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8/13/2019 Kyoto Protocol 101
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Kyoto Protocol
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Summary
Milestones1972 Stockholm Declaration
1988 Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
1992 UN Framewor Convention on Climate Change
1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution
1997 Kyoto Protocol
2005 Kyoto Rulebook
Statistics
Reactions
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United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment
Stockholm Declaration of 1972
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Some Highlights
protection and improvement of the humanenvironment is a major issue
developing countries must direct their
efforts to development, bearing in mindtheir priorities and the need to safeguardand improve the environment
natural growth of population continuouslypresents problems for the preservation ofthe environment
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Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
established 1988
joint program of the
World Meteorological Organizationand the United Nations
Environment Programme
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Mandate
Assess scientific, technical and socio-
economic information relevant for theunderstanding of climate change, its
potential impacts and options for
adaptation and mitigation
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This group publishes the IPCC Reportrs that we have used
previously in this class
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United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
1992
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Byrd-Hagel Resolution
US Senate, 1997(non-binding, but passed 95-0)
The U.S. will not enter into an agreement
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
will be detrimental to the economy of the
U.S.
The U.S. will not enter into an agreement
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions thatdoes not require "meaningful involvement"
on the part of developing nations.
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Kyoto Protocolto the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change
negotiated in 1997
open for signature in 1998
came into force February 16, 2005
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The Kyoto Protocol is a agreement under which industrialized countries willreduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% comparedto the year 1990
Compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 withoutthe Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut.
The goal is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse gases - carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs -calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12.
National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union andsome others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permittedincreases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.
Sinks can be used to offset emission and emission credits can be traded.
IPPC analyses used in assessments of sources and sinks
Highlights
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Why 10% increase for Iceland?
In October, 2000 I (B.Menke) participated in adiscussion with PresidentGrimsson of Iceland, whowas visiting LDEO. He
said that because ofIcelands heavy relianceon geothermal andhydroelectric energy, itsper-capita emissions
were low. Even openingone new factory wouldrepresent an increasethat would be hard tooffset.
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US and Kyoto
US signed in 1998 (Clinton) but withdrew in in2001
"The Kyoto Protocol was fatally flawed infundamental ways, but the process used to bringnations together to discuss our joint response toclimate change is an important one
George W. Bush
June 11, 2001
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Bushs Criticismsemissions targets arbitrary and not based on
science
protocol's binding limits on emissions couldharm the U.S. economy
Several big emitter countries, such as China(the number 2 emitter) and India (number
6) are totally exempt.
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Kyoto Rule Book
December 2, 2005
Defines how each countrys emissions andsinks (e.g. reforestation) are accounted
Developed countries can invest in otherdeveloped countries and earn carbonallowances
Establishes the Clean Development
Mechanism which allows developed countriesto invest in sustainable development projects(excl. nukes) in developing countries
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Status and Projections
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Various Reactions to Kyoto
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Although every European country says
that it supports ratification of Kyoto, none
have explained what ratification meansfor their citizens and their economies. If
they were so confident that these targets
could be achieved at low cost with noserious economic consequences, they
would be more forthcoming with their
plans and analyses.
William O'Keefe
Marshall Institute
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The arguments for and against nuclear
power have changed somewhat over theyears. Finlands Minister of Trade and
Industry, Ms Sinikka Mnkre, who is a
Social Democrat and a physician, arguesfor the building of a new nuclear power
plant because of Finland's climate
commitments under the Kyoto protocol,and the price and availability of energy.
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Why Greenpeace supports Kyoto
The Kyoto Protocol is the only global action plan
against climate change. It's just the first step but
the way forward is for countries to get on board
and negotiate the next round of emissions
reduction targets.
From the GreenPeace website
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The president's decision to pull out of the KyotoProtocol is going to cost U.S. energy technologycompanies millions of dollars. The internationalagreement will create a multibillion dollar market
in the developing world for renewable energytechnologies, and the Germans and theJapanese, participants in Kyoto, are going tohave a leg up in that market.
Philip Clapp
National Environment Trust
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Independent of politics, going after reducing
CO2makes real business sense because
it usually means going after energy use.
Kristen Zimmerman
Spokesperson for
General Motors Corporation
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The expansion of palm oil production* is one of the leading
causes of rainforest destruction in south-east Asia. It isone of the most environmentally damaging commoditieson the planet. Once again it appears we are trying tosolve our environmental problems by dumping them indeveloping countries, where they have devastatingeffects on local people.
Simon Counsell
Rainforest Foundation
* due to a European Union laws requiring conventional fuels to beblended with biofuels
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