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Chapter 2 1
Foundations of Individual
Behavior
Chapter 2 2
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Define key biographical characteristics
• Identify two types of ability
• Shape the behavior of others
• Examine four schedules of reinforcement
• Clarify the role of punishment in learning
Chapter 2 3
BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics
AgeAge
Chapter 2 4
BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics
GenderGender
Chapter 2 5
BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics
Marital StatusMarital Status
Chapter 2 6
BiographicalBiographicalCharacteristicsCharacteristics
TenureTenure
Chapter 2 7
Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability
Chapter 2 8
Flexibility
Factors
Flexibility
Factors
Strength
Factors
Strength
Factors
Basic Physical AbilitiesBasic Physical Abilities
Other
Factors
Other
Factors
Chapter 2 9
The Ability-Job FitThe Ability-Job Fit
• Abilities of the
employee
• Requirements of
the job
Chapter 2 10
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Chapter 2 11
Chapter 2 12
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Chapter 2 13
Chapter 2 14
Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheoryLearn by observing others and through direct experiences
Models have influence when the following processes occur:
Get rewardedReinforcement
Motor Reproduction
Retention
Attentional Reconize
Remember
Do
Chapter 2 15
Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior
Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior
Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement
Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement
PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement
PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement
ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionPunishmentPunishmentPunishmentPunishment
Chapter 2 16
Types of Reinforcement
Continuous Intermittent
Reinforces desired
behavior every time
Reinforces desired
behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating
Chapter 2 17
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval
Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Variable-Interval
Interval Ratio
Vari
ab
leFix
ed
Chapter 2 18
Behavior Modification:Emery Air Freight
Chapter 2 19
Behavior Modification
• Critical behaviors
• Baseline data
• Behavioral consequences
• Intervention strategy
• Performance improvement
Chapter 2 20
Organizational Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs
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