Next Big Future Ideas for Generate Electricity

8/2/2019 Next Big Future Ideas for Generate Electricity

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SEMINAR REPORT

TOPIC: NEXT BIG FUTURE IDEAS FOR GENERATE ELECTRICITY

ANJALIDAS

S6,EEE

REG.NO:89030559


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NEXT BIG FUTURE IDEAS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY SEMINAR REPORT 2011-12

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to PROF: Ravi Kumar .S , head of department for providing

me with guidance and facilitate for the seminar

I express sincere gratitude to seminar coordinator PROF: Anil B, staff in charge, for their

cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting the seminar

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS department and my friends for their support and encouragement

ANJALI DAS


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ABSTRACT

World is now going through an energy crisis. Thats why everyone is searchingfor green power. Green energy is economical and eco friendly. Day by day the

research based on generating electricity by different ways are developing. In

future needed electricity can be developed by our self. Now it is necessary to

create electrical energy from green power without creating any problem. New

fastest growing technology is PV .Widely uses solar and wind energy effective-

ly by introducing multi system approach to generate electricity.


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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION2. IMPORANT IDEAS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

POLYMER SOLAR CELL1.1 STRUCTURE

1.2 BASIC PROCESSES IN A POLYMER SOLAR CELL

1.3. BULK HETEROJUNCTION CELLS

1.4. WHAT ABOUT LIFETIMES?

1.5.CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS OFFER THESE ADVANTAGES

1.6.DISADVANTAGES

1.7 APPLICATION

SOLAR PYRAMID2.1THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT PROPOSED INVOLVES

THREE STEPS

2.2COOLING SYSTEM

2.3POWER GENERATION PROCESS2.4DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT

2.5ADDITIONAL FUNCTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR PLANT

2.6ADVANTAGES

2.7DISADVANTAGES

2.8APPLICATION

3.OTHER IDEAS

SOLAR WIND BRIDGE MOLTEN SALT SOLAR

4.CONCLUSION

5.REFERENCE


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2.INTRODUCTION

It is expected that the global energy demand will double within the next 50

years. Fossil fuels, however, are running out and are held responsible for the

increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere. Hence,

developing environmentally friendly, renewable energy is one of the challeng-

es to society in the 21st century. One of the renewable energy technologies is

photovoltaics (PV), the technology that directly converts daylight into electrici-

ty. PV is one of the fastest growing of all the renewable energy technologies,in fact, it is one of the fastest growing The Sun is providing the Earth with an

enormous amount of energy, approximately 200000 times the capacity of the

total energy production facilities. Only a very small amount of this energy is

used. Hence the thought of developing a device that effectively and cheaply

harvests the solar energy is very attractive.

There is a line of problems connected with using the solar energy. Firstly the

averaged yearly local intensity is varying from less than 100Wm2 over a very

large area in order to produce an amount of electrical energy comparable with

that consumed by a city, fabric or even a house.

Secondly the energy of the sunlight cannot be directly used in any way. There-

fore, turning the radiative solar energy into a more useable energy type is the

primary objective. There exists two different approaches to this problem but

with either approach a rather large amount of the radiative energy is lost in

the conversion.

Conversion into thermal energy.

Conversion into electrical energy.

The solar light is converted into thermal energy when interacting with matter.

This can be used for heating water and house warming etc. The applications

are naturally limited as a very large part of our energy consumption is electrical

energy.


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2. IMPORTANT IDEAS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

1. POLYMER SOLAR CELLS

Polymer solar cells are a type of flexible solar cell. They can come in many

forms Including: organic solar cell (also called plastic solar cell), or organic

chemistry photovoltaic cell that produc-

es electricity from sunlight using polymers. There are also other types of more

stable thin-film semiconductors that can be deposited on different types of

FIG:1

Polymers to create solar Cells. This technology is relatively new, being actively

researched by universities, national Laboratories and several companies

around the world. Currently, commercial solar cells are made from a refined,

highly purified silicon crystal, similar to the material used in the manufacture

of integrated circuits and computer chips (wafer silicon). The high cost of these

silicon solar cells, and their complex production process has generated interest

in developing alternative photovoltaic technologies. Compared to silicon-baseddevices, polymer solar cells are lightweight (which is important for small au-

tonomous sensors), potentially disposable and inexpensive to fabricate (some-

times using printed electronics), flexible, and customizable on the molecular

level, and they have lower potential for negative environmental impact. An ex-

ample device is shown in Fig. 1.

The disadvantages of polymer solar cells are also serious: they offer about 1/3

of the efficiency of hard materials, and they are relatively unstable toward

photochemical degradation. For these reasons, despite continuing advances in


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semiconducting polymers, the vast majority of solar cells rely on inorganic ma-

terials .During the last 30 years the polymer solar cell has developed from an

inefficient light-harvesting device with almost no lifetime to a device that may

be introduced to the commercial marked within a short span of years.

Today scientists are working with a lot of different types of polymer solar cells

and since it will be too comprehensive to deal with all of them, only one type

will be treated in this report. The type of solar cell which will be treated is a

polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cell, and a schematic illustration of

it can be seen in Figure2.

1.1 STRUCTURE

This type of polymer solar cell consist of five layers: Glass, ITO, PEDOT: PSS, ac-

tive layer, calcium and aluminum. The glass serves as a supporting layer for the

solar cell and the only demand glass has to fulfill is that it does not absorb light

in the visible area, since the solar cell uses this light to generate power. Other

and more flexible types of supporting layers, like transparent polymers, can al-

so be used. The focus of this report will not lie on the supporting layer and

therefore the use of other types of supporting layers will not be discussed any

further.

Figure 2: The structure of a polymer solar cell

ITO (indium tin oxide) and aluminum serves as the electrodes in the solar cell.

Beyond that, the ITO and aluminium are also used to generate a built-in elec-

tric field caused by the difference in the metals work functions. This electric

field is used dissociate the excitons, which are generated when the active layer


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absorbs light, and afterwards to pull the charge carriers out from the active

layer. Like glass the ITO layer is transparent in the visible area. PEDOT:PSS

(poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)-thiophene]:poly(styrene sulfonate)) and calcium are

two materials which are introduced into the solar cell in order to increase the

built-in electric field and thereby improve the performance of the solar cell.

The active layer in this polymer solar cell consists of a blend between the con-

jugated polymer MEH-PPV ((poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)- 1,4-

phenylenevinylene])) and the modified fullerene PCBM (1-(3-

Methoxycarbonylpropyl)- 1-phenyl-[6.6]C61) . MEH-PPV is the absorbing part

of the active layer and PCBM is introduced into the layer to make the dissocia-

tion of the excitons more effective.

1.2 BASIC PROCESSES IN A POLYMER SOLAR CELL

Various architectures for organic solar cells have been investigated in recent

years. In general, for a successful organic photovoltaic cell four important pro-

cesses have to be optimized to obtain a high conversion efficiency of solar en-

ergy into electrical energy.

- Absorption of light

- Charge transfer and separation of the opposite charges

- Charge transport

- Charge collection

For an efficient collection of photons, the absorption spectrum of the photoac-

tive inorganic layer should match the solar emission spectrum and the layer

should be sufficiently thick to absorb all incident light. A better overlap with

the solar emission spectrum is obtained by lowering the band gap of the inor-

ganic material, but this will ultimately have some bearing on the open-circuit

voltage. Increasing the layer thickness is advantageous for light absorption, but

burdens the charge transport. Creation of charges is one of the key steps in

photovoltaic devices in the conversion of solar light into electrical energy. In

most inorganic solar cells, charges are created by photoinduced electron

transfer. In this reaction an electron is transferred from an electron donor (D),

a p-type semiconductor, to an electron acceptor (A), an n-type semiconductor,


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with the aid of the additional input energy of an absorbed photon (h). In the

photoinduced electron transfer reaction the first step is excition of the donor

(D*) or the acceptor (A*),Followed by creation of the charge-separated state

consisting of the radical cation of the donor (D+) and the radical anion of the

acceptor (A-).

D + A + h D* + A (or D + A*) D+ + A-

For an efficient charge generation, it is important that the charge-separated

state is the Thermodynamically and kinetically most favorite pathway after

photoexcitation. Therefore, it is important that the energy of the absorbed

photon is used for generation of the chargeseparated state and is not lost via

competitive processes like fluorescence or non-radiative decay. In addition, itis of importance that the charge-separated state is stabilized, so that the pho-

togenerated charges can migrate to one of the electrodes. Therefore, the back

electron transfer should be slowed down as much as possible.

Figure3. Schematic drawing of the working principle of an inorganic photovoltaic cell.

Illumination of donor (in red) through a transparent electrode (ITO) results in

the photoexcited state of the donor, in which an electron is promoted from the

highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecu-

lar orbital (LUMO) of the donor. Subsequently, the excited electron is trans-

ferred to the LUMO of the acceptor (in blue), resulting in an extra electron on

the acceptor (A-) and leaving a hole at the donor (D+). The

photogenerated charges are then transported and collected at opposite elec-

trodes. A similar charge generation process can occur, when the acceptor is


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photoexcited instead of the donor. To create a working photovoltaic cell, the

photoactive material (D+A) is sandwiched between two dissimilar (metallic)

electrodes (of which one is transparent), to collect the photogenerated charg-

es. After the charge transfer reaction, the photogenerated charges have to mi-

grate to these electrodes without recombination. Finally, it is important that

the photogenerated charges can enter the external circuit at the electrodes

without interface problems.

1.3. BULK HETEROJUNCTION CELLS

In combining electron donating (p-type) and electron accepting (n-type) mate-

rials in the active layer of a solar cell, care must be taken that excitons created

in either material can diffuse to the interface, to enable charge separation. Due

to their short lifetime and low mobility, the diffusion length of excitons in or-

ganic semiconductors is limited to about ~10 nm only. This imposes an im-

portant condition to efficient charge generation. Anywhere in the active layer,

the distance to the interface should be on the order of the exciton diffusion

length. Despite their high absorption coefficients, exceeding 105 cm-1, a 20 nm

double layer of donor and acceptor materials would not be optical dense, al-

lowing most photons to pass freely. The solution to this dilemma is elegantlysimple. By simple mixing the p and ntype materials and relying on the intrinsic

tendency of polymer materials to phase separate on a nanometer dimension,

junctions throughout the bulk of the material are created that ensure quantita-

tive dissociation of photogenerated excitons, irrespective of the thickness. Pol-

ymer-fullerene solar cells were among the first to utilize this bulk-

heterojunction Principle. Nevertheless, this attractive solution poses a new

challenge. Photogenerated charges must be able to migrate to the collecting

electrodes through this intimately mixed blend. Because holes are transported

by thep-type semiconductor and electrons by the ntype material, these mate-

rials should be preferably mixed into a bicontinuous, interpenetrating network

in which inclusions, cul-de-sacs, or barrier layers are avoided. The close-to-

ideal bulk heterojunction solar cell, When such a bulk-heterojunction is depos-

ited on an ITO substrate and capped with a metal back electrode, working pho-

tovoltaic cells can be obtained (Figure4).


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Figure4. The bulk-heterojunction concept.

After absorption of light by the photoactive material, charge transfer can easi-

ly occur due to the nanoscopic mixing of the donor and acceptor (solid and

dashed area). Subsequently, the photogenerated charges are transported and

collected at the electrodes. The bulk heterojunction is presently the mostwidely used photoactive layer the name bulk-heterojunction solar cell has

been chosen, because the interface (heterojunction) between both compo-

nents is all over the bulk (Figure 5), in contrast to the classical (bilayer-

)heterojunction. As a result of the intimate mixing, the interface where charge

transfer can occur has increased enormously. The exciton, created after the

absorption of light, has to diffuse towards this charge-transfer interface for

charge generation to occur. The diffusion length of the exciton in organic ma-

terials, however, is typically 10 nm or less. This means that for efficient charge

generation after absorption of light, each exciton has to find a donoracceptor

interface within a few nm, otherwise it will be lost without charge generation.

An intimate bicontinuous network of donor and acceptor materials in the na-

nometer range should suppress exciton loss prior to charge generation. Con-

trol of morphology is not only required for a large charge-generating interface

and suppression of exciton loss, but also to ensure percolation pathways for

both electron and hole transport to the collecting electrodes


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1.4. WHAT ABOUT LIFETIMES?

Of course any practical application of bulk-heterojunction polymer-fullerene

solar cells day inorganic, polymer-based solar cells must be protected from

ambient air to prevent degradation of the active layer and electrode materials

by the effects of water and oxygen. Even with proper protection there are sev-

eral degradation processes that need to be eliminated to ensure stability.

Apart from device integrity, the materials must be photo chemically stable and

the nanoscale bicontinuous donor-acceptor in the active layer should pre-

served. A recent study revealed that MDMO-PPV/PCBM solar cells show an

appreciable degradation under accelerated lifetime testing conditions (in-

creased temperature). Interestingly, the degradation is not so much associatedwith the chemical stability. At elevated temperatures, the PCBM molecules can

diffuse through the MDMOPPV matrix and form large crystals, thereby increas-

ing the dimension and extent of phase segregation. This behavior has been ob-

served for temperatures ~20C below the glass transition temperature, Tg ,of

the polymer. Fortunately, several strategies can be envisaged that may allevi-

ate the limited thermal stability of the morphology. In general, high Tg poly-

mers will increase the stability of as prepared morphologies. An example has

already been established for the combination of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and

fullerene derivatives, where thermal annealing was used to improve the per-

formance. Upon cooling to operating temperatures, it may be expected that no

further changes occur in the morphology. Another appealing method to pre-

serve an as-prepared morphology in these blends is by chemical or radiation

induced cross-linking, analogous to methods recently employed for polymer

light-emitting diodes. Finally, the use of p-n block copolymers seems an inter-

esting option, because here phase separation will be dictated by the covalentbonds between the two blocks .Nevertheless, creation of nanoscale bulkhet-

erojunction morphologies that are stable in time and with temperature is one

of the challenges that must be met before polymer photovoltaics can be ap-

plied successfully. In this respect it is important that testing of a novel semi-

conductor blend showed that all relevant device parameters changed less than

20% during 1000 hours of operation at 85C .This demonstrates that outstand-

ing high stabilities are within reach.


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1.5.CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS OFFER THESE ADVANTAGES:

Better Designs. Conductive plastics are flexible and are easy to bond to flexible

substrates such as plastic and metal foils, creating opportunity for integrated,

flexible applications. For example, mobile phones could generate their own

power.

Costs.Relatively inexpensive plastic is used as the active material to convert

solar energy into electricity. Only a few tenths of a micrometer of conductive

plastics are needed to generate electricity.

Printing capability: Conductive solar cells can be printed in processes similar to

printing on newspaper. The fabrication process is described as low tempera-

ture and environmentally friendly.

Photovoltaic cells contain a light-sensitive semiconducting material that starts

the process of producing electricity. Today that material typically is silicon.

OPVs generally use two materials, one acting as a donor that captures elec-

trons from light (even indoor light) and the other acting as an electron accep-

tor. A charge transfer process then begins, creating electricity.

Climate change:The discovery of pure conductive organic polymers (such as oxidized iodine-

doped polyacetylene) in the late twentieth century coupled with high petrole-

um prices accelerated interest in OPVs. Concerns about climate change boost-

ed research again in OPVs in the last ten years.

1.6.DISADVANTAGES

Efficiency:Current efficiency is varies only 8-29%. LIFE:The current lifetime for Power Plastic is three-to-five years when

exposed. If the conductive layers are protected with glass or plastics, its

lifetimes are comparable to traditional solar cells.


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1.7.APPLICATIONS

FIG:5

One research firm says the market for polymer electronics could reach $30 billion by 2015. The pho-

to shows a market-ready solar-powered laptop bag.

Building-integrated applications,

such as electricity generated this bus shelter, are being investigated for conductive plastic

photovoltaics. FIG:6


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2. SOLAR PYRAMID

FIG:7

A solar pyramid power plant is a continuous 24/7 pyramid-like structure with

multi-systems for generation of electricity and desalination of seawater to ob-

tain potable/drinking water wherein the electricity is generated by hot air

moving through Wind Turbine, by Gas Turbine and from Solar panels and the

desalination is carried out, using the heat from the Main Thermal Tank and the

steam generated from the H2O2 gas boilers.

Conversion of solar energy to thermal or electrical energy through the use of

systems such as photovoltaic arrays, passive absorbers of solar energy, solar

furnaces, through concentrating collectors with sun trackers is well estab-

lished.

However, other existing systems do not adopt a multi-system approach to

maximize use of all the available solar energy. Some of the existing system also

depend solely on the sun to provide the solar energy and therefore cannot op-

erate at night.


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FIG:8

There are many arid areas in the world where the sun is always available.

Many of these countries are lavishly provided with solar radiation in their de-

sert areas. Therefore, pyramid solar power plant makes the full use of the

thermal energy of the sun not only to generate power but to make potable wa-

ter at the same time on a continuous basis. At the same time, pyramid solar

power plant uses a multi-system approach to maximize the harvesting of solar

and heat energy from the sun.

Using of underground water reservoir as energy storage and for night energy

supply and also for the day heating of air. Building the underground water res-

ervoir would minimize heat losses especially during the night.

Using of heating fins as a hot surface to heat up the air to a higher temperature

than the ambient air during day and night operation.

2.1 THE PYRAMID SOLAR POWER PLANT PROPOSED

INVOLVES THREE STEPS:

Solar energy transmitted by the glass of the side panel of the pyramid is ab-

sorbed by a suitably coated surface and heat transfer medium with an efficien-

cy of over 90 percent.

Air molecules in collision with the hot surface on the side of the pyramid and


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the heating fin, and in sealed containment absorb the heat energy with almost

100 percent efficiency setting up convection currents.

All that is needed is a mechanism for absorbing the kinetic energy of moving

air in directional flow because of gravitation. All wind turbines are designed for

this purpose, the turbine absorbs the energy of the moving air.

The principles outlined have been described for harnessing solar energy into

Electricity using Convection Air Currents. Outside ambient air is drawn into the

pyramid structure. This is warmed by solar energy and rises up the vertical

main air shaft. The current of rising warm air drives wind turbines. The top of

the pyramid is open to the air and at atmospheric pressure. The driver of the

whole system is gravity air in the pyramid is warmed by solar energy and ris-es because it is lighter. This will draw in colder, ambient air which is heavier in-

to the pyramid.

FIG:9

Glass or transparent polymer material will allow over 90 percent transmittanceof incident solar energy. The solar absorber also has over 90 percent efficiency

and will produce a stream of warm air which rises. This exerts pressure on the

turbine causing rotation which will introduce an exactly equal volume of ambi-

ent air at the air inlets into the pyramid. In this way solar energy is converted

into convection air currents which drive the turbine.

The hot air rises because they are lighter than cold air. The individual air mole-

cules are moving at high velocity and have a large amount of kinetic energy.


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Their collision against any surface creates pressure. The continuous upward

flow of the hot air could rotate turbines producing electricity. Hot air rises be-

cause of gravity. The atmosphere is held around the earth by gravitation. Cold

air is like water in its response and seeks the lowest level. Cold air is pulled to-

wards the earth and will displace warm air or any lighter gas.

The pyramid solar power pyramid operates at constant volume. This means

that the volume of air leaving the turbine per unit time through top outlet will

exactly equal the volume of air entering the pyramid. If there is a temperature

rise of 10 percent at constant volume, there is a pressure rise of 10 percent.

Then wind turbines will efficiently convert increased pressure into electricity.

Main feature is Multi-Shaped 3-10 sides angled between 30-60 degrees, pref-

erably the main choice of using a 4 sided pyramid for ease of constructionwith.

2.2 COOLING SYSTEMA special treated composite metal sheet cover for maximum absorption of

heat; transfer heat into the interior of the pyramid and retaining heat in the

pyramid. A special treated glass on top of the metal sheet cover with angled or

concave pockets to magnify sun rays onto the metal cover. An underground

storage tank designed to hold, retain and transfer heat transfer medium. AHeat transfer system on the metal surfaces of the pyramid during the day and

night via pipes. Heat induction process - One process to cool the hot surfaces

on top of pyramid by introducing an air stream through an air vent while driv-

ing a series of small turbines. Second process is to induce surrounding hot air

into the Side Air Vents using a suction fan and into the pyramid. The cooling

process on the hot spot induces the heat from the bottom of the metal sheet

to travel upwards faster and transferring more heat during the induction pro-

cess. Hot plate design at the top end and tip of angled steel plant cover and

water heating system built around the hot plate. Hot plate design with multi

faced edges to maximize heat transfer surface in contact with heat transfer

mediums such as water, liquids or others. Air flow processes: 2 Main Processes

and 1 Sub-Process3. First Air Flow process inside the pyramid via the Side Air

Shafts, induced by the Sub-process3.

Second Air Flow process is fresh air being inducted at side Pre Heater Tanks

surrounding the pyramid, heated by the Main Heating Reservoir and flowinginto the Main Air Shaft. Sub-process 3 is fresh air being inducted into the Pre-


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Heating Tanks and flowing in a shaft, into a side hot air chamber and out.

NOVEL DESIGN OF MAIN AIR SHAFT WITH THE FOLLOWING.

A Novel idea of introducing spiral design Conical structure on top of Main

Heating Reservoir to create air turbulence and into angled air outlets;

A Novel idea of special design turbine blades on top of conical dome and addi-

tional wind blades on top of the turbine blades to create air turbulence in Main

Air Shaft; A Novel idea of special designed Main Air Booster pump to induce air

flow from the interior of the Main Air Shaft upwards while being driven by Hot

Air flowing out from the interior of pyramid; A Novel idea of inducing fresh air

from Side Air shaft along side of pyramid and into the Main Air Vent by the

Main Air Booster pump;\A Novel idea of special design Air Nozzles at top ofMain Air Shaft, sides of Main Air Shaft and Main Air Vent; Additional heating

by:

A novel method of heat transfer in the Main Heating Chamber, Pre Heater

Tanks and in the top Hot Air Chamber by specially designed Heating Fins; A

novel method to heat the interior of the pyramid during the night; A novel idea

to pre-heat the metal structure of the pyramid in early mornings before sun

rise; A novel idea to design special treated metallic/ ceramic heating chamber

and the use of Brown gas process by electrolysis to introduce H2O2 as a heat-ing fuel; An option of using External Parabolic solar reflectors during the day to

heat the HOT PLATE;

2.3 POWER GENERATION PROCESS BY:

Main Air Shaft Turbines;

Main Booster Pump Turbines;

Main Air Vent Turbines;

Side Air shafts mini turbines;Steam generators powered by Brown Gas generators;

Additional power storages by:

Producing Brown Gas and stored in special designed chambers;

Battery Packs

Desalination:

Method of producing potable water by desalination using preheat and heating

processes by direct solar energy and heating process from the combustion of

Brown Gas in special chambers and boilers.


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2.4 DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR

POWER PLANT

The structure is a pyramid-like with 4 side frames, each side frame being an-

gled from 30 degrees to 60 degrees as measured from the base, depending on

location of the power plant and sun's maximum azimuth. The width of the base

and height of the structure depends on the power generation output. The

foundation of the structure consists of mild steel concrete plinths, beams and

columns with steel encasing therein, forming a pyramid-like structure (herein-

after referred to as pyramid structure).

Each side frame of the pyramid structure consists of multi Layered Panels toaccommodate at least four layers, starting from the uppermost layer to the

lowermost layer:

Layer 1 (a "Heating Layer"),

Layer 2 (a "Heat Transfer Layer"),

Layer 3 (a "Heat absorption and transfer Layer"), and

Layer 4 (a "Heat retention Layer")

Layer 1 (a "Heating Layer") consists of a layer of glass panels or other transpar-

ent material such as transparent polycarbonate, integrated with solar cells or

convex lenses to concentrate light beams.

The object for Heating Layer 1 is to absorb Sunlight through Solar cells to pro-

duce Electricity or through convex lenses acting as heat concentrator by magni-

fication of heat source on the steel plate.

Layer 2 (a "Heat Transfer Layer") consists of a layer having a layout of 2 differ-

ent sets of suitable metal pipes; one for sea/saline and the other treated or

fresh water.\Heat Transfer Layer 2 has metal pipes of various diameters laid on surface of

layer 3 spiraling from top of pyramid structure to bottom, laid out in a U con-

figuration across Layer 3, the configuration starting from left to right or vice

versa. Heat Transfer Layer 2 has 2 sets of pipes -one carrying a heat transfer

medium and the other saline or seawater. The pipes end at the bottom of the

pyramid structure and into one or more large underground storage tank. The

heat from Heating Layer transferred and absorbed by the water in the metals

pipes of Heat Transfer Layer 2.


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Layer 3 (a "Heat Absorption and transfer layer") is a layer having black thermal

conductive metal plates like mild steel or aluminum plates or a combination of

both, with best heat absorption and transfer characteristic. The heat from Heat

Transfer Layer 2 including heat transferred from Heating Layer 1 is absorbed

and transferred to Heat Absorption and transfer layer 3 and which is then

transferred and absorbed by

Heat Retention Layer 4. The heat from Layers l, 2, 3 and 4 warms the air inside

the pyramid which has been sucked in from air vents at the bottom of the

structure.

Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 uses black thermal conductive metal

plates (of various thicknesses) such as mild steel plates and aluminum or acombination of both to absorb, retain and transfer heat. The lower portion of

the pyramid will contain openings for air vent, storage tanks for collection of

heat transfer medium flowing down from top of pyramid and other connec-

tions for power output as well as safety equipment.

Layer 4 (a Heat retention Layer") is a layer having Insulation materials to ab-

sorb thermal heat transfer from outside and retention inside the pyramid;

Heat retention Layer 4 has the best insulation materials to absorb heat and

transfer the heat into the pyramid.

A description of the Pyramid Structure is now given. The pyramid structure

contains at least the following means:

Heating Means:

Main Heating Tank;

side tanks of various capacities to house Heat transfer Medium, water, sea-

water or other suitable liquids needed for heat transfer, retention or steam

generation;Heat fins, attached to the sides of the main heating tank and water tanks;

Air suction Means:

Vertical Main Air Shaft: having as a large base, with a spiral staircase housing, a

coned shaped mid section and a smaller top with angled nozzles; Side Air shaft

along the mid section of each angled side;

Power Generation means:

Specially designed turbine fan on top of Main Air Shaft:

Wind turbines or blades of various sizes depending on capacity required locat-


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ed at intervals in the cone shaped mid section of the vertical main air shaft and

the side air shafts;

Electrical alternators and generators of various design and rating required;

Water Boiling Means:

A Hot plate on top of the pyramid;

A boiler system build around the Hot Plate;

A boiler system operated by H2O2 gas placed in the roof top and at the Main

heating tanks;

Control Means:

Electrical junction boxes, synchroniser,inverters and other power control

equipment;

Regulator and pumps to control and distribute flow of fluid to various parts of

the structure;

Monitoring system to co-ordinate and control all operational systems within

the structure.

The angled side frames of the pyramid also have air intake vents near the base

of the pyramid. The air intake vents lead to Side air shafts running along the

mid-section of the angled side frames. The side air vents contain many mini

turbines and alternators inside the shaft, at intervals, along its length.

The main air shaft has a wide circular base of a spiral duct design, a cone

shaped mid section with at least four turbines stacked one on top of the other

and a smaller top with angled nozzle clockwise.

The top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft has a flat horizontal plate (referred to as''Hot Plate") on which a boiler and parabolic reflectors system is built on the

Hot Plate.

A plurality of water tanks, consisting of a Main Heating Tank and side preheat-

ing tanks connected to a balancing tank through which seawater comes

through a main seawater intake. The lower portion of the pyramid will contain

openings for air vent, storage tanks for collection of heat transfer medium

flowing down from top of pyramid and other connections for power output as


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well as control equipment.

The pyramid structure is designed so that two separate air heating processes

(referred herein as" First Air Heating Process" and" Second Air Heating Process

0') would work inside and independently of each other.

The First Air Heating Process utilizes the differential pressure between the hot

air heated during the day inside the interior of the pyramid, which rises to the

top of the Main Air Shaft and cold air is sucked into the pyramid, this differen-

tial pressure forming a wind draught to drive wind turbines, to generate elec-

tricity.

The Second Air Heating Process utilizes the Heat generated from the Main

Heating Tank and the hot air rising through the Main Air Shaft.

Both process works independent from each other.

Besides the Two Air Heating Processes, additional heating comes about

through Heating Layer 1 which is used by Solar Heat to excite solar panels, cre-

ating electricity or magnification of light rays to heat up the metal plates in

Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3.

Additional heat also comes through Heat Transfer Layer 2 when Heat transfer

medium are pumped from the bottom of the Main Heating Tank and Pre-

Heating tanks inside/outside the pyramid into a small tank on top of the pyra-

mid. From the small tank on top of the pyramid, the liquid will flow down by

gravity through the pipes in Heat Transfer Layer 2. However the liquid flow willbe slowed down due to the U configuration layout of the pipes and which the

liquid also getting, additionally the heat transferred from Heat Absorption and

transfer Layer 3. A main regulator at the bottom of the pyramid controls the

final flow and speed of the liquid.

Depending on the external ambient temperature and heat transfer from Heat

Absorption and transfer Layer 3, the fluid is PRE-HEATED between 4580C.

The pre-heated liquid then flows into their respective underground storage


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tanks for further heating or treatment process.

The main object of Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 is to absorb and trans-

fer as much heat as possible. This is illustrated and described as follows:

In each angled side frame, heat will absorbed and transfer through Layer 1 to

Layer 2 to Layer 3 and Layer 4. The pyramid structure would get hotter and

hotter gradually, the heat flowing upwards as heat rises upwards to the top

end of the metal slope. As the sun gets hotter during the day, the heat transfer

increases and flows up faster. As the area of the heated steel plating gets

smaller at the top of the pyramid, the heat concentration and temperature

gradually builds up.

The top end of the side frame will be designed as a sharp-ended profile re-

ferred to as a "Hot Spot". A boiler housing is built around the Hot Spot. The

main activity of the Hot Spot is to heat up the liquid or water in the boiler lo-

cated at the top of the pyramid structure.

External parabolic reflectors located at the perimeter sides of the pyramid will

'beam' concentrated sun rays on this plate to heat up this hotplate. The ex-pected temperature of this beam is calculated to be more than 100C. This will

enable the water temperature in the boiler to rise beyond 100C and boils.

Water above 100C will boils and creates steam. This steam will be used for 2

processes. In the Desalination process, the medium or liquid to be used shall

be seawater but for power generation, the medium shall be fresh water or

other suitable liquid.

If fresh water is the main product then no further process is required except to

collect the steam via a series of condensers. Filtered, treated and stored for

sale.

For additional power generation, the steam can be used to drive a steam tur-

bine located at the bottom of the pyramid. It is envisaged that the steam pro-

duced may not be strong enough to drive a sizeable steam turbine and addi-


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tional processes will be added to supercharge the steam. Typical equipment

will be a gas-fired burner.

The air flow in the pyramid structure giving rise to the First Air Heating Process

is described as follow:

Layer 3 of the angled side frames of the pyramid are steel and/or aluminum

plates. On a hot sunny day, the sun will heat up the steel plates. Heat will be

transmitted through radiation or convection into the interior of the pyramid.

The pyramid is designed to absorbed as much neat as possible inside it and as

the ambient temperature build up inside, the air is heated up inside. From tri-

als conducted, the temperature could rise to as high as 70C or even higher.

Hot air rises and flows up to the top of the tip of the pyramid. A Main Air Vent

will then regulate the air flowing out into the open sky. This hot air regulation

is controlled via the monitoring system.

At the lower end of the 4 side frames of the pyramid, 4 or more units of Side

Air Shafts are linked to the top side of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The Side Air

shafts have micro processor based controlled louvers to regulate the intake of

the air into the top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft.

The Vertical Main Air Shaft and the Side Air Shafts are built as enclosed air tun-

nel shafts constructed by steel or concrete. A number of wind powered turbine

blades are fitted at intervals along these air tunnels.

In the Vertical Main Air Shaft at the top of the pyramid, the wind powered tur-bine blades is several times larger than the Side Intake Air Shafts. At the end of

each wind powered turbine blade are a number of armatures or dynamos that

will produce electricity upon each turn of the turbine blades.

The outside air is cooler than those inside the pyramid and thus creates a dif-

ferential in air pressure inside the structure as hot air is released from inside

the pyramid. This draught can be monitored and controlled by the Monitoring

System, through adjustment of louvers at the top of the pyramid as well as at


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the base of the side air shafts.

In each of the Side Air Shaft, there are 2 wind tunnels. The RED AIR indicated in

the drawing show fresh air intake from top of the pyramid. As the top of the

pyramid structure is also the hottest, the air is being heated up as they are

drawn into the air tunnel. The main object is to heat up the air as it passes

down the air tunnel while being suck down by the air impellers.

The hot air from the top of the pyramid on reaching the bottom of the Air tun-

nel of each side air shaft is further heated by the heat from Main Heating Tank,

increasing the temperature of the air. As hot air is lighter, it will automatically

rise up towards the interior of the pyramid, thus ensuring a continuous flow ofHOT AIR needed to create an air pressure

The BLUE AIR shows the fresh air being drawn in at the bottom of the Air Tun-

nel flowing up (UP FLOW) towards the Main Air Vent. Again the exit of the cold

air at the top side of the Main Air Shaft is designed at an angle. This will spin

the Main Air Booster fan at the top end of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The

Booster Fen in turn drives another generator for production of electricity.

The Main object of controlling the release of the hot air is twofold. The first

reason is to ensure that there is sufficient warm air being retained in the pyr-

amid and with enough heated air capacity to last a working day; the second

reason is there is no need to release the entire hot air but to regulate the tur-

bine and motor speed. A standard motor will require between 500-1500 rpm

to generate electricity depending on manufacturer's specification.

The air flow in the pyramid structure giving rise to the Second Air Heating Pro-cess using Air flow from Main Water Reservoir is described as follow:

Air is drawn into the bottom of the Main Heating Tank via the Pre Heat Tanks

located outside the pyramid.

The Pre Heating tanks are installed with Heat fins to warm up the Air as it flows

into the Main Heating Tank.


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The Main Heating Tank is also fitted with Heat fins for the same purpose of

heating the air as it passes through the corridor.

Steel like wall plates are placed strategically to ensure the flow of the hot air

moving from the pre heating tanks along the corridor in a semi circular motion

and creating a hurricane like motion moving upwards into the coned structure.

At the bottom of the Vertical Main Air Shaft, the hot air from top sides of the

Main Heating Tank is forced to converge into a cone shaped exit formed at the

base of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The conical structure is designed as an in-

verted spiral staircase to create air turbulence as the hot air enters into the

Main Air Shaft.

Inside the Vertical Main Air Shaft, there are no less than 4 wind mills of which

the first fan is designed as a Turbine blade type.

The design of the inverted spiral staircase at the bottom of the Vertical Main

Air Shaft is to ensure the hot air enters at an angle of 30-45 degree sideways or

perpendicular to the Turbine blades

The side sir jets will spin the Turbine blades of the 1st Turbine blade. On the

top of the blade fan, a specially designed contraption will create air turbulence

as the Turbine blades moves.

This will create wind reaction for moving fans 2, 3, 4 or other additional wind

blades.

All the wind turbines or fans or mills are connected to a power-generating unit.

The Main Booster Pump located on top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft is de-

signed to suck up air from the Vertical Main Air Shaft thus ensuring a continu-

ous airflow in the Vertical Main Air Shaft for the Second Air Heating Process.

Hot Air exiting from the Main Air Shaft is forced into a small aperture thus cre-

ating an Air Stream Jet. This will drive the Roof wind turbines located at the top


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of the pyramid.

Function of the Generator during night

The pyramid will ensure continuous generation of electricity even if there is in-

sufficient sunlight during the day or when the sun sets down and the night

quickly turns very cool or even cold. This would be through the following

method:-

Beneath the pyramid, the Main Heating tank and Preheating tanks form a huge

liquid heat reservoir for heat absorptionand retention. The capacity of this liq-

uid heat reservoir is based upon the power to be generated. According to

computations, the reservoir would be conservatively sized at equal to or more

than the volume of the pyramid.

In Layer 3 of the angled side frame of the pyramid liquid pipes of Heating Layer

2 are placed on top of the steel or aluminum plates of Layer 3. Heat transfer

medium or liquid is pumped from this liquid heat reservoir slowly up to the top

of the pyramid and the liquid then flows back into this huge reservoir through

the liquid pipes in Layer 2. During the day, the liquid flow in the pipes down

and absorb the heat into the Main Heating Tank reservoir and the process con-

tinues throughout the day.

The temperature of the liquid heat reservoir is maintained and controlled at a

certain temperature at all times during the day.

Additional equipments may be required to heat the water if there is insuffi-

cient sunlight. A typical example is a gas fired burner operated by H202 which

is produced by the electrolysis of water by electricity. Power is generated

freely by the wind turbines located in the side Air shafts.

In addition, the by-product and waste steam from the boiler or water maker up

on the top of the pyramid will be diverted and released into the liquid reservoir

to maximize heat transfer of the heat released from the desalination process

or from the steam generator.

In the evening when the outside temperature starts to cools down, it is ex-

pected that the internal temperature of the pyramid will also starts dropping.


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As long as the internal temperature of the pyramid is higher than the outside

temperature, an artificial wind draught can be maintained thereby ensuring

the differential pressure to form a wind draught to drive wind turbines, to

generate electricity.

The Monitoring System will calculate and adjust the differential temperatures

within the pyramid and the external temperature.

Heat exchangers or fins are constructed and located inside the pyramid. This

will maintain the 'heat' inside the pyramid and in comparison to the external

temperature; a differential temperature is being created. This is similar to First

Air Heating Process in the day for heating the air in the pyramid structure.

In addition, the cold air during the night will be heated up in the Pre Heat tank

as it passes through the air Intake shaft with a series of heater fins placed at

the top of the Main Heating Tank.

The high and low pressures will result in an artificial wind draught being creat-

ed and the wind will flow into the air tunnels to drive the wind turbines and

produce the electricity.

For the process similar to Second Air Heating Process in the day, the external

air which isexpected to be very cool or cold is drawn into a pre-heat tank,

warm up and flow into the air passage along the Main Heating Tank.

The Main Heating Tank is fitted with heat exchangers in the form of heat fins

on top of the Main Heating Tank to transfer heat from the Main Heating Tank

to the external air.

The heated external air then flows along into the cone shaped entrance lead-

ing to the base of the Vertical Main Air Shaft. The cone shaped entrance is de-

signed as an inverted spiral duct to create air turbulence such that the hot air

enters into the Main Air Shaft and drives the wind turbines, blades or mills in

the Main Air shaft;

The side air jets will spin the Turbine blades of the 1st turbine blade. On the


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

top of the blade fan, a specially designed contraption will create air turbulence

as the Turbine blades moves.

This will create wind reaction for moving fans 2, 3, 4 or other additional wind

blade.

All the wind turbines or fans or mills are connected to a power generating unit.

Hot Air exiting from the Main Air Shaft is forced into a small aperture thus cre-

ating a Air Stream Jet. This will drive the Roof turbines located at the top of the

pyramid.

Pre-Heating for morning useBetween the transition period from the early dawn i.e. in the wee hours of the

day and when the sun begins to rise, warm liquid from the reservoir is pumped

upwards to the top of the pyramid to start heating up the steel and/or alumi-

num Layer 3. This process will shorten the time for the sun to heat up the pyr-

amid and improve efficiency of the multi-systems of the pyramid.

The PYRAMID Solar Power Plant is particularly reliable and not liable to break

down, in comparison with other solar generating plants. Turbines, transmission

and generator which subject to a steady flow of air, are the plant's only moving

parts. This simple and robust structure guarantees operation that needs little

maintenance and of course no combustible fuel.

2.5ADDITIONAL FUNCTION OF THE PYRAMID SOLAR

PLANT

In the event of additional power being not utilized by the grid, the Monitoring

System Controls will divert the excess energy into 2 additional processes.

The excess energy will be stored into load banks, licensed from a fellow inven-

tor, to store the power and be released into the grid later if the need arises.


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The excess energy will also be used to crack the portable water into Hydrogen

and Oxygen molecules using a patented electrolysis process, also available

from a fellow inventor. However, vast improvements have been made to this

invention to improve its efficiency. The gas generated from this electrolysis

process shall be stored in special tanks and be used as a fuel medium for firing

the burners in the boilers for the desalination process or for additional heating

of the water reservoir. FIG:10

The pyramid Solar Power Plant makes use of the thermal energy of the sun not

only to generate power but also to make potable water at the same time. The

invention also takes full advantage of the thermal and light energy from thesun by using multi-systems to harness the power of the sun. As it uses multi-

systems and makes full use of the thermal and light energy from the sun, the

invention can be of a sufficient large scale for commercial production of power

on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day and 7 times a week. At the same time,

the invention produces potable water by processing seawater again, on a con-

tinuous basis.

2.6 ADVANTAGES

Efficient use of different renewable energy sources.

High electric generating capacity.

Widely can use in deserted areas.

No pollution.

using multi-systems to harness the power of the sun.

Get large scale for commercial production of power on a continuous basis, 24

hours a day and 7 times a week.


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2.7 DISADVANTAGES

High initial cost

Difficult to construct

Maintenance is required

2.8APPLICATION:

Desalination of water

Hybrid electricity generation


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FIG:11

FIG:12

Solar pyramid


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OTHER IDEAS:1. SOLAR WIND BRIDGE

FIG:13

The evolution of alternative means of propulsion form car has opened the

doors, in the past few years, to all types of visions of the future of transporta-

tion. And when we say future of transportation we are not necessarily talking

about the cars themselves.The new ideas solar roadways and solar highways are widely discussible now

.So its time to have a look somebody envisions the bridge of the future called

solar wind bridge, the bridge tries to make full advantage of one of the defin-

ing traits of bridges : the exposure to the elements. Since these types of con-

structions are always bombarded by the sun and wind, thanks to their posi-

tioning over valleys, rivers or even seas ,solar and wind power should be found

here in abundance.

The surface of the bridge uses the technology envisioned for the solar high-

ways, meaning the surface is coated in solar panels. The 20km (12.4miles) road

power plant is capable of developing 11.2 million kWh per year.

Beneath the road surface, the bridge itself has been designed as giant wind

turbine.26 small turbines have been integrated into the design of the bridge,

being capable of generating 36 million kWh per year. Created by Italian de-

signers Frances so colorossi, Giovanna saracino and Luisa scaraino, the solar

wind bridge was the part of the solar park works- solar highway design compe-


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

tition. The design manages to win the second place in competition. Bridges are

constantly exposed to the elements, sitting outdoors as they do in all types of

climates and in every kind of weather. It is a wonder that before now no one

has thought to harness these massive man-made structures for harnessing

natural eco-friendly power.

The Solar Wind bridge concept would take advantage of a particular bridges

location and altitude to capture two separate types of green energy. Although

automotive bridges are part of an infrastructure that can not exactly be called

eco-friendly, they are often in unique positions to capture plenty of sun and

wind. Their necessary elevation and, of course, their constant exposure to the

sun means that they make ideal collectors of solar and wind energy. The road

itself would be made of not the traditional asphalt, but instead of a dense net-

work of solar cells coated in durable plastic. The solar cells could produce as

much as 11.2 kWh per year. The bridge would also contain 26 integrated in the

spaces between the bridge supports which would provide an additional 36 mil-

lion kWh per year. All told, the innovative bridge could power up to 15,000

homes. But the benefits dont stop there: the designers also envision the sides

of the roadways as makeshift small-space farms/market stalls. Farmers could

grow and sell their wares right there on the side of the bridge. While we lovethe idea, wed much rather see urban planners concentrate on the first part of

the design integrating eco-power collection devices into everyday structures

before getting too fancy with the idea


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

FIG:14

FIG:15

FIG:16


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2.MOLTEN SALT SOLAR

power plants are limited to generating energy only when there is sunshine. So

engineers have tried a number of different technologies to store the sun's en-

ergy so that such power plants can be more broadly employed. Melting salts at

temperatures above 435 degrees Fahrenheit (224 degrees Celsius), however,

can deliver back as much as 93 percent of the energy, plus the salts are ubiqui-

tous because of their application as fertilizers

But that extra energy comes at a cost. First, the power plant has to be enlarged

so that it is both generating its full electrical capacity as well as heating up the

salts. In the case of Andasol 1 that meant covering 126 acres (50 hectares) with

long rows of troughs and pipe. And then there is the additional expense of themolten salt storage tanks the salts will soon help the facility light up the

nightliterally. Because most salts only melt at high temperatures (table salt,

for example, melts at around 1472 degrees Fahrenheit, or 800 degrees Celsius)

and do not turn to vapor until they get considerably hotterthey can be used

to store a lot of the sun's energy as heat. Simply use the sunlight to heat up the

salts and put those molten salts in proximity to water via a heat exchanger. Hot

steam can then be made to turn turbines without losing too much of the origi-

nal absorbed solar energy. While photovoltaic solar panels work by directly

producing electricity from sunlight, CSP plants use mirrors to concentrate sun-

light and produce high temperatures in order to drive a turbine to generate

electricity. CSP plants have been in existence for many years, but the Archime-

des plant is the first instance of a facility that uses molten salt as the collection

medium.

Heat from the molten salt is used to boil water and drive the turbines, just like

other fossil fuel plants. CSP plants use the same kind of steam turbines as typi-

cal fossil fueled power plants. This makes it possible to supplement

ing power plants with CSP or even to retrofit plants to change over to clean

energy producing technology. Some existing CSP plants have used molten salt

storage in order to extend their operation, but the collectors have relied on oil

as the heat collection medium. This has necessitated two heat transfer systems

(one for oil-to-molten-salt, and the other for molten-salt-to-steam) which in-

creases the complexity and decreases the efficiency of the system. The saltsused in the system are also environmentally benign, unlike the synthetic oils


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

used in other CSP systems.

FIG:17

The saltsa mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate, otherwise used as ferti-

lizersallow enough of the sun's heat to be stored that the power plant can

pump out electricity for nearly eight hours after the sun starts to set. "It's

enough for 7.5 hours to produce energy with full capacity of 50 megawatts

8. CONCLUSION

The prospect that lightweight and flexible polymer solar cells can be produced

by roll-to roll production, in combination with high energy-conversion efficien-

cy, has spurred interests from research institutes and companies. In the last

five years there has been an enormous increase in the understanding and per-

formance of polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Comprehensive

insights have been obtained in crucial materials parameters in terms of mor-

phology, energy levels, charge transport, and electrode materials .To date,

power conversion efficiencies close to 3% are routinely obtained and some la-

boratories have reported power conversion efficiencies of ~4544 and now

aim at increasing the efficiency to 810%. By combining synthesis, processing,

and materials science with device physics and fabrication there is little doubt

that these appealing levels of performance will be achieved in the near future.


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

The pyramid Solar Power Plant is particularly reliable and not liable to break

down, in comparison with other solar generating plants. Turbines, transmission

and generator which subject to a steady flow of air, are the plant's only moving

parts. This simple and robust structure guarantees operation that needs little

maintenance and of course no combustible fuel.

Also this invention will remove the need for a National Transmission grid for

power and water as each power or water unit can be decentralized and con-

structed as the need arises from each village, township or city resulting in huge

savings of Billions of dollars annually in each country using the Multi System

Concepts for electricity generation and water desalination.

Finally this power plant allows large-scale commercial production of electricity

and potable water using solar and thermal energy on a continuous 24/7 basis

without any harmful by products associated with other types of power genera-

tion.


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REFERENCE

X. Yang, J. K. J. Van Duren, R. A. J. Janssen, M. A. J. Michels, and J. Loos,Mac-

romolecules

C. J. Brabec, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004

Shah,A.Tscharner,R.Wyrsch,N.and Keppner.h Photovoltaic technology: The

case for thin-film solar cells science vol285

Energy from the desertFeasibility of very large solar photovoltaic power gen-

eration systems James&James 2003

[The main air shaft has a wide circular base of a spiral duct design; a cone shaped mid sec-

tion with at least four turbines stacked one on top of the other and a smaller top with an-

gled nozzle clockwise.

The top of the Vertical Main Air Shaft has a flat horizontal plate (referred to as ''Hot Plate")

on which a boiler and parabolic reflectors system is built on the Hot Plate.

A plurality of water tanks, consisting of a Main Heating Tank and side preheating tanks con-

nected to a balancing tank through which seawater comes through a main seawater intake.The lower portion of the pyramid will contain openings for air vent, storage tanks for collec-

tion of heat transfer medium flowing down from top of pyramid and other connections for

power output as well as control equipment.

The pyramid structure is designed so that two separate air heating processes (referred here-

in as" First Air Heating Process" and" Second Air Heating Process 0') would work inside and

independently of each other.

The First Air Heating Process utilizes the differential pressure between the hot air heated

during the day inside the interior of the pyramid, which rises to the top of the Main Air Shaft

and cold air is sucked into the pyramid, this differential pressure forming a wind draught to

drive wind turbines, to generate electricity.

The Second Air Heating Process utilizes the Heat generated from the Main Heating Tank and

the hot air rising through the Main Air Shaft.

Both process works independent from each other.


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SRGPTC TRIPRAYAR

Besides the Two Air Heating Processes, additional heating comes about through Heating

Layer 1 which is used by Solar Heat to excite solar panels, creating electricity or magnifica-

tion of light rays to heat up the metal plates in Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3.

Additional heat also comes through Heat Transfer Layer 2 when Heat transfer medium arepumped from the bottom of the Main Heating Tank and Pre-Heating tanks inside/outside

the pyramid into a small tank on top of the pyramid. From the small tank on top of the pyr-

amid, the liquid will flow down by gravity through the pipes in Heat Transfer Layer 2. How-

ever the liquid flow will be slowed down due to the U configuration layout of the pipes and

which the liquid also getting, additionally the heat transferred from Heat Absorption and

transfer Layer 3. A main regulator at the bottom of the pyramid controls the final flow and

speed of the liquid.

Depending on the external ambient temperature and heat transfer from Heat Absorptionand transfer Layer 3, the fluid is PRE-HEATED between 4580C. The pre-heated liquid then

flows into their respective underground storage tanks for further heating or treatment pro-

cess.

The main object of Heat Absorption and transfer Layer 3 is to absorb and transfer as much

heat as possible. This is illustrated and described as follows:

In each angled side frame, heat will absorbed and transfer through Layer 1 to Layer 2 to

Layer 3 and Layer 4. The pyramid structure would get hotter and hotter gradually, the heat

flowing upwards as heat rises upwards to the top end of the metal slope. As the sun gets

hotter during the day, the heat transfer increases and flows up faster. As the area of the

heated steel plating gets smaller at the top of the pyramid, the heat concentration and tem-

perature gradually builds up.

The top end of the side frame will be designed as a sharp-ended profile referred to as a "Hot

Spot". A boiler housing is built around the Hot Spot. The main activity of the Hot Spot is to

heat up the liquid or water in the boiler located at the top of the pyramid structure.

External parabolic reflectors located at the perimeter sides of the pyramid will'beam' concentrated sun rays on this plate to heat up this hotplate. The expected

temperature of this beam is calculated to be more than 100C. This will enable the

water temperature in the boiler to rise beyond 100C and boils.

Water above 100C will boils and creates steam. This steam will be used for 2 pro-

cesses. In the Desalination process, the medium or liquid to be used shall be sea-

water but for power generation, the medium shall be fresh water or other suitable

liquid.


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If fresh water is the main product then no further process is required except to col-

lect the steam via a series of condensers. Filtered, treated and stored for sale.

For additional power generation, The steam can be used to drive a steam turbine lo-cated at the bottom of the pyramid. It is envisaged that the steam produced may not

be strong enough to drive a sizeable steam turbine and additional processes will be

added to supercharge the steam. Typical equipment will be a gas-fired burner.

Documents

Next Big Future Ideas for Generate Electricity