
served for temperatures ~20C below the glass transition temperature, Tg ,of
the polymer. Fortunately, several strategies can be envisaged that may allevi-
ate the limited thermal stability of the morphology. In general, high Tg poly-
mers will increase the stability of as prepared morphologies. An example has
already been established for the combination of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and
fullerene derivatives, where thermal annealing was used to improve the per-
formance. Upon cooling to operating temperatures, it may be expected that no
further changes occur in the morphology. Another appealing method to pre-
serve an as-prepared morphology in these blends is by chemical or radiation
induced cross-linking, analogous to methods recently employed for polymer
light-emitting diodes. Finally, the use of p-n block copolymers seems an inter-
esting option, because here phase separation will be dictated by the covalentbonds between the two blocks .Nevertheless, creation of nanoscale bulkhet-
erojunction morphologies that are stable in time and with temperature is one
of the challenges that must be met before polymer photovoltaics can be ap-
plied successfully. In this respect it is important that testing of a novel semi-
conductor blend showed that all relevant device parameters changed less than
20% during 1000 hours of operation at 85C .This demonstrates that outstand-
ing high stabilities are within reach.
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1.5.CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS OFFER THESE ADVANTAGES:
Better Designs. Conductive plastics are flexible and are easy to bond to flexible
substrates such as plastic and metal foils, creating opportunity for integrated,
flexible applications. For example, mobile phones could generate their own
power.
Costs.Relatively inexpensive plastic is used as the active material to convert
solar energy into electricity. Only a few tenths of a micrometer of conductive
plastics are needed to generate electricity.
Printing capability: Conductive solar cells can be printed in processes similar to
printing on newspaper. The fabrication process is described as low tempera-
ture and environmentally friendly.
Photovoltaic cells contain a light-sensitive semiconducting material that starts
the process of producing electricity. Today that material typically is silicon.
OPVs generally use two materials, one acting as a donor that captures elec-
trons from light (even indoor light) and the other acting as an electron accep-
tor. A charge transfer process then begins, creating electricity.
Climate change:The discovery of pure conductive organic polymers (such as oxidized iodine-
doped polyacetylene) in the late twentieth century coupled with high petrole-
um prices accelerated interest in OPVs. Concerns about climate change boost-
ed research again in OPVs in the last ten years.
1.6.DISADVANTAGES
Efficiency:Current efficiency is varies only 8-29%. LIFE:The current lifetime for Power Plastic is three-to-five years when
exposed. If the conductive layers are protected with glass or plastics, its
lifetimes are comparable to traditional solar cells.
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1.7.APPLICATIONS
FIG:5
One research firm says the market for polymer electronics could reach $30 billion by 2015. The pho-
to shows a market-ready solar-powered laptop bag.
Building-integrated applications,
such as electricity generated this bus shelter, are being investigated for conductive plastic
photovoltaics. FIG:6
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2. SOLAR PYRAMID
FIG:7
A solar pyramid power plant is a continuous 24/7 pyramid-like structure with
multi-systems for generation of electricity and desalination of seawater to ob-
tain potable/drinking water wherein the electricity is generated by hot air
moving through Wind Turbine, by Gas Turbine and from Solar panels and the
desalination is carried out, using the heat from the Main Thermal Tank and the
steam generated from the H2O2 gas boilers.
Conversion of solar energy to thermal or electrical energy through the use of
systems such as photovoltaic arrays, passive absorbers of solar energy, solar
furnaces, through concentrating collectors with sun trackers is well estab-
lished.
However, other existing systems do not adopt a multi-system approach to
maximize use of all the available solar energy. Some of the existing system also
depend solely on the sun to provide the solar energy and therefore cannot op-
erate at night.
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FIG:8
There are many arid areas in the world where the sun is always available.
Many of these countries are lavishly provided with solar radiation in their de-
sert areas. Therefore, pyramid solar power plant makes the full use of the
thermal energy of the sun not only to generate power but to make potable wa-
ter at the same time on a continuous basis. At the same time, pyramid solar
power plant uses a multi-system approach to maximize the harvesting of solar
and heat energy from the sun.
Using of underground water reservoir as energy storage and for night energy
supply and also for the day heating of air. Building the underground water res-
ervoir would minimize heat losses especially during the night.
Using of heating fins as a hot surface to heat up the air to a higher temperature
than the ambient air during day and night operation.
2.1 THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT PROPOSED
INVOLVES THREE STEPS:
Solar energy transmitted by the glass of the side panel of the pyramid is ab-
sorbed by a suitably coated surface and heat transfer medium with an efficien-
cy of over 90 percent.
Air molecules in collision with the hot surface on the side of the pyramid and
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the heating fin, and in sealed containment absorb the heat energy with almost
100 percent efficiency setting up convection currents.
All that is needed is a mechanism for absorbing the kinetic energy of moving
air in directional flow because of gravitation. All wind turbines are designed for
this purpose, the turbine absorbs the energy of the moving air.
The principles outlined have been described for harnessing solar energy into
Electricity using Convection Air Currents. Outside ambient air is drawn into the
pyramid structure. This is warmed by solar energy and rises up the vertical
main air shaft. The current of rising warm air drives wind turbines. The top of
the pyramid is open to the air and at atmospheric pressure. The driver of the
whole system is gravity air in the pyramid is warmed by solar energy and ris-es because it is lighter. This will draw in colder, ambient air which is heavier in-
to the pyramid.
FIG:9
Glass or transparent polymer material will allow over 90 percent transmittanceof incident solar energy. The solar absorber also has over 90 percent efficiency
and will produce a stream of warm air which rises. This exerts pressure on the
turbine causing rotation which will introduce an exactly equal volume of ambi-
ent air at the air inlets into the pyramid. In this way solar energy is converted
into convection air currents which drive the turbine.
The hot air rises because they are lighter than cold air. The individual air mole-
cules are moving at high velocity and have a large amount of kinetic energy.
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Their collision against any surface creates pressure. The continuous upward
flow of the hot air could rotate turbines producing electricity. Hot air rises be-
cause of gravity. The atmosphere is held around the earth by gravitation. Cold
air is like water in its response and seeks the lowest level. Cold air is pulled to-
wards the earth and will displace warm air or any lighter gas.
The pyramid solar power pyramid operates at constant volume. This means
that the volume of air leaving the turbine per unit time through top outlet will
exactly equal the volume of air entering the pyramid. If there is a temperature
rise of 10 percent at constant volume, there is a pressure rise of 10 percent.
Then wind turbines will efficiently convert increased pressure into electricity.
Main feature is Multi-Shaped 3-10 sides angled between 30-60 degrees, pref-
erably the main choice of using a 4 sided pyramid for ease of constructionwith.
2.2 COOLING SYSTEMA special treated composite metal sheet cover for maximum absorption of
heat; transfer heat into the interior of the pyramid and retaining heat in the
pyramid. A special treated glass on top of the metal sheet cover with angled or
concave pockets to magnify sun rays onto the metal cover. An underground
storage tank designed to hold, retain and transfer heat transfer medium. AHeat transfer system on the metal surfaces of the pyramid during the day and
night via pipes. Heat induction process - One process to cool the hot surfaces
on top of pyramid by introducing an air stream through an air vent while driv-
ing a series of small turbines. Second process is to induce surrounding hot air
into the Side Air Vents using a suction fan and into the pyramid. The cooling
process on the hot spot induces the heat from the bottom of the metal sheet
to travel upwards faster and transferring more heat during the induction pro-
cess. Hot plate design at the top end and tip of angled steel plant cover and
water heating system built around the hot plate. Hot plate design with multi
faced edges to maximize heat transfer surface in contact with heat transfer
mediums such as water, liquids or others. Air flow processes: 2 Main Processes
and 1 Sub-Process3. First Air Flow process inside the pyramid via the Side Air
Shafts, induced by the Sub-process3.
Second Air Flow process is fresh air being inducted at side Pre Heater Tanks
surrounding the pyramid, heated by the Main Heating Reservoir and flowinginto the Main Air Shaft. Sub-process 3 is fresh air being inducted into the Pre-
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Heating Tanks and flowing in a shaft, into a side hot air chamber and out.
NOVEL DESIGN OF MAIN AIR SHAFT WITH THE FOLLOWING.
A Novel idea of introducing spiral design Conical structure on top of Main
Heating Reservoir to create air turbulence and into angled air outlets;
A Novel idea of special design turbine blades on top of conical dome and addi-
tional wind blades on top of the turbine blades to create air turbulence in Main
Air Shaft; A Novel idea of special designed Main Air Booster pump to induce air
flow from the interior of the Main Air Shaft upwards while being driven by Hot
Air flowing out from the interior of pyramid; A Novel idea of inducing fresh air
from Side Air shaft along side of pyramid and into the Main Air Vent by the
Main Air Booster pump;\A Novel idea of special design Air Nozzles at top ofMain Air Shaft, sides of Main Air Shaft and Main Air Vent; Additional heating
by:
A novel method of heat transfer in the Main Heating Chamber, Pre Heater
Tanks and in the top Hot Air Chamber by specially designed Heating Fins; A
novel method to heat the interior of the pyramid during the night; A novel idea
to pre-heat the metal structure of the pyramid in early mornings before sun
rise; A novel idea to design special treated metallic/ ceramic heating chamber
and the use of Brown gas process by electrolysis to introduce H2O2 as a heat-ing fuel; An option of using External Parabolic solar reflectors during the day to
heat the HOT PLATE;
2.3 POWER GENERATION PROCESS BY:
Main Air Shaft Turbines;
Main Booster Pump Turbines;
Main Air Vent Turbines;
Side Air shafts mini turbines;Steam generators powered by Brown Gas generators;
Additional power storages by:
Producing Brown Gas and stored in special designed chambers;
Battery Packs
Desalination:
Method of producing potable water by desalination using preheat and heating
processes by direct solar energy and heating process from the combustion of
Brown Gas in special chambers and boilers.
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2.4 DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR
POWER PLANT
The structure is a pyramid-like with 4 side frames, each side frame being an-
gled from 30 degrees to 60 degrees as measured from the base, depending on
location of the power plant and sun's maximum azimuth. The width of the base
and height of the structure depends on the power generation output. The
foundation of the structure consists of mild steel concrete plinths, beams and
columns with steel encasing therein, forming a pyramid-like structure (herein-
after referred to as pyramid structure).
Each side frame of the pyramid structure consists of multi Layered Panels toaccommodate at least four layers, starting from the uppermost layer to the
lowermost layer:
Layer 1 (a "Heating Layer"),
Layer 2 (a "Heat Transfer Layer"),
Layer 3 (a "Heat absorption and transfer Layer"), and
Layer 4 (a "Heat retention Layer")
Layer 1 (a "Heating Layer") consists of a layer of glass panels or other transpar-
ent material such as transparent polycarbonate, integrated with solar cells or
convex lenses to concentrate light beams.
The object for Heating Layer 1 is to absorb Sunlight through Solar cells to pro-
duce Electricity or through convex lenses acting as heat concentrator by magni-
fication of heat source on the steel plate.
Layer 2 (a "Heat Transfer Layer") consists of a layer having a layout of 2 differ-
ent sets of suitable metal pipes; one for sea/saline and the other treated or
fresh water.\Heat Transfer Layer 2 has metal pipes of various diameters laid on surface of
layer 3 spiraling from top of pyramid structure to bottom, laid out in a U con-
figuration across Layer 3, the configuration starting from left to right or vice
versa. Heat Transfer Layer 2 has 2 sets of pipes -one carrying a heat transfer
medium and the other saline or seawater. The pipes end at the bottom of the
pyramid structure and into one or more large underground storage tank. The
heat from Heating Layer transferred and absorbed by the water in the metals
pipes of Heat Transfer Layer 2.
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Layer 3 (a "Heat Absorption and transfer layer") is a layer having black thermal
conductive metal plates like mild steel or aluminum plates or a combination of
both, with best heat absorption and transfer characteristic. The heat from Heat
Transfer Layer 2 including heat transferred from Heating Layer 1 is absorbed
and transferred to Heat Absorption and transfer layer 3 and which is then
transferred and absorbed by
Heat Retention Layer 4. The heat from Layers l, 2, 3 and 4 warms the air inside
the pyramid which has been sucked in from air vents at the bottom of the
structure.
Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 uses black thermal conductive metal
plates (of various thicknesses) such as mild steel plates and aluminum or acombination of both to absorb, retain and transfer heat. The lower portion of
the pyramid will contain openings for air vent, storage tanks for collection of
heat transfer medium flowing down from top of pyramid and other connec-
tions for power output as well as safety equipment.
Layer 4 (a Heat retention Layer") is a layer having Insulation materials to ab-
sorb thermal heat transfer from outside and retention inside the pyramid;
Heat retention Layer 4 has the best insulation materials to absorb heat and
transfer the heat into the pyramid.
A description of the Pyramid Structure is now given. The pyramid structure
contains at least the following means:
Heating Means:
Main Heating Tank;
side tanks of various capacities to house Heat transfer Medium, water, sea-
water or other suitable liquids needed for heat transfer, retention or steam
generation;Heat fins, attached to the sides of the main heating tank and water tanks;
Air suction Means:
Vertical Main Air Shaft: having as a large base, with a spiral staircase housing, a
coned shaped mid section and a smaller top with angled nozzles; Side Air shaft
along the mid section of each angled side;
Power Generation means:
Specially designed turbine fan on top of Main Air Shaft:
Wind turbines or blades of various sizes depending on capacity required locat-
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ed at intervals in the cone shaped mid section of the vertical main air shaft and
the side air shafts;
Electrical alternators and generators of various design and rating required;
Water Boiling Means:
A Hot plate on top of the pyramid;
A boiler system build around the Hot Plate;
A boiler system operated by H2O2 gas placed in the roof top and at the Main
heating tanks;
Control Means:
Electrical junction boxes, synchroniser,inverters and other power control
equipment;
Regulator and pumps to control and distribute flow of fluid to various parts of
the structure;
Monitoring system to co-ordinate and control all operational systems within
the structure.
The angled side frames of the pyramid also have air intake vents near the base
of the pyramid. The air intake vents lead to Side air shafts running along the
mid-section of the angled side frames. The side air vents contain many mini
turbines and alternators inside the shaft, at intervals, along its length.
The main air shaft has a wide circular base of a spiral duct design, a cone
shaped mid section with at least four turbines stacked one on top of the other
and a smaller top with angled nozzle clockwise.
The top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft has a flat horizontal plate (referred to as''Hot Plate") on which a boiler and parabolic reflectors system is built on the
Hot Plate.
A plurality of water tanks, consisting of a Main Heating Tank and side preheat-
ing tanks connected to a balancing tank through which seawater comes
through a main seawater intake. The lower portion of the pyramid will contain
openings for air vent, storage tanks for collection of heat transfer medium
flowing down from top of pyramid and other connections for power output as
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well as control equipment.
The pyramid structure is designed so that two separate air heating processes
(referred herein as" First Air Heating Process" and" Second Air Heating Process
0') would work inside and independently of each other.
The First Air Heating Process utilizes the differential pressure between the hot
air heated during the day inside the interior of the pyramid, which rises to the
top of the Main Air Shaft and cold air is sucked into the pyramid, this differen-
tial pressure forming a wind draught to drive wind turbines, to generate elec-
tricity.
The Second Air Heating Process utilizes the Heat generated from the Main
Heating Tank and the hot air rising through the Main Air Shaft.
Both process works independent from each other.
Besides the Two Air Heating Processes, additional heating comes about
through Heating Layer 1 which is used by Solar Heat to excite solar panels, cre-
ating electricity or magnification of light rays to heat up the metal plates in
Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3.
Additional heat also comes through Heat Transfer Layer 2 when Heat transfer
medium are pumped from the bottom of the Main Heating Tank and Pre-
Heating tanks inside/outside the pyramid into a small tank on top of the pyra-
mid. From the small tank on top of the pyramid, the liquid will flow down by
gravity through the pipes in Heat Transfer Layer 2. However the liquid flow willbe slowed down due to the U configuration layout of the pipes and which the
liquid also getting, additionally the heat transferred from Heat Absorption and
transfer Layer 3. A main regulator at the bottom of the pyramid controls the
final flow and speed of the liquid.
Depending on the external ambient temperature and heat transfer from Heat
Absorption and transfer Layer 3, the fluid is PRE-HEATED between 4580C.
The pre-heated liquid then flows into their respective underground storage
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tanks for further heating or treatment process.
The main object of Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 is to absorb and trans-
fer as much heat as possible. This is illustrated and described as follows:
In each angled side frame, heat will absorbed and transfer through Layer 1 to
Layer 2 to Layer 3 and Layer 4. The pyramid structure would get hotter and
hotter gradually, the heat flowing upwards as heat rises upwards to the top
end of the metal slope. As the sun gets hotter during the day, the heat transfer
increases and flows up faster. As the area of the heated steel plating gets
smaller at the top of the pyramid, the heat concentration and temperature
gradually builds up.
The top end of the side frame will be designed as a sharp-ended profile re-
ferred to as a "Hot Spot". A boiler housing is built around the Hot Spot. The
main activity of the Hot Spot is to heat up the liquid or water in the boiler lo-
cated at the top of the pyramid structure.
External parabolic reflectors located at the perimeter sides of the pyramid will
'beam' concentrated sun rays on this plate to heat up this hotplate. The ex-pected temperature of this beam is calculated to be more than 100C. This will
enable the water temperature in the boiler to rise beyond 100C and boils.
Water above 100C will boils and creates steam. This steam will be used for 2
processes. In the Desalination process, the medium or liquid to be used shall
be seawater but for power generation, the medium shall be fresh water or
other suitable liquid.
If fresh water is the main product then no further process is required except to
collect the steam via a series of condensers. Filtered, treated and stored for
sale.
For additional power generation, the steam can be used to drive a steam tur-
bine located at the bottom of the pyramid. It is envisaged that the steam pro-
duced may not be strong enough to drive a sizeable steam turbine and addi-
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tional processes will be added to supercharge the steam. Typical equipment
will be a gas-fired burner.
The air flow in the pyramid structure giving rise to the First Air Heating Process
is described as follow:
Layer 3 of the angled side frames of the pyramid are steel and/or aluminum
plates. On a hot sunny day, the sun will heat up the steel plates. Heat will be
transmitted through radiation or convection into the interior of the pyramid.
The pyramid is designed to absorbed as much neat as possible inside it and as
the ambient temperature build up inside, the air is heated up inside. From tri-
als conducted, the temperature could rise to as high as 70C or even higher.
Hot air rises and flows up to the top of the tip of the pyramid. A Main Air Vent
will then regulate the air flowing out into the open sky. This hot air regulation
is controlled via the monitoring system.
At the lower end of the 4 side frames of the pyramid, 4 or more units of Side
Air Shafts are linked to the top side of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The Side Air
shafts have micro processor based controlled louvers to regulate the intake of
the air into the top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft.
The Vertical Main Air Shaft and the Side Air Shafts are built as enclosed air tun-
nel shafts constructed by steel or concrete. A number of wind powered turbine
blades are fitted at intervals along these air tunnels.
In the Vertical Main Air Shaft at the top of the pyramid, the wind powered tur-bine blades is several times larger than the Side Intake Air Shafts. At the end of
each wind powered turbine blade are a number of armatures or dynamos that
will produce electricity upon each turn of the turbine blades.
The outside air is cooler than those inside the pyramid and thus creates a dif-
ferential in air pressure inside the structure as hot air is released from inside
the pyramid. This draught can be monitored and controlled by the Monitoring
System, through adjustment of louvers at the top of the pyramid as well as at
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the base of the side air shafts.
In each of the Side Air Shaft, there are 2 wind tunnels. The RED AIR indicated in
the drawing show fresh air intake from top of the pyramid. As the top of the
pyramid structure is also the hottest, the air is being heated up as they are
drawn into the air tunnel. The main object is to heat up the air as it passes
down the air tunnel while being suck down by the air impellers.
The hot air from the top of the pyramid on reaching the bottom of the Air tun-
nel of each side air shaft is further heated by the heat from Main Heating Tank,
increasing the temperature of the air. As hot air is lighter, it will automatically
rise up towards the interior of the pyramid, thus ensuring a continuous flow ofHOT AIR needed to create an air pressure
The BLUE AIR shows the fresh air being drawn in at the bottom of the Air Tun-
nel flowing up (UP FLOW) towards the Main Air Vent. Again the exit of the cold
air at the top side of the Main Air Shaft is designed at an angle. This will spin
the Main Air Booster fan at the top end of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The
Booster Fen in turn drives another generator for production of electricity.
The Main object of controlling the release of the hot air is twofold. The first
reason is to ensure that there is sufficient warm air being retained in the pyr-
amid and with enough heated air capacity to last a working day; the second
reason is there is no need to release the entire hot air but to regulate the tur-
bine and motor speed. A standard motor will require between 500-1500 rpm
to generate electricity depending on manufacturer's specification.
The air flow in the pyramid structure giving rise to the Second Air Heating Pro-cess using Air flow from Main Water Reservoir is described as follow:
Air is drawn into the bottom of the Main Heating Tank via the Pre Heat Tanks
located outside the pyramid.
The Pre Heating tanks are installed with Heat fins to warm up the Air as it flows
into the Main Heating Tank.
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The Main Heating Tank is also fitted with Heat fins for the same purpose of
heating the air as it passes through the corridor.
Steel like wall plates are placed strategically to ensure the flow of the hot air
moving from the pre heating tanks along the corridor in a semi circular motion
and creating a hurricane like motion moving upwards into the coned structure.
At the bottom of the Vertical Main Air Shaft, the hot air from top sides of the
Main Heating Tank is forced to converge into a cone shaped exit formed at the
base of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The conical structure is designed as an in-
verted spiral staircase to create air turbulence as the hot air enters into the
Main Air Shaft.
Inside the Vertical Main Air Shaft, there are no less than 4 wind mills of which
the first fan is designed as a Turbine blade type.
The design of the inverted spiral staircase at the bottom of the Vertical Main
Air Shaft is to ensure the hot air enters at an angle of 30-45 degree sideways or
perpendicular to the Turbine blades
The side sir jets will spin the Turbine blades of the 1st Turbine blade. On the
top of the blade fan, a specially designed contraption will create air turbulence
as the Turbine blades moves.
This will create wind reaction for moving fans 2, 3, 4 or other additional wind
blades.
All the wind turbines or fans or mills are connected to a power-generating unit.
The Main Booster Pump located on top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft is de-
signed to suck up air from the Vertical Main Air Shaft thus ensuring a continu-
ous airflow in the Vertical Main Air Shaft for the Second Air Heating Process.
Hot Air exiting from the Main Air Shaft is forced into a small aperture thus cre-
ating an Air Stream Jet. This will drive the Roof wind turbines located at the top
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of the pyramid.
Function of the Generator during night
The pyramid will ensure continuous generation of electricity even if there is in-
sufficient sunlight during the day or when the sun sets down and the night
quickly turns very cool or even cold. This would be through the following
method:-
Beneath the pyramid, the Main Heating tank and Preheating tanks form a huge
liquid heat reservoir for heat absorptionand retention. The capacity of this liq-
uid heat reservoir is based upon the power to be generated. According to
computations, the reservoir would be conservatively sized at equal to or more
than the volume of the pyramid.
In Layer 3 of the angled side frame of the pyramid liquid pipes of Heating Layer
2 are placed on top of the steel or aluminum plates of Layer 3. Heat transfer
medium or liquid is pumped from this liquid heat reservoir slowly up to the top
of the pyramid and the liquid then flows back into this huge reservoir through
the liquid pipes in Layer 2. During the day, the liquid flow in the pipes down
and absorb the heat into the Main Heating Tank reservoir and the process con-
tinues throughout the day.
The temperature of the liquid heat reservoir is maintained and controlled at a
certain temperature at all times during the day.
Additional equipments may be required to heat the water if there is insuffi-
cient sunlight. A typical example is a gas fired burner operated by H202 which
is produced by the electrolysis of water by electricity. Power is generated
freely by the wind turbines located in the side Air shafts.
In addition, the by-product and waste steam from the boiler or water maker up
on the top of the pyramid will be diverted and released into the liquid reservoir
to maximize heat transfer of the heat released from the desalination process
or from the steam generator.
In the evening when the outside temperature starts to cools down, it is ex-
pected that the internal temperature of the pyramid will also starts dropping.
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As long as the internal temperature of the pyramid is higher than the outside
temperature, an artificial wind draught can be maintained thereby ensuring
the differential pressure to form a wind draught to drive wind turbines, to
generate electricity.
The Monitoring System will calculate and adjust the differential temperatures
within the pyramid and the external temperature.
Heat exchangers or fins are constructed and located inside the pyramid. This
will maintain the 'heat' inside the pyramid and in comparison to the external
temperature; a differential temperature is being created. This is similar to First
Air Heating Process in the day for heating the air in the pyramid structure.
In addition, the cold air during the night will be heated up in the Pre Heat tank
as it passes through the air Intake shaft with a series of heater fins placed at
the top of the Main Heating Tank.
The high and low pressures will result in an artificial wind draught being creat-
ed and the wind will flow into the air tunnels to drive the wind turbines and
produce the electricity.
For the process similar to Second Air Heating Process in the day, the external
air which isexpected to be very cool or cold is drawn into a pre-heat tank,
warm up and flow into the air passage along the Main Heating Tank.
The Main Heating Tank is fitted with heat exchangers in the form of heat fins
on top of the Main Heating Tank to transfer heat from the Main Heating Tank
to the external air.
The heated external air then flows along into the cone shaped entrance lead-
ing to the base of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The cone shaped entrance is de-
signed as an inverted spiral duct to create air turbulence such that the hot air
enters into the Main Air Shaft and drives the wind turbines, blades or mills in
the Main Air shaft;
The side air jets will spin the Turbine blades of the 1st turbine blade. On the
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top of the blade fan, a specially designed contraption will create air turbulence
as the Turbine blades moves.
This will create wind reaction for moving fans 2, 3, 4 or other additional wind
blade.
All the wind turbines or fans or mills are connected to a power generating unit.
Hot Air exiting from the Main Air Shaft is forced into a small aperture thus cre-
ating a Air Stream Jet. This will drive the Roof turbines located at the top of the
pyramid.
Pre-Heating for morning useBetween the transition period from the early dawn i.e. in the wee hours of the
day and when the sun begins to rise, warm liquid from the reservoir is pumped
upwards to the top of the pyramid to start heating up the steel and/or alumi-
num Layer 3. This process will shorten the time for the sun to heat up the pyr-
amid and improve efficiency of the multi-systems of the pyramid.
The PYRAMID Solar Power Plant is particularly reliable and not liable to break
down, in comparison with other solar generating plants. Turbines, transmission
and generator which subject to a steady flow of air, are the plant's only moving
parts. This simple and robust structure guarantees operation that needs little
maintenance and of course no combustible fuel.
2.5ADDITIONAL FUNCTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR
PLANT
In the event of additional power being not utilized by the grid, the Monitoring
System Controls will divert the excess energy into 2 additional processes.
The excess energy will be stored into load banks, licensed from a fellow inven-
tor, to store the power and be released into the grid later if the need arises.
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The excess energy will also be used to crack the portable water into Hydrogen
and Oxygen molecules using a patented electrolysis process, also available
from a fellow inventor. However, vast improvements have been made to this
invention to improve its efficiency. The gas generated from this electrolysis
process shall be stored in special tanks and be used as a fuel medium for firing
the burners in the boilers for the desalination process or for additional heating
of the water reservoir. FIG:10
The pyramid Solar Power Plant makes use of the thermal energy of the sun not
only to generate power but also to make potable water at the same time. The
invention also takes full advantage of the thermal and light energy from thesun by using multi-systems to harness the power of the sun. As it uses multi-
systems and makes full use of the thermal and light energy from the sun, the
invention can be of a sufficient large scale for commercial production of power
on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day and 7 times a week. At the same time,
the invention produces potable water by processing seawater again, on a con-
tinuous basis.
2.6 ADVANTAGES
Efficient use of different renewable energy sources.
High electric generating capacity.
Widely can use in deserted areas.
No pollution.
using multi-systems to harness the power of the sun.
Get large scale for commercial production of power on a continuous basis, 24
hours a day and 7 times a week.
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2.7 DISADVANTAGES
High initial cost
Difficult to construct
Maintenance is required
2.8APPLICATION:
Desalination of water
Hybrid electricity generation
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FIG:11
FIG:12
Solar pyramid
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OTHER IDEAS:1. SOLAR WIND BRIDGE
FIG:13
The evolution of alternative means of propulsion form car has opened the
doors, in the past few years, to all types of visions of the future of transporta-
tion. And when we say future of transportation we are not necessarily talking
about the cars themselves.The new ideas solar roadways and solar highways are widely discussible now
.So its time to have a look somebody envisions the bridge of the future called
solar wind bridge, the bridge tries to make full advantage of one of the defin-
ing traits of bridges : the exposure to the elements. Since these types of con-
structions are always bombarded by the sun and wind, thanks to their posi-
tioning over valleys, rivers or even seas ,solar and wind power should be found
here in abundance.
The surface of the bridge uses the technology envisioned for the solar high-
ways, meaning the surface is coated in solar panels. The 20km (12.4miles) road
power plant is capable of developing 11.2 million kWh per year.
Beneath the road surface, the bridge itself has been designed as giant wind
turbine.26 small turbines have been integrated into the design of the bridge,
being capable of generating 36 million kWh per year. Created by Italian de-
signers Frances so colorossi, Giovanna saracino and Luisa scaraino, the solar
wind bridge was the part of the solar park works- solar highway design compe-
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tition. The design manages to win the second place in competition. Bridges are
constantly exposed to the elements, sitting outdoors as they do in all types of
climates and in every kind of weather. It is a wonder that before now no one
has thought to harness these massive man-made structures for harnessing
natural eco-friendly power.
The Solar Wind bridge concept would take advantage of a particular bridges
location and altitude to capture two separate types of green energy. Although
automotive bridges are part of an infrastructure that can not exactly be called
eco-friendly, they are often in unique positions to capture plenty of sun and
wind. Their necessary elevation and, of course, their constant exposure to the
sun means that they make ideal collectors of solar and wind energy. The road
itself would be made of not the traditional asphalt, but instead of a dense net-
work of solar cells coated in durable plastic. The solar cells could produce as
much as 11.2 kWh per year. The bridge would also contain 26 integrated in the
spaces between the bridge supports which would provide an additional 36 mil-
lion kWh per year. All told, the innovative bridge could power up to 15,000
homes. But the benefits dont stop there: the designers also envision the sides
of the roadways as makeshift small-space farms/market stalls. Farmers could
grow and sell their wares right there on the side of the bridge. While we lovethe idea, wed much rather see urban planners concentrate on the first part of
the design integrating eco-power collection devices into everyday structures
before getting too fancy with the idea
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FIG:14
FIG:15
FIG:16
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2.MOLTEN SALT SOLAR
power plants are limited to generating energy only when there is sunshine. So
engineers have tried a number of different technologies to store the sun's en-
ergy so that such power plants can be more broadly employed. Melting salts at
temperatures above 435 degrees Fahrenheit (224 degrees Celsius), however,
can deliver back as much as 93 percent of the energy, plus the salts are ubiqui-
tous because of their application as fertilizers
But that extra energy comes at a cost. First, the power plant has to be enlarged
so that it is both generating its full electrical capacity as well as heating up the
salts. In the case of Andasol 1 that meant covering 126 acres (50 hectares) with
long rows of troughs and pipe. And then there is the additional expense of themolten salt storage tanks the salts will soon help the facility light up the
nightliterally. Because most salts only melt at high temperatures (table salt,
for example, melts at around 1472 degrees Fahrenheit, or 800 degrees Celsius)
and do not turn to vapor until they get considerably hotterthey can be used
to store a lot of the sun's energy as heat. Simply use the sunlight to heat up the
salts and put those molten salts in proximity to water via a heat exchanger. Hot
steam can then be made to turn turbines without losing too much of the origi-
nal absorbed solar energy. While photovoltaic solar panels work by directly
producing electricity from sunlight, CSP plants use mirrors to concentrate sun-
light and produce high temperatures in order to drive a turbine to generate
electricity. CSP plants have been in existence for many years, but the Archime-
des plant is the first instance of a facility that uses molten salt as the collection
medium.
Heat from the molten salt is used to boil water and drive the turbines, just like
other fossil fuel plants. CSP plants use the same kind of steam turbines as typi-
cal fossil fueled power plants. This makes it possible to supplement
ing power plants with CSP or even to retrofit plants to change over to clean
energy producing technology. Some existing CSP plants have used molten salt
storage in order to extend their operation, but the collectors have relied on oil
as the heat collection medium. This has necessitated two heat transfer systems
(one for oil-to-molten-salt, and the other for molten-salt-to-steam) which in-
creases the complexity and decreases the efficiency of the system. The saltsused in the system are also environmentally benign, unlike the synthetic oils
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used in other CSP systems.
FIG:17
The saltsa mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate, otherwise used as ferti-
lizersallow enough of the sun's heat to be stored that the power plant can
pump out electricity for nearly eight hours after the sun starts to set. "It's
enough for 7.5 hours to produce energy with full capacity of 50 megawatts
8. CONCLUSION
The prospect that lightweight and flexible polymer solar cells can be produced
by roll-to roll production, in combination with high energy-conversion efficien-
cy, has spurred interests from research institutes and companies. In the last
five years there has been an enormous increase in the understanding and per-
formance of polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Comprehensive
insights have been obtained in crucial materials parameters in terms of mor-
phology, energy levels, charge transport, and electrode materials .To date,
power conversion efficiencies close to 3% are routinely obtained and some la-
boratories have reported power conversion efficiencies of ~4544 and now
aim at increasing the efficiency to 810%. By combining synthesis, processing,
and materials science with device physics and fabrication there is little doubt
that these appealing levels of performance will be achieved in the near future.
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The pyramid Solar Power Plant is particularly reliable and not liable to break
down, in comparison with other solar generating plants. Turbines, transmission
and generator which subject to a steady flow of air, are the plant's only moving
parts. This simple and robust structure guarantees operation that needs little
maintenance and of course no combustible fuel.
Also this invention will remove the need for a National Transmission grid for
power and water as each power or water unit can be decentralized and con-
structed as the need arises from each village, township or city resulting in huge
savings of Billions of dollars annually in each country using the Multi System
Concepts for electricity generation and water desalination.
Finally this power plant allows large-scale commercial production of electricity
and potable water using solar and thermal energy on a continuous 24/7 basis
without any harmful by products associated with other types of power genera-
tion.
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REFERENCE
X. Yang, J. K. J. Van Duren, R. A. J. Janssen, M. A. J. Michels, and J. Loos,Mac-
romolecules
C. J. Brabec, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004
Shah,A.Tscharner,R.Wyrsch,N.and Keppner.h Photovoltaic technology: The
case for thin-film solar cells science vol285
Energy from the desertFeasibility of very large solar photovoltaic power gen-
eration systems James&James 2003
[The main air shaft has a wide circular base of a spiral duct design; a cone shaped mid sec-
tion with at least four turbines stacked one on top of the other and a smaller top with an-
gled nozzle clockwise.
The top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft has a flat horizontal plate (referred to as ''Hot Plate")
on which a boiler and parabolic reflectors system is built on the Hot Plate.
A plurality of water tanks, consisting of a Main Heating Tank and side preheating tanks con-
nected to a balancing tank through which seawater comes through a main seawater intake.The lower portion of the pyramid will contain openings for air vent, storage tanks for collec-
tion of heat transfer medium flowing down from top of pyramid and other connections for
power output as well as control equipment.
The pyramid structure is designed so that two separate air heating processes (referred here-
in as" First Air Heating Process" and" Second Air Heating Process 0') would work inside and
independently of each other.
The First Air Heating Process utilizes the differential pressure between the hot air heated
during the day inside the interior of the pyramid, which rises to the top of the Main Air Shaft
and cold air is sucked into the pyramid, this differential pressure forming a wind draught to
drive wind turbines, to generate electricity.
The Second Air Heating Process utilizes the Heat generated from the Main Heating Tank and
the hot air rising through the Main Air Shaft.
Both process works independent from each other.
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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR
Besides the Two Air Heating Processes, additional heating comes about through Heating
Layer 1 which is used by Solar Heat to excite solar panels, creating electricity or magnifica-
tion of light rays to heat up the metal plates in Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3.
Additional heat also comes through Heat Transfer Layer 2 when Heat transfer medium arepumped from the bottom of the Main Heating Tank and Pre-Heating tanks inside/outside
the pyramid into a small tank on top of the pyramid. From the small tank on top of the pyr-
amid, the liquid will flow down by gravity through the pipes in Heat Transfer Layer 2. How-
ever the liquid flow will be slowed down due to the U configuration layout of the pipes and
which the liquid also getting, additionally the heat transferred from Heat Absorption and
transfer Layer 3. A main regulator at the bottom of the pyramid controls the final flow and
speed of the liquid.
Depending on the external ambient temperature and heat transfer from Heat Absorptionand transfer Layer 3, the fluid is PRE-HEATED between 4580C. The pre-heated liquid then
flows into their respective underground storage tanks for further heating or treatment pro-
cess.
The main object of Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 is to absorb and transfer as much
heat as possible. This is illustrated and described as follows:
In each angled side frame, heat will absorbed and transfer through Layer 1 to Layer 2 to
Layer 3 and Layer 4. The pyramid structure would get hotter and hotter gradually, the heat
flowing upwards as heat rises upwards to the top end of the metal slope. As the sun gets
hotter during the day, the heat transfer increases and flows up faster. As the area of the
heated steel plating gets smaller at the top of the pyramid, the heat concentration and tem-
perature gradually builds up.
The top end of the side frame will be designed as a sharp-ended profile referred to as a "Hot
Spot". A boiler housing is built around the Hot Spot. The main activity of the Hot Spot is to
heat up the liquid or water in the boiler located at the top of the pyramid structure.
External parabolic reflectors located at the perimeter sides of the pyramid will'beam' concentrated sun rays on this plate to heat up this hotplate. The expected
temperature of this beam is calculated to be more than 100C. This will enable the
water temperature in the boiler to rise beyond 100C and boils.
Water above 100C will boils and creates steam. This steam will be used for 2 pro-
cesses. In the Desalination process, the medium or liquid to be used shall be sea-
water but for power generation, the medium shall be fresh water or other suitable
liquid.
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If fresh water is the main product then no further process is required except to col-
lect the steam via a series of condensers. Filtered, treated and stored for sale.
For additional power generation, The steam can be used to drive a steam turbine lo-cated at the bottom of the pyramid. It is envisaged that the steam produced may not
be strong enough to drive a sizeable steam turbine and additional processes will be
added to supercharge the steam. Typical equipment will be a gas-fired burner.
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