9211169194 Kyoto Protocol

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 0 6 a e f l l l ~ e ~ ~ b 1 e H a 4 l l l l ~ K O H O M ~ ~ ~ ~ C K ~ H KOMllCCAR AJIR E B P O I I ~ I

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Discussion Papers on Sustainable Forest Management NO2

United Nations New York, Geneva, 2005

This is a publication of the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division project "Capacity building to improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". This project has been carried out with the support from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MATRA FuncUProgramme International Nature Management) of the Netherlands.

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION M3AAHME

OPrAHH3AuHH OSbEAHHEHHbIX H A ~ H ~

ISSN: 1020-9697

The views expressed and the designations employed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat nor do they express any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This Publication has been formatted with minor editorial changes, and has been reproduced in the'form in which it was received by the Secretariat.

All material may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint (to be sent to the following address: Director, Trade Development and Timber Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva 10,CH-1211 Switzerland).

MaTepHanbl, COnepXaUHeCH B HaCTOHUeM H3AaHHH, MOXHO C B O ~ O A H O UHTHPOBaTb MJlM IlePeneWTblBaTb, OAHaKO npH 3TOM HYXHO AaBaTb COOTBeTCTBJQO~ee YBeAOMJleHHe, a TaKXe HNIpaBHTb 3K3eMllJlHp H3naHHH, ~0nepXa~Mfi UMTaTY M J l M

nepeneqa~b~~ae~b~i i MaTepuan, no cnenymueMy anpecy: Director, Trade Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva 10, CH- 12 1 1 Switzerland.

Abstract

The UNECE publication "Sustainable Development and Certification in the Russian Forest Sector" provides information on the most recent developments in the area of sustainable forest management and certification in the forest industry in the northwestern region of the Russian Federation.

Contributions to the publication were made by high-level experts from the federal and regional governmental structures, forest enterprises, research institutes and universities, environmental non-governmental organizations, and international organizations.

Foreword

This publication is the first of a series of discussion papers on sustainable forest management published by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The series is a result of the workshops and expert meetings on sustainable development that are taking place in the context of the UNECE Trade Division project "Capacity building to improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". The focus of this project is on sustainable development of the forest sector at the regional level of the Russian Federation.

Since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, many activities have been launched to improve sustainable forest management. Many of these activities are undertaken in parallel and there is a clear need for coordination and exchange of information. The UNECE project responds to this need and offers a platform for Russian and other experts to exchange information on best practice.

The present publication contains the papers that were submitted for discussions held in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, in early 2001. These papers are a valuable contribution to an unbiased discussion on all aspects of the sustainable development of the Russian forest sector.

There is a clear need for information on this important subject and by reaching a wider public through our publications I am confident that this series will help to make the Russian forest sector better known.

Brigi ta Schmognerovii Executive Secretary

United Nations

Organizers of the Conference

O6b~HHeHHble HauHH ~KOHOMWWCK~FI KOMHCCHFl

m Eeponbl United Nations

Economic Commission for Europe

~ ~ ~ B H T ~ ~ ~ c T B o neHHHrpa~~K0ii C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~ P ~ Y ~ ~ C K H ~ o6nac~n ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~

Government of the Leningrad ~ e x ~ o n o r n ~ l e c ~ ~ i yHnBepcnTeT Region PaCTHTenbHblX nOnHMepOB

Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant

Polymers

Government of the Leningrad Region UN Economic Commission for Europe

Saint Petersburg State Technologcal University of Plant Polymers

Scientific and Technical Council for the sub- programme: <<Complex Use of Wood Raw Material,, (of the Federal special-purpose scientific and technical programme for 1999- 2001) of the Ministry for Industry, Science, and Technologes of the Russian Federation

Mnistry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Section of Forest Sciences of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Saint Petersburg Forest Technical Academy

Section of Forestry Technologes of the Russian Engneering Academy Saint Petersburg Engineering Academy Saint Petersburg Scientific and Technical Society of Paper and Woodworking Indusby

Organizing Committee:

Chairman: I. Grigoriev, Vice Governor of the Leningrad Region Deputy Chairmen: E. Akim, M. Dedov, H. Jansen

Committee Members: A. Benin (LEMO) V. Goncharov (Government of the Leningrad Region) S. Myakov (Government of the Leningrad Region) S. Naryshkin (Government of the Leningrad Region) V. Musinsky (Ministry of Industry, Science and Technologies) 0 . Terentiev (SPb STUPP) V. Suslov (SPb STUPP) V. Onegin (SPb FTA) B. Vorobeichi k (NTO Bumprom)

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Sustainable development and biofuel itse as a way townrds dze Kyoto protocol iinplernentation and enhanced complex

utilization of wood raw material and peat

O r n a s n e ~ ~ e 1 Table of Contents

Resolution of the International Scientific & Practical Conference Sustainable Development and Biofuel Use as a Way towards the Kyoto Protocol Implementation and Enhanced Complex Utilization

............................................................................................................... of Wood Raw Material and Peat

L.P. Sovershaeva Vice Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-Westem Federal Area in Economic Development, Fiscal Control and Social Points .....................................................................................................................................

Dr. Carol Cosgrove-Sacks The Sustainable Development of the Forest Sector through International Cooperation ...................................................................................................................

I.N. Grigoriev Energy Problems of the Leningrad Region .................................................................................. 1 1 -17

vii

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Sustainable development and biqfuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complrx

utilization ofwood raw material and peat

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M.A. Dedov Some Aspects of Wood Residue Utilization while solving the problems of complex use of Forest resources in the Leningrad Region ....................................................

E.L. Akim ...................................................................... International and regional aspects of Biofuel use

A.A.Benin ..................................................... The tapping of Biofuel In North West Russian Federation

B . ~ . C ~ J I ~ H H O B Top@ - K ~ K ~I IOTOII~I IBO H ero 3anaca1 ~a ce~epo-3ana,qe POCCIIII ......................................

C.M. I I I ~ C T ~ K O B KoMIIJI~KcHo~ ~ c n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~ e necmIx pecypcoB c VenbIo nonyYeHm Tenna H

~ J I ~ K T ~ O ~ H ~ ~ ~ H H , I I ~ ~ K T H ~ ~ C K ~ X P ~ ~ J I H ~ ~ I ~ I X ............................................................................. 65 - 72

B.K.Tennrr~o~ KIIOTCKII~~ n p o ~ o ~ o n a p o c c ~ i i c ~ s e neca ..................................................................................... 72 - 79

Victor K. Teplyakov Kyoto Protocol and Russian forests ............................................................................ 72 - 79

... V l l l

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I ' ~ ~ o M ~ ~ Y T H o ~ ~ KOTeJIbHOfi H a ApeBeCHbIe OTXOAbI ....................................................................

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O.B.IIanan~o, K O M ~ O H ~ ~ I K O M M Y H ~ T ~ ~ H O - ~ ~ I T O B ~ I X OTXOAOB KaK ~ H O T O ~ ~ ~ B O ...............................................

ENDNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 - 106

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Decision of the Conference on Sustainable Development and Biofuel Use as a Way towards the Kyoto Protocol Implementation and Enhanced Complex Utilization of Wood Raw Material and Peat

Solution of the global climate change issue is one of the most sigmficant aspects of sustainable developmnt of mankind. That is why the Kyoto Protocol among the most

important subjects of international top-level talks. Prevention of global climate change is based on reducing the use of fossil energy sources such as coal, petroleum and (to a lesser degree) natural gas. At the same time, the use of wood, a renewable raw material, as an energy source does not give rise to the greenhouse effect because carbon dioxide released when burning wood is reabsorbed back by forests, i.e. is part of a global carbon cycle.

On 2-4 July, 2001 the International Scientific and Practical Conference on Sustainable Development and Biofuel Use as a Way towards the Kyoto Protocol Implementation and Enhanced Complex Utilization of Wood Raw Material and Peat was held in Saint Petersburg in the House of the Government of the Leningrad Region.

The Conference was organized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in collaboration with the Government of the Leningrad Region, the Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers and by a number of other organizations. More than 100 foreign and Russian experts representing leading universities, research institutions, industry and business took part in the

Conference.

The participants point out that the time has come to go from individual pilot projects on the wide use of biofuel to a common economically efficient strategic policy on the wide use of renewable energy sowces such as wood and peat. This will contribute considerably to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol on prevention of global climate change.

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As to the Leningrad Region and the North-Western Fedeml Area as a whole, biofuel not only can become the most important export but also opens a new page in the development of the Regional Forest-Industrial Complex.

The participants in consider it advisable to draw up a Regional integrated Programme on 'Biofuel and Bioenergy".

The Programme should incorporate the following:

development of a regional strategy for the comprehensive use of forest resources and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol principles on preventing global climate change;

development of a biofuel use system for the Leningrad Region and the North-Western Federal Area on the basis of fuel preparation centres and a block-and-modular set of unified boilerhouses with the optimum use of imported and domestic components;

expansion of international cooperation in the field of bioenergy research and practical implementation;

the use of international and national grants and special foreign programmes; working out for a concept for biomass export from the North- Western Region of the Russian Federation;

analysis of foreign experience in using biofuel;

generalization and analysis of the practical experience in using wood fuel and peat in the North-Western Region;

ensuring sustainable forest management in the Leningrad Region and in the North-Western Federal Area;

analysis of possible ways for using the wasve of the Forest-Industrial Complex enterprise for energy productions;

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working out and analysis of development options for the Forest-Industrial Complex of the Leningrad Region and the North-Westesn Federal Area;

analysis of the environmental and social problems of the Leningrad Region and the North-Western Federal Area;

scientific and personnel support to the programme.

For working out the implementation of the Programme and for its scientific support there is a need to establish an Advisory Council on Biofuel and Bioenet-gy attached to the Government of the Leningrad Region, which could involve representatives of the Regional legislative and executive authorities, of public organizations, science and business.

L.P. Sovershaeva

Vice Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-Western Federal Area in Economic Development, Fiscal Control and Social Points

Ladies and Gentlemen, Participants and Guests,

The Russian Federation has 25% of the global standing timber volume and it may be called the lungs of the Eurasian Continent. The North-Western Federal Area possesses the largest portion of fosest reserves of European Russia. The standing timber volume of the Leningrad Region is as much as 600 million cubic metres; this is one of the main resources, and engines of growth of the regional economy. Market economy principles are being successfully applied in the Leningsad Region by the forestry sector and active work is conducted to transfer forests to a long lease. Thus, this makes it possible to form a forest user that has long-term interests and responsibility for concrete forest blocks.

Sustaitzable develop~nent and biofiiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzplenzentation and enhanced conzplex

utilization (J'wood raw tnaterial and peat

The Government of the Russian Federation is reforming the national Forestry Sector. This reform has as its target to strengthen the market position of the Forestry Complex economy, while simultaneously enhancing the controlling role of authorities and managerial bodies in the sustainable use of forest resources in the interests of society.

For more effective forest management it is necessary to conduct serious work on improving the standards base of the Forest Industry. This concerns the necessity of bringing legislation of the Russian Federation and of its subjects into conformity with international legal acts, to bring the legislation in force into conformity with today's requirements, and to draw up any necessary legislation which is lacking.

The standard creating process is rather active in the Leningrad Region. The Government of the Leningrad Region has set a number of tasks for improving the existing standard base; these tasks arise from the Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The tasks are as follows: to draft a forest management and reforestation act for the Leningrad Region; a regional act on the Economic Basis of Nature Management on the Territory of the Leningrad Region;" proposals for the description in detail of points under the authority and scope of powers of subjects of the Russian Federation as to forest management and management of mineral resources as applied to the Leningrad Region; proposals for forest tax rates and rent rates for the use of forest blocks for cultural and sanitary, tourist and sports purposes; standard acts regulating tax exemptions as well as any other benefits of the enterprises which use biofuel as an energy source in their heat and power systems; other legislation.

I think our foreign colleagues experienced in working out of standard and legal acts in the field of forestry, forest-based industries and environment protection assist us in our work aimed at creation of standard and legal base at the level of a subject of the Russian Federation.

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The topic of this Conference, namely, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood and peat, coupled with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, confirms the fact that we have begun to realize our responsibility for the sustenance of environmental quality and we are true to our obligations to present and future generations.

The work on certification of forests, industrial enterprises and products performed in the North-Western Region answers this purpose and confirms that Russia is striving for the certified objects to be brought into conforming with the requirements of the world community. This work needs financial resources, which have to be found both in Russia and in international financial structures.

The Leningrad Region has large reserves of biofuel, which can be used for heat and power generation. Because of its advantageous geographical location, the Region, can become both a source of environmentally safe power industry and a source of CO2 emission quotas. The use of biofuel on a large scale would also create suitable conditions for the development of Russia's power industry based on fossil fuel, which will require quotas. This would help in saving the non-renewable fossil fuel reserves, in increasing the export potential of the country because of the planned growth in consumption of traditional energy resources on the Western markets. To bring about large-scale restructuring and development of the regional municipal and industrial power generation systems, a comprehensive programme should be implemented. Our Western colleagues have an opportunity to take part in its implementation not only at the level of pilot projects.

National scientific organization and industry must contribute to the implementation of this programme through model up-to-date machinery and technology. We should look at the experience of neighboring countries, which have achieved great success in the production of environmentally safe engines and mechanisms, which eliminate the need for hard manual labour in the Forestry Complex.

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The available regional resources allow wood raw material processing to be increased through the creation of additional capacities for chemical and chemico-mechanical processing of wood. The prevalent conditions on this market seem to be favorable for the expansion andor creation of these capacities. This would require large-scale investment. Both Russian and foreign capital should be interested in carring out such promising projects.

Any solution of environmental problems through sustainable forest management and the effective use of wood raw material is closely associated with higher level of production and for achieving it certification is culture a key tool. For Russia to be cinsidered an equal partner we must change our mentality as to quality issues. We must bring up people to hold manufactured products in respect. Every country follows its own path towards understanding of the necessity of this and every country has its individual experience. We should study this experience. If our foreign colleagues want to see the Russian Federation as an equal partner with an advanced developed economy, transfer of their experience is one more area for their activity.

I would like to wish the Conference fruitful work. I want to note that such a work on sharing of experience and dissemination of knowledge is most admirable and deserves support and I'd like to express my gratitude to its sponsors.

Dr. Carol Cosgrove-Sacks Director, Trade Division, UNECE

Sustainable development of the forest sector through international cooperation

Distinguished guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Mr. Chairman,

At the outset, I would like to thank the organisers of the Conference, and in particular the Government of the Leningrad region and the St. Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers, for the excellent work that has been done to prepare this event with the participation of so many high-level specialists.

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It is my pleasure to describe in a few words the broader context of today's conference and the results that we would hope to achieve today and tomorrow, but in particular in the longer term.

Today's conference is part of a long-term cooperation between the Government of the Leningrad region and the UN Economic Commission for Europe's Trade Division, of which I am the Director.

Our concern in the UNECE Trade Division, which includes both the Timber Committee, that many of you may be familiar with, and the Committee on Trade, Industry and Enterprise Development, is to promote best practice in the sustainable management of forests in our region.

The UNECE region includes European countries, the USA and Canada and covers more than 95% of global temperate and boreal forests. Our focus is on these forests, and on the wood and non-wood products, which they produce.

The temperate and boreal forests of the UNECE region constitute one of the most important renewable resources for many of our member States. The forests of countries such as Canada, the USA, Russia, Sweden and Finland make very significant contributions to the economies of these countries. They provide substantial employment and support the physical infrastructure of many rural regions. Moreover, they account for considerable export revenue derived from raw materials and from value-added products from the forests, plus increasingly important tourism income.

Many of our Member States with economies in transition are confronted by major challenges in developing economic gains from their forest resources. Russia, in particular, hosting the world's most extensive natural forests, faces particularly difficult problems in promoting the sustainable development of what potentially could be one of its principal renewable export products.

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Since February 1998, at the request of the Russian Federation, the UNECE Trade Division has been implementing the project "Capacity Building to Improve Trade Finance and Investment Prospects for the Russian Timber Sector". It is in the context of this project that today's conference is held.

The project consists of a number of activities:

P sustainable management practices at the enterprise level for the Russian Forest Sector;

P improved Trade procedures for the Timber Industry;

> innovative Trade finance techniques;

P timber Port Operations.

The main emphasis of the project is to strengthen the sustainable development of the forest sector through all its activities.

The project has proved to be a successful instrument for the participating enterprises and forest Institutions in the core area where we work, (that is the Leningrad Oblast and the Arkhangelsk Oblast) in strengthening their work contacts with Forest enterprises and institutions outside the Russian Federation, mainly also because of the long-term context that we can offer.

It is clear why the sustainable development aspect is of vital importance for the Russian Forest sector. In the early 1990s, concern among major environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) regarding (inter) governmental efforts to stop deforestation and loss of old-growth forests led to the emergence of market-oriented voluntary certification of forest management quality and labelling of forest products. It was realised that trade could be made to work towards environmental conservation if it is based on sustainable managed forests, and that certification and labelling could be tools to influence industry and trade to contribute to sustainable forest management (SFM).

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Particularly in Europe, Buyers' Groups have emerged, which insist on certification as a proof of well managed sources for their supplies. Since 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has provided the only label that is currently well established in the marketplace; but this is changing because of the emergence of the Pan-European Forest Certification (PEFC) as well as national schemes in many countries. The field is still evolving and it is uncertain which schemes will survive and what their relationships will be.

Russian forest products will play an increasingly important role on the international market and inevitably the attention of the international community will be focused even stronger on the Russian Forests. For that reason the introduction of "new" products will also have to be developed with the utmost consideration of environmental consequences.

As you know, one of these new developments as a result of our close cooperation in the "Timber Project" is the sustainable use of biomass in the Leningrad Oblast.

Biomass is largely defined as organic matter available on a renewable basis, including forest residues, wood and wood waste.

The Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) contains legally binding, quantified commitments for industrialized countsies to limit or reduce Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

According to the Kyoto Protocol, the industrialized countries have to reduce their emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels within the commitment period, 2008-2012. Fos the European Union, the Protocol stipulates an 8% reduction in GHG emission; for the Russian Federation this is 0%.

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utilizatiorz o,f wood raw rnaterial and peat

European countries can achieve the reduction of COz emission by using sustainable and non- polluting energies to replace current fuels. Fossil fuel can be replaced by biomass, including forest residues, wood and wood waste. The technology required for this purpose already exists in Europe.

The Russian Federation, and notably the Arkhangelsk Oblast and Leningrad Oblast have large quantities of biomass in their forests. At present, there is no coordinated approach to developing the potential of this resource of sustainable energy, but the project is contributing to such a coordinated approach. Bearing in mind that the Russian Federation can, in principle, cover all required demands for woody biomass in Western Europe, it is clear that the Forest sector can play an important role in this aspect of climate policymaking, provided the sustainable development aspect is placed at the centre of the discussion.

In conclusion I would like to emphasize the need to clearly identify our areas of cooperation and to outline the follow-up this conference.

Today's conference will be followed by a "Forum on Sustainable Forest Management" on 17 and 18 September in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

On 10 and 11 December we will evaluate the progress that has been made in our cooperation and decide on our workplan for next year.

We have to date achieved good and practical results; our cooperation has taken the sustainable use of Russian biomass to a practical level.

Much more needs to be done, however, and I would therefore invite you to focus on a practical plan of work for the next 6 months. In doing so, we will keep the momentum that we have built and our project will remain an important instrument for international cooperation, for the benefit of the Russian forests and all those who defend Russia's interest.

Thank you.

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utilizatiotl of wood raw material arrd peal

3HEPl?ETM?IECKHE lW0E JIEMbI J I E H ~ I H ~ P ~ C K O ~ ~ OFJIACTM

I.N. Grigoriev

Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region

ENERGY PROBLEMS OF THE LENINGRAD REGION

Dear Participants and Guests,

My cordial congratulations on the opening of the International Scientific and Practical Conference.

Recent global events, and the attention the world community is giving to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol demonstrate once again the key role the Fuel-and-Power Complex has been playing in the world economy.

The Fuel-and-Power Complex forms the basis of the Regional industry and is of great importance not only for Russia's North-West but also for the whole of Russia.

For example, the specific weight of industrial products of the Fuel-and-Power Complex is as much as 40% of the total volume of regional production. The Leningrad Region produces 4% of the electric power and 8% of the petroleum products produced in Russia.

Gas supply should be singed out as the basis of the Regional Fuel-and-Power Complex infrastructure. The contribution of gas to total fuel consumption is about 60% and we are planning to increase it further in the Regional fuel balance structure. Enterprises at the federal level, such as the Leningrad Atomic Power Plant, the Kirishinefteorgsynthes, the Slantzy Mill and the Leningradslanetz Mines, have been operating for a long time on the territory of the Leningrad Region. The Baltic pipeline system, a petroleum refining mill, oil-loading and coal-loading terminals are being constructed here.

Further provision has been made for the construction of new power lines, gas lines, and petroleum product pipelines on the territory of the Region. These will deliver fuel resources not only to Russia's North-West but also to Western European countries, contributing to their steady progress.

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The Conference focuses primary attention on one most important aspect, one line of work, which is related to increasing efficiency of the use of fuel resources. This is linked to optimization of fuel balance structure, namely, with the extended use of local fuels (wood residue and peat) at heat generating enterprises of the Leningrad Region.

While coming to the main part of the paper, it is necessary to note that we can expect a certain increase in prices for gas in the immediate future (2.5 times - by 2002 and a further increase by the factor of 1.4 - by 2005). Because of remoteness of the coalming areas and reduced fuel oil production (because of extended oil refining), the prices for these fuels remain high in the Leningrad Region.

Because of this, orientation of the municipal power industry and of boilerhouses of industrial enterprises to local biofuel grades such as lump and milled peat, unmerchantable chips as well as forest residue and woodworking waste, sawdust, bark from the available clumps with a storage life of no more than 5 years would be most appropriate for the Region.

Now about peat (general information). There are about 2,300 peat beds whose total area exceeds 10,000 sq. km. Fuel peat reserves are as much as 1.3 billion tons. The Regional peat raw material base could meet the demand for municipal-consumer peat fuel and for peat over a period of 500 years at their annual consumption of up to 2 million tons.

It follows from analysis of the regional peat reserves that they are capable of significantly weakening the fuel balance tension in the municipal-consumer sector. The main advantages of peat fuel over coal are its comparatively low cost, proximity to the places of consumption, and high environmental properties such as low ash and sulphur content.

Peat extraction was initiated in the Region in 1798 at the Alexander-Nevsky Monastery and there for the first time it was used as fuel.

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In pre-war years several large water-power stations and power-and-heating plants such as water-power stations No.5 (1 11 thousand kW), No.8 (310 thousand kW), the power-and-heating plant No.15 as well as a number of municipal boilerhouses had operated on peat. In 1960 the contribution of peat to the Regional fuel balance was as much as 24.3%; 23 peat enterprises of design capacity of about one million tons a year had been functioning. Early in the 1970s, annual peat output had been as high as 2.0-2.3 million tons. Subsequently, with increasing volumes of coal mining, petroleum and gas production, the position of peat as fuel had been falling unfairly in the fuel balance structure, giving way to the energy resources mentioned above. Presently the peat share is 1.7 - 2% in the Regional fuel balance structure.

Today, because of the deficit in these energy resources and the increase in their prices, the role of peat as a municipal fuel is increasing again. Especially as in the last years, in addition to the usual fuel peat grades (lump and milled peat), so called "composite fuel" is coming into industrial production (this is a mixture of peat with oil refining products, shale waste, saw dust, etc.). Calorific power of this fuel is in the range of 4,000 to 6,000 kcallkg, and its price is half that of coal.

There are 14 peat enterprises in the Region now. In recent years peat output varied through the range from 60 thousand tons to 200 thousand tons. It is planned to store up about 170 thousand tons of fuel peat in 2001 to meet the demand of municipal boilerhouse and the Kirovskaya Water Power Station No. 8.

The Government of the Leningrad Region makes all possible efforts to support the peat enterprises. Since 1995 advancies in fuel peat extraction have been made. The annual amount of financing has increased from 2,890 thousand Rubles in 1995 to 9,000 thousand in 2001.

On the instructions of the Government of the Region, the Institute of Peat (NIITP) has worked out a scheme for developing peat-based industries in the Region for the period up to 20 10.

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The Government has developed a programme for reconstructing municipal boilerhouses. The programme aims at the maximum use of local biofuel (fuel peat, wood residue), allowing a decrease in consumption of coal delivered from remote areas. The first boilerhouse is be reconstructed in the MO Luzhsky District in 2001.

Since 2002 Federal Programme "Energy-Efficient Economy" will be implemented. The subsection of this Programme "Efficient Energy Supply to Regions on the Basis of the Use of Local Fuels and while Applying Nontraditional Power Engineering for the Period from 2002 to 2005 and until 2010" provides for the increase in annual fuel peat output up to one million tons in the Leningrad Region. To achieve this volume, about 620 million Rubles will be invested into the peat industry, including 260 million from the federal budget.

Wood residue According to the data of the Committee of the Forest-Industrial Complex, there are about 6 million solid m3 of unclaimed wood a year including more than 3 million solid m3 of wood residue available. Boilerhouses of a total thermal capacity of 900 MW with delivery distances of no more than 50 km can be provided solely with wood fuel including wood residue.

Much work was under way in the Region towards the conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning. For example, three coal-based boilerhouses were converted to wood fuels in the settlements of Pashozero, Eremina Gora of the Tikhvin District and in the village of Vinnitzy of the Podporozhsky District. Similar works are being performed at three boilerhouses situated in the Priozersk District.

The conversion of these boilerhouses to biofuel has resulted in an annual saving of 39.8 million Rubles.

It can be seen from the above list that these energy-saving measures are not being implemented sufficiently intensively. This is due to the lack of the following services and offers in the Region with a satisfactory price quality ratio:

Ycmotjweoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Guontonrrusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u nOBblUleHUI0 KOMnJZKCHOCmU UCtZO3lb30BUHUS dpesecuHb1 U mop$@

Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way toward the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhanced conzplex


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Chipping of unclaimed wood, forest and woodworking residues as well as bark from the dumps with a storage life of no more than 5 years.

Delivery of chips, sawdust, bark, lump and milled peat to boilerhouses with special trucks having tipping bodies of the volumes 30-100 m3.

Manufacture in the Leningrad Region and delivery of the following modern equipment:

P for automated feeding of different wet biofuel mixtures (chips, sawdust, bark, peat) from a fuel storeroom of a boilerhouse to primary furnaces of boilers.

P for universal primary furnaces and furnaces for burning of the local wet biofuel grades and their mixtures both in the existing and in newly installed boilers of no less than 85% efficiency.

The lack of necessary amounts of special-purpose investments for organizing large-scale conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel and introduction of energy-saving processes.

The conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning could yield an annual economic effect of more than 700 million rubles due to difference in fuel prices, increased boiler efficiency and reduced losses in heating systems.

For example, there are 103 fuel oil boilerhouses where 451 boilers are installed including 80 boilers of the capacity less than 0.5 MW, 151 boilers of the capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1 MW, 82 - in the range of 1 to 2.5 MW, and 138 boilers of the capacity more than 2.5 MW. There exist also 198 coal boilerhouses with 783 boilers including 461 boilers of the capacity less than 0.5 MW, 227 boilers of the capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1 MW, 25 boilers - in the range of 1 - 2.5 MW, and 70 boilers of the capacity of more than 2.5 MW.

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol intplementation and enhanced cotnplrx


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When converting the boilerhouses to biofuel burning simultaneously and every year (as to their capacity - 50% of fuel oil boilerhouses and 50% of coal ones), the average period of recoupment is estimated to be 2.2 years. This would result in a number of complementary positive factors in the whole Region:

Better environmental situation.

Delivery of unified equipment to boilerhouses made by Regional enterprises on the basis of up-to-date Russian and foreign developments.

Reduction in thermal power rates by factors of 1.7-1.9 after return of investment and expiration of a period of recoupment owing to reduced fuel consumption for thermal power generation as well as lesser losses in heating systems.

Creation of new jobs in the Leningrad Region in connection with:

re-equipment of vehicles for biofuel transportation;

collection and removal of wood residue, unmerchantable wood cutting and chipping, peat extraction, biofuel delivery to boilerhouses;

manufacture of equipment, spares, constructions;

conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning and reconstruction of heating systems;

designing, mounting and adjustment of equipment in the boilerhouses converted to biofuel burning and simultaneous implementation energy-saving measures.

To meet the Regional targets of biofuel use more rapidly, it would be advisable to set up an investment-industrial joint venture. This would allow accumulation of large financial, material and organizing potential within the frameworks of this company as well as guaranteeing investment return and "revolving" use.

Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonb30sa~ue o'uomomusa - nymb K peanmayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u n06bllUeHUH) KOMRfleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUX d p e s e c ~ ~ b l U mop&

Sustairzable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protoc.ol inzplementation and nlhanc.ed c.orrlyles

utilizatior~ of wood raw rnatrr-id and peat

Prior to the expiration of the period of recoupment of the boilerhouse reconstruction, the investment will be returned at the cost of:

P difference in prices for fuel purchasing before and after the reconstruction;

> the monetary resources obtained from heat energy consumers. The part of receipts due to differences in the cost of heat energy supply before and after the reconstruction is directed to investment return or "revolving" use.

In conclusion, I want to express my firm belief that all aspects of this problem will be reflected in the reports that follow. I am fully confident that this International Conference on Sustainable Development and Biofuel Use as a Way towards Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and Enhanced Complex Utilization of Wood Raw Material and Fuel Peat will become a milestone in the convelsion of heat generating entepises to local fuels not only in the Leningmd Region but in Russia's North-West as well. It will allow the development of an energysaving st~ategy in the regions, will contribute to progress and dynamic development of the municipal power industry and to the establishment of the heat energy tariffs, which will be feasible for domestic budgets of population. The conference will initiate the creation of international cooperation and integration in this field, p m i t a significant decrease in harmful atmosphesic emissions, in the creation of favourable environmental conditions in the Region and will contribute to improved ecological environment in the world.

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Sustainable developnzent and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzpletnentatiotz and enhanced contplrx

utilization c,f wood raw rnaterial and peat

M.A. ,@AOB

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MA. Dedov

Chairman, Committee for Forest-Industrial Complex of the Government of the Leningrad Region

Some aspects of wood residue utilization while solving the problems of complex use of forest resources in the Leningrad Region

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen!

Allow me to express my thanks to the sponsors and organizers of the Conference for the opportunity to take part in this event, which will be an important milestone in the process of implementation of the comprehensive use of wood and peat.

In the first part of my paper I would like to dwell very briefly on characterisation of the Forestry Complex of the Leningrad Region.

There are about 200 large- and middle-size logging and woodworking enterprises on the territory of the Leningrad Region including those for chemico- mechanical processing of wood. The majority of them are dealing with logging. These are as a rule small structures (as to the number of staff) which perform seasonal logging works. Upon disintegration of the logging industry that was going on most actively in the nineties, many small logging structures and teams have appeared in the Region. They have been formed on a territorial basis and have affected the regional economy in no way. Over time, and especially once a long lease of forest blocks has been legitimated, larger structures equipped with machinery and appliances were coming into being. They were working on a firm basis and making not only periodic harvesting but also a whole complex of works in connection with reforestation, construction of haulage and hay roads as well as transporting timber and more frequently processing the harvested wood.

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Sustaitzable developpnzent and Diofiel use as a way rowcrrd.~ the Kyoto protocol irrzpler~~entatiorl and erd~arlcmi cwnrp1c.s

utilization ofnwod raw material and peat

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In 1999 alone, the felling volume on the territory of the Region was as much as 6 million 730 thousand cubic meters, which is more than in 1990. At the same time, it should be noted that certain reserves are available because an annual felling that is allowable according to the forestry regulations in force is equal to 12.3 million cubic meters.

The mechanical processing of wood is progsessing rather intensively in the Region. During the year 2000 regional enterprises have processed more than 600 thousand cubic meters of sawlog. Besides private small-sized rural stock gangs were estimated to process about 200 thousand cubic meters of sawlog in the last year. However, the products these enterprises manufactured were of poor quality.

The Pulp and Paper Industry exhibits the most dynamic development. It is represented by ten mills of varying capacity which manufacture different ranges of products. The Pulp and Paper Industry is the leading industry of the Forest-Industrial Complex not only in the Leningrad Region but also in Russia.

In 2000 the contribution of pulp output of the Leningrad Region to the whole output of pulp in Russia was 9% and as to a share of regional output of paper and board, it was 10.3%.

One of the largest pulp and paper mills in Russia, the OAO Svetogorsk Mill, continues to be a leader of the industry. Its share in regional pulp, paper and board output comprises respectively 76%, 60% and 23%.

The significant growth in output at the level of 60% was achieved at the Saint Petersburg Board and Polygraphic Mill, the largest in the North-Western Region board mill. Output of products at the OAO Syassky Pulp and Paper Mill and the Vyborgskaya Cellulose Mill continues to grow. The ZAO Assi Doman Packaging increased 2.3 times its output of board.

According to the available data, in a pesiod from 1998 ti l l 2000 there was a growth in output of pulp by 71.1%, paper by 51.5% and board 2.5 times at enterprises of the Leningrad Region. Three enterprises in the Region process pulpwood. Their total capacity is above 2 million cubic meters.

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According to 2000 statistics, enterprises of the regional Forest-Industrial Complex occupy the second place as to their total output of products ranking only below the Fuel Industry. They manufactured the products to the amount of 12.7 billion rubles, which is equal to 23% of the total industrial output of the Leningrad Region (in terms of value). The Forest-Industrial Complex occupies also the second place as to growth rates of volume of production (12.4% in 2000 compared to 1999) ranking below the Food Industry whose growth was due to putting into operation new enterprises. Large- and middle-size enterprises provided the prevailing share of the output growth where it was as high as 23.2%.

In the current year the growth rates of volume of production are also within 23% as compared to a similar period last year.

Despite this optimistic picture on the whole, one cannot but say about the intricate economic situation arisen by the end of the last year at logging and woodworlung enterprises. The whole complex of unfavourable factors such as:

P increased railway tariffs;

> increased cost of electric power, combustible materials and lubricants;

> stumpage excited in the Region by federal services;

very bad EuroIDollar relationship;

customs duties, etc;.

caused the fact that a large group of enterprises was brought into a pre-crisis.

The measures taken by management of the enterprise are primarily directed towards reduction in product cost and undoubtedly towards complete 100% use and sale of not only finished products but also industrial waste. In strict market economy conditions, it is not enough to talk about comprehensive use of forest resources, one must also act.

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While operating with the concept of complex use of forest resources and touching upon only one of its aspects such as utilization of wood residue, one must be aware that Russia's Power Complex is an integral part of the global power market.

Russia occupies one of the leading positions in the world in exports of petroleum and petroleum products as well as taking the first place in inter- state trade by pipeline natural gas. The promising global energy situation on the whole gives every reason to forecast a maintaining as a minimum or most likely a rise in export demand for Russia's energy resources while taking into account Russia's entering the energy markets of the Atlantic and Pacific Region. Petroleum and natural gas will continue to be the basic exported energy resources. The world energy market will most probably take the path where demand for the Russian energy resources will increase.

In accordance with "The Strategy of Evolution of the Heat-and-Power Complex" drawn up by the Center of Strategic Developments, for diversification of a structure of heat-and-power balance and provision of a high degree of safety and stability in power supply, it is necessary to remove the disproportion between prices for different energy resources and to bring them into agreement with a consumer effect due to their use (including environmental requirements). Presently the "coal - gas - fuel oil" relationship is l:O.6: 1.5 (on a fuel equivalent basis) on the domestic market. It is advisable to bring this relationship to 1 : 1.2: 1.5 in a period from 2000 till 2006 and then - to 1 : 1.6: 1.7. This means that further growth in prices for energy, fuel, combustible materials and lubricants and as a result rise in production costs at an enterprise and in costs for the purchased services such as transportation will first of all take place.

I paid much attention to the situation in connection with such energy resources as fossil fuel because I would like to draw your attention to the available alternative. This alternative is local renewable fuel such as wood and peat.

Ycnzoiivusoe passumue U ucnonb3osa~ue o'zromonnu6a - nyntb K peanusayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u nO6blU4eHUK) KOAiErfeKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUFt & X ? ~ ~ C U H ~ Z U mop&

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Because I am a representative of the Forest Industrial Complex I'll talk about wood. As mentioned above, an annual cut in the Leningrad Region is as much as 12.3 million cubic meters. More than 500 thousand cubic meters of this volume fall on aspen which finds little or no sale. Because of the lack of demand for aspen raw material in the Russian Federation and in the Leningrad Region in particular, it remains unclaimed and compulsory logging of aspen yields losses to date. Consumption of 42 thousand cubic meters of aspen raw material per year by the Syassky Pulp and Paper Mill and its minor consumption as firewood by population do not change the general picture.

Along with the volume of aspen raw material mentioned above, the Region has 10 million cubic meters of speckled and black alder, i.e. no less than 400 thousand cubic meters a year, about 1. l million cubic meters of low-grade wood as resulted from birch and coniferous tree harvesting, from cleaning cuttings and sorting out of scorched forests and windblown trees as well as no less than 4 million cubic meters of crown, bark and wood of stumps and roots, considering that annual cut is 12.3 million cubic meters. While having the volume of lumbering indicated above, lumber waste is as much as 300 thousand cubic meters. This figure does not include the volume of wood of young growth tending as well as wood from leave strips near roads, power lines, gas pipelines. Volumes of periodically unmarketable wood which was harvested for export but unclaimed by foreign markets is not incorporated into this figure either.

Thus, the total annual volume of wood residue and low-liquid and non-liquid wood that the Leningrad Region could have at its disposal approximates 6 million cubic meters.

However, it is well to bear in mind that the volume of wood residue, low-liquid and non-liquid wood that could be available is more limited because the annual cut is not fully mastered. About 250 thousand cubic meters of bark from the raw material to be processed can be utilized by the mills themselves, a certain volume of bark is exported together with wood. There is no way to transport a portion of felling waste from logging blocks because of the lack of machines and mechanisms required and certain volumes of felling waste

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cannot be removed at all from the logging blocks for forestry reasons as every forest is fertilized by itself.

The Syassky Pulp and Paper Mill, a consumer of aspen wood, uses 42 thousand cubic meters of aspen raw material a year. Two mills which have just been constructed are scheduled for putting into operation. They are as follows: OAO Lesplitinvest, a medium-density fiberboard mill (raw material consumption up to 400 thousand m' a year); ZAO Rassvet, a particle board mill (raw material consumption - 450 thousand m' of aspen wood a year). If these mills reach a design output, the unclaimed volume of wood will be reduced but not, however, in full measure. In the case of proper financing of cleaning cuttings in middle-aged and ripening stands for reaching maximum economic and environmental effects while performing principal felling operations, the unclaimed volume of wood can rise significantly and the problem of the complex use of raw material will remain. It should be noted that in Sweden the use of low-grade wood of cleaning cutting in boiler-houses is a source for financing these cuttings.

Wood is a low-calorie fuel. Effective heat content of wood of natural moisture is 8.5 GJ/t or 2.4 MWhIt. If we have 6 million cubic meters of wood this is equal to 4,800,000 tons of wood of natural moisture. This amount of wood is sufficient for a boilerhouse of capacity 1315 MW with a direct burning process to be provided with fuel. This amount of wood is approximately the equivalent of 1.5 million tons of coal or 1 million tons of fuel oil. I want to emphasize that this is a potential.

Prospects for the use of wood residue in the heat- and-power industry of the Leningrad Region are very high. Realization of a programme for their sound use is determined by a number of factors. As to ecology, here this means reducing greenhouse gas and particulate emissions, solution of the problem of wood residue utilization. In the economic and social sectors, this suggests the following: decreased financial appropriations for purchasing traditional energy carriers, maintenance of budgetary funds within the Region, higher

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employment level, creation of new jobs and increase in buying power of population, higher potential for mastering of new products in the machine industry, expansion of existing enterprises and construction of new ones such as greenhouse and drying systems at sawmills, rise in an export potential of the Forest-Industrial Complex, creation of the conditions which would allow to eliminate seasonal work in forests, higher productivity and quality of forests, creation of facilities for electric power generation at the sites which are suitable for location of production capacities, weaker dependence of a demand level on the foreign market of certain forest-based products.

Wood fuel is not a competitor to such traditional energy sources as for example coal. If the Kyoto Protocol mechanism is put into effect a system of trade in quotas will be introduced. In this case development of the large Russia' S coal-based power industry will require buying quotas and the small power industry based on wood residue will be able to help significantly in this matter. It is no coincidence that a concept of "concerted implementation" exists in connection with the Kyoto Protocol, that is, when a developed country wishes to earn the quotas it can carry out environmentally safe energy projects in other countries and it takes the quotas caused by operation of the installations built in the course of implementation of these projects. This mechanism is not yet worked through but it should be kept in mind.

Are there any examples of wide use of wood residue in municipal facilities and in industry? Yes, there are. This is Sweden which is undoubtedly a leader in the use of biofuel. The Swedish energy and environmental policy is directed towards creation of conditions for the efficient use of energy, reduction in its cost along with decrease in unfavorable environmental impacts. In 1997 in Sweden a complex energy program has been initiated. It was oriented to development of processes based on biofuel. As early as 1991, a part of usual taxes has been changed in the country by a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and, for the use of certain fuels, a tax on sulphur emissions has also been imposed. More recently, a tax on emissions of nitrogen oxides has also been imposed.

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Presently 70% of heat energy is being generated in Sweden by thermal power stations which operate with wood residue. There is a boilerhouse of 375 MW power in the settlement of Norrcheping, with 250 MW being generated on the basis of wood fuel including construction and domestic wood waste of European countries. Of course, this is a very large facility. Up to 180 thousand cubic meters of wood raw material such as round wood and chips can be stores simultaneously at storehouses of this boilerhouse.

The boilerhouse which operates in the settlement of Jonchoping has the capacity 80 MW as to heat energy and 20 MW as to electric energy.

In December 2000 the heat-and-power plant has been put into operation in the town of Eskilstuna. Its total capacity is equal to 137.8 MW including 37.8 MW of electric energy and 100 MW of heat energy. Its electric generator is unique; it generates voltage 136 kV.

There are hundreds of boilerhouses in the country which operate with chips from logging residue and lumber waste as well as with bark and wood pellets.

What is available in the Leningrad Region?

With the assistance of CTEM, boilerhouses are installed in Lisino-Corpus and in Krasny Bor of the Tosnensky District. A Dutch project is being can-ied out in Tikhvin; here a boilerhouse for public utilities is being installed. However, it will be serviced by an industrial enterprise. A number of regional enterprises of the Forest-Industrial Complex also have the boilerhouses, which operate with wood residue (chips). These are the Roschinsky Dom, Firo-0, Nord Timber, the Volosovsky Leskhoz, the Lisinsky Leskhoz- Secondary Technical School (its production site is in the town of Tosno). The Elite1 Les enterprise has puschased a boiler unit. The Delak enterprise has installed three primary furnaces of foreign manufacture for home-made boi less. The Lemo Concern is performing the work on reconstructing boilerhouses in the settlement of Kranoozesnoe of the Priozersk District and in the settlement of Shpankovo of the Gatchina District. These are other installations operating with biofuel.

There is a reasonable question - What we must do? We can replace the energy sources such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas by biofuel.

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It is known that there are three ways for solving the problems of the Russian Power Industry: power- saving, upgrading and reconstruction of the existing enterprises and construction of new ones.

Power-saving is the subject-matter of another workshop.

As to upgrading and reconstruction, on 27 June the meeting of the Working Group will be held. The Group members are representatives of Committees of the Government of the Leningrad Region, of research and public organizations. The Group will begin to work out a programme for the comprehensive use of wood raw material in the Leningrad Region. The programme will be assumed to contain also the section "Heat and Electric Power Generation at Boilerhouses of Regional Public Utilities and Industrial Enterprises".

Any upgrading and reconstruction requires funds. One can count partly on the funds saved owing to replacing the traditional energy sources by chips. The remainder of funds should be looked for in Russian and foreign banks, environmental foundations interested in this activity.

Guarantees given for investors are as follows: the stable socio-political and economic situation in Russia and in the Leningrad Region in particular, the availability of laws of the Russian Federation and of its subjects, which protect and encourage investment activities especially where the environment is concerned.

E. L. Akim Professor, Head of Department Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers, Member of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products International and regional aspects of biofuel uses

International and Regional Aspects of Biofuel Uses

Dear Colleagues,

In the last months, the problems of global climate change, of the Kyoto Protocol ratification and coming into force, of the use of biofuel and other renewable energy sources (RES) proved to be the focus of attention of the world community. These

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problems were the points at issue at the European meetings of George Bush, the President of the U.S.A., with the Heads of EU countries and with Vladirnir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation.

Late in April of 2001 in Rome, the 42nd Session of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products (ACPWP) has taken place. This Committee is the only UN structure that fulfils analytical functions in the field of development of the world's Forestry Complex.

The meeting of the International Forum of Forest and Paper Associations was held prior to the ACPWP meeting.

Along with the problems of certification in the Forestry Complex, the problems of interdependencies between global climate change, forestry, forest-based products, and, in particular, biofuel have been among the key points under discussion at these meetings.

At this Conference in Saint Petersburg we have an excellent opportunity to discuss both international aspects of the problem and the specific steps which are being taken in the North-Western Federal Area towards the practical use of biofuel.

The European Union decided to double the use of RES for electric power generation and to treble the use of biofuel by 2010. This can cause significant structural changes in wood uses in West Europe, which give serious concern to forest-based associations. Under these conditions forests of Russia and, first of all, of its North-West can and must be the focus of attention not only of the European Forest Industry but of the whole European economy as well. The trivial truth that Russia possesses almost a fourth of the world's forest reserves takes on a new meaning and development of the Russia's Forestry Complex. especially, of in-depth mechanical and chemical wood processing becomes an international rather than a national target.

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International cooperation and global climate change - the Kyoto Protocol and UN FAO activities.

Burning of huge amounts of coal, petroleum, natural gas (i.e. of fossil fuels) gives rise to atmospheric emissions of large amounts of so-called greenhouse gases (GHG). These gases cause climate change over the whole Planet. The latter can lead to irreversible consequences. At the same time, when generating energy on the basis of biomass burning, the resulting carbon dioxide is irrelevant to GHG as biomass and products of its burning are considered to be a part of the natural carbon cycle. In other words, biomass is not considered to be a carbon dioxide emitter.

In December of 1997 the Protocol on global climate change was signed in Kyoto. According to the Protocol, the signatory countries have to provide reductions in atmospheric GHG emissions as compared to the level of 1990. As far as all industrialized countries are concerned, the Protocol makes provision for them to reduce their GHG emissions by 5.2% on average (as compared to the level of 1990) during 2008-20 12. The reduction varies from 8% for the EU Member States and for the majority of Central and East European countries, to 7% - for the U.S.A., 6% - for Japan and Canada. The Protocol simultaneously specifies the emissions to be kept at the level of 1990 in a number of countries such as Russia, the Ukraine, and New Zealand but for some countries (for example, Australia and Iceland) a reservation is even made for potential increase in their GHG emissions. To achieve the total 8% reduction, in June 1998 the UN Member States have come to the agreement based on the principle of shared responsibility. For example, the provision is made for the reduction by 6% for the Netherlands, by 21% - for Germany and Denmark, and by 7.5% - for Belgium.

Carrying out of the measures against global climate change, ratification of the Kyoto Protocol are the subject of protracted multistage talks at the international level. The new US Administration took a decision about leaving the Kyoto Protocol. However, West European countries declared that the Protocol would be ratified without regard to this event. In June 2001, in the course of George Bush's stay in Western Europe, the Kyoto Protocol

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex


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nOrnOuaeTCR OCHOBHaR YaCTb YmeKMCnOTbI. ~ O ~ T O M Y

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challenges were among the most important aspects of the talks. It was noticed in the course of Parliament's hearings at the State Duma in rnid-June of 2001 that the Kyoto Protocol ratification was the most important global target. However, doors should be open for possible USA adherence to this process.

World forests play a key role in preventing global climate change as it is they which absorb the main portion of carbon dioxide. That is why these issues were discussed at sessions of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products (Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 1999, Rotorua, New Zealand, April 2000, Rome, April 2001). At the sessions a number of aspects was considered which have a direct bearing on the Kyoto Protocol implementation in the Forestry Complex and in the Pulp and Paper Industry, in particular.

The Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) issued a special Environmental Report devoted to Kyoto Protocol implementation in the pulp and paper sector. In 2000 CEPI coordinated a joint brochure on climate change entitled "Meeting the Challenge of Global Climate Change" in which the American, Canadian, European, Japanese and New Zealand paper associations set out their views and messages.

The Pulp and Paper Industry is an energy-intensive and, simultaneously, energy-efficient industry. The weight of energy in its cost structure can be as high as 25% of the manufacturing costs. This was an invariable major incentive and permanent driving force to improve energy efficiency. Between 1990 and 1997 specific CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper production processes decreased by 17%.

One most important energy-saving factor is the process of heat and power co-generation (CHP). For example, the combined heat and power plants operated by pulp and paper mills produced roughly one third of the total electricity needed for the papermaking process in 1999. CHP technology has

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allowed savings of some 35% of the energy that would be used to produce the same amount of electricity by conventional boilers (an estimated saving of 9 Mt fossil CO2). This amounts to savings of about 0.25 kg CO2 per kWh of electricity.

The second important factor is the increased use of biofuel. The Pulp and Paper Industry is one of the largest producers and consumers of green energy: almost 50% of the thermal energy consumed by the industry is based on biofuels whose emissions are carbon dioxide neutral.

The third most important factor is the increased use of recovered paper in the papermaking processes. Besides providing a balanced use of the industry's raw material, recycling of used paper is a key element of the industry's carbon cycle since it prevents considerable emissions of methane from landfilling of used paper. This positive impact can further be improved by increased recycling of used paper providing of course that this recycling as a part of paper life-cycle remains technically and economically viable.

One more promising line in the use of biofuel is energy recovery through combustion of both used paper and the paper that cannot be recycled.

CO2 emissions from one ton of used paper incineration for energy recovery (550 kg C0da.d.t.) are close to the fossil-CO2 emissions generated when producing one ton of paper (643 kg C0,Ia.d.t.).

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OTXOAbI JIeCOnMJIbHbIX 3aBOAOB.

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B COBM~CTHOM M3yYeHMI.I IIOJIMTMKM EC B 0 6 n a c ~ ~ ~0306~0~JlfleM0fi 3HePrMki YZIaCTBOBaJIM: E B P O ~ ~ ~ ~ C K ~ H KOMMCCMH, re~ep2lJIb~blfi AMpeKTOpaT H 0 OTpaCJIM, K O H @ A ~ ~ ~ W R ~ Y M W H O ~ ~ IlPOMbIUlneHHOCTM EBponb~ (CEPI), K o H ( # E A ~ ~ ~ u M R ~epe~oo6pa6a~b1~am~qei i ~p0MbMIneHHOCTM E~ponb1 (Cei-Bo~s), Q ~ ~ H Q ~ ~ c K o ~ MMHMCT~PCTBO CeJlbCKOI'O X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~ M P ~ I ~ O J I O B C T B ~ ,

H w ~ e p n a ~ ~ c ~ o e A ~ ~ H T C T B O no 3~ep1-MM M oxpaHe o~pyxamuei? cpeAbr (NOVEM).

Wood and paper products have rather long-term service life - from several decades for wood structures in house-building to several years for the majority of books. This provides an expanding reservoir of carbon removed from the atmosphere.

Today the role that forests play in balancing society's need for wood-based products and protecting our environment by absorbing CO2 is being recognized more and more.

Papermakers use mainly the parts of trees which are unusable in other industrial processes such as construction or furniture making, as well as wood residues and sawmill waste.

The European Commission's White Paper and biofuel challenges

In 1988199 the joint study has been carried out for revealing possible impacts of implementing the recommendations of the European Commission White Paper entitled: "Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy". It is proposed in the White Paper to double the contribution of renewable energy sources to gross EU energy production to 12% by 2010.

The following organizations contributed to this joint study: the European Commission - DG Enterprise, the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI), the European Confederation of Woodworking Industries (CEI-Bois), the French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Netherlands' Agency for Energy and the Environment (Novem).

The study has demonstrated that implementation of the White Paper policy could have significant impacts on the forest-based industries' wood procurement situation. To meet the EC targets, wood supplies should be increased by more than 40%. Other significant impacts on these industries such as increased wood imports from the EU non-members and reduced productivity in the whole sector would be likely to appear.

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3anan~yw Espony.

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qaCTHOCTM, ~ M O ~ H ~ P T ~ T M K M .

Possessing about a quarter of the global wood reserves, Russia has real opportunities for significant exports of biomass. Despite considerable economic recession in the Forest - Industrial Complex, since 1988-1999 one can speak about its real recovery.

The role of the North-Westem Federal Area in cooperation of its Regions and Republics in the field of biomass use and export.

The North-Western Federal Area possesses a considerable portion of Russia's forest reserves. Its annual cut is equal to 82.9 million m3 including 32.14 million m3 falling on deciduous forests. According to the data of logging enterprises, there were 36.5 million m3 of timber felled in 1999 or 44% of the annual cut including 10.8 million m3 of hardwood species. The annual cut was being mastered most efficiently in the Republic of Karelia. At the same time, there are large reserves in the Republic of Komi where only 30% of the annual cut are utilized (Yu.S. Komarov, presentation at the Saint Petersburg Investment Forum). This potential is a basis for working out projects on large-scale biofuel utilization immediate in the regions and on biomass exports to West Europe.

The Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry as well as the Forestry Complex as a whole became export-oriented. Today more than three fourths of the manufactured market pulp and approximately a half of paper and board made in Russia are exported.

While analyzing regional features of Forestry Complex enterprises in the North-Western Region, one can note that they differ advantageously from those of other Federal Areas. Presently, the North-Western Federal Area has all necessary conditions for rapid and unconventional development of the Pulp and Paper Industry, of the Forestry Complex as a whole and of bioenergetics, in particular.

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Hmwikie~ KpynHOrO HayYHOrO nOTeHUM2LJIa - B

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These features incorporate a number of factors:

A rich stumpage base with proper age and species stand composition;

A unique geographical position because of immediate proximity to ports and to major consumers of forest- and paper-based products both on the domestic and on the foreign markets of North and West Europe;

The availability of large production capacities on the territory of the Federal Area, which provide extended wood processing as well as the whole process cycle, from logging enterprises to woodworking, furniture, and pulp and paper mills. Thus, the Area has a good chance to make a short-term transition from untreated timber exports to exports of science-intensive products while widening simultaneously a biofuel raw material base;

The transport infrastructure including automobile, railway, sea and river transport and construction of a number of new ports in the Leningrad Region;

Favourable investment policy (of the Government of the Leningrad Region and of a number of other subjects) towards creating conditions for development of Forestry Complex enterprises, for more extended wood processing immediately in the region of trees growing, higher economic and social efficiency of utilization of forest resources;

High scientific potential - main universities and research institutes bearing on the Forestry Complex are concentrated in the Region: SPb STUPP, the SPb Forest Technical Academy, the Arkhangelsk Forest Technical University, VNIIB, etc.

However, there exist a number of negative factors in today's activities of the Forest-Industrial Complex. They are as follows:

Large specific weight of untreated timber in the structure of exports of forest-based products results in considerable losses - both direct financial and social, for the Region becomes depleted of a lot of jobs. Besides, such a

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utilization qf wood raw rnaterial and peat

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structure of forest-based exports makes Russian exporters dependent on a situation in the foreign markets, which have selective unstable demand for untreated and treated timber;

Geography of round wood export differs in that Finland accounts for 30% of these exports and Sweden - for more than 10%. Actually, these countries are the main competitors of Russian exporters of both processed and unprocessed wood. This makes the Russian exporters vulnerable to Nordic competitors;

Equipment obsolescence and wear and tear at the majority of large forestry enterprises reduces competitiveness of their products;

Poor development of forest certification systems as well as of certification of enterprises as to their conformity with the IS0 9000 and IS0 14000 series of International Standards reduces the competitiveness of their products, especially on the environmetally sensitive market S.

The most important factors offering prospects for stable operation of the Forest-Industrial Complex enterprises are unconditional compliance with sustainable forest management and as a consequence, development of forest certification as well as extended mechanical and chemical processing of wood. The processing, coupled with production and use of biofuel, would allow due solving of global climate change problems and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

Thus, construction of new enterprises and stage-by-stage environmental and economic reconstruction of the existing ones, their certification as to conformity with the IS0 9000 and IS0 14000 series of International Standards along with extended use of wood raw material resources while increasing share of hardwood species and biofuel are the most important today's targets of the Forest-Industrial Complex of the North-Western Region.

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Sustaiizable developnzent and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhatwed cwnples

utilization cf wood raw marerial atzd peat

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Real steps towards biofuel use in the North-Western Region

The use of biofuel has considerably increased in the Region in recent years, especially, in its pulp and paper mills; a number of projects are in progress.

For example, construction of the bark boiler of the capacity 150 t. steamlhour at the Svetogorsk Mill (the target date for putting it into operation is September 2001) not only solves today's problem of wood residue utilization but also creates prospects for further use of biofuel at the Mill.

Presently, in the settlement of Elizavetin ka, the Lemo Concern proceeds to construction of a major lumber enterprise. The use of the enterprise residues both for manufacturing pulp and paper products and as biofuel will make the use of wood more extended and will increase its in-depth processing in the immediate region of tree growing.

A number of municipal boilerhouses are in successful operation with the use of biofuel (in Lisino, etc.).

Promising charcoal technologies are developed at the Forest Technical Academy and at the Polycor Company. A charcoal mill has been put into operation in Priozersk, and several more plants are being constructed.

Another example refers to the Arkhangelsk Region. A practical contribution to the extended use of biofuel is the reconstruction and upgrading of a bark boiler at the Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill. Its capacity has been raised from 30 to 65 t. steamlh. The boiler will utilize 280 thousand tons of bark and other wood residue a year (the increase is equal to 90 thousand tons a year).

However, this is only a small share of the available biofuel reserves.

According to the data Mr. A.Bulatov presented at the Biofuel Forum in Rotterdam in February of 2000, while possessing 2.2 billion m' of old-growth stumpage with allowable cut of 23 million m' for industrial-purpose logging, the Arkhangelsk Region has actually harvested only 8.5 million m' of wood

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AH3enbHOrO TOnJIkiBa.

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in 1999. There are correspondingly as much as 2.2 million solid m' of bark, chips and sawdust appearing in this connection in the Region. When increasing annual logging up to 10 million m3, the amounts of waste resulting from woodworlung operations only will range from 2.5 to 3 million m3 per year. In addition, there are 14 million tons of hydrolysis lignin in the Region.

To provide 1300 individual boiler-rooms with fuels, 990 thousand tons of coal, 250 thousand tons of furnace fuel oil and 60 thousand tons of diesel fuel are delivered to the Reional annually.

The opportunities for using biofuel in the immediate region of tree growing in connection with in-depth mechanical and chemical processing of wood must be evaluated with due regard to the whole variety of environmental and economic consequences. The questions of biomass export and of the use of wood residue in production of exportable and transportable high-calorie biofuels deserve special consideration.

Analysis of these problems and of efficient ways for solving them is one most important aspect of scientific support to any large-scale projects in the field of biofuel.

Scientific problems of the biofuel uses

There comes a time when we should go from individual pilot projects on biofuel use to working out a strategy of large-scale production and efficient use of biofuel as the most important type of renewable energy sources. Working out and implementing the strategy is possible only if scientific support to the programme is provided.

Let's dwell on the most significant aspects of this programme. They could be divided into a number of directions:

9 biofuel logistics, direct and indirect export of biofuel;

9 intensification of forestry;

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higher efficiency of wood utilization on the whole;

genitic engineering;

increased efficiency of wood burning, creation of a sized series of high efficient boiler units of a new generation applying, in particular, the principle of biofuel gasification and vortical burning of gasified products;

creation of new transportable biofuels, for example, energy-purpose composites (energy-pellets, etc.).

While considering biofuel problems, it is advisable to always keep in mind that presently the use of wood as a biofuel is the least efficient method of wood utilization. Wood is an excellent structural material; its life-cycle complies well with the idea of sustainable development. Because of this, wood must above all be converted into different wooden structures, for example, constructive and others. The part of wood that cannot be used as a structural material, must find its application as a raw material for the pulp and paper industry through, for example, pulpchips. And finally, the last part of wood that cannot be used as a structural material and as a raw material for manufacturing pulp and paper refers to biofuel.

Several important results follow from these general principles:

The optimum use of forest residues and the maximum use of wood residue from woodworking and pulp and paper mills. The target of the full use of the totality of tree biomass is fundamentally untrue as this could lead to soil depletion and biodiversity disbalancing. Because of this, optimum levels for the use of forest residue ensuring maintenance of soil layer should be determined for every forest category.

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The principle of successive use of wood. Structural wood can be considered as a "carbon reservoir" of the largest operating longevity (in the range from 40 to 60 years). However, after this period, the used wood can be reused as biofuel. A similar situation takes place also for forest-based products of medium and small operating longevity. The used wood and the used convertibles are essential components of municipal and industrial solid waste and can be considered as the most important resource for biofuel.

Standardization and certiJication while dealing with biofiel. The problem of biofuel becomes one of the major international problems and standardization and certification in this field not only are of extraordinary importance but also represent one of the basic points of international trade in biofuel.

Active research into genetic engineering in the Forestry Complex is still aimed mainly at more intensive growth of trees, at changing the lignin: cellulose ratio, at increasing content of high-strength fiber in wood (similar to so-called "pulling" fiber of abnormal wood). As applied to biofuel, the lines in genetic engineering are expected to appear such as increasing content of the wood components, which are convertible into liquid fuel by technologically acceptable techniques, creation of biofuel of higher calorific value, etc.

Energy-purpose cellulose composites. Although wood is a natural composite by itself, its residues, both primary and secondary, can be used in the production of new energy-purpose composites. These materials can also contain alternative components, for example, peat, particular fractions of petroleum or petroleum refining products, etc.



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6. Solid jkel gasijkation and production of liquid fuel on this basis. In the former USSR the Hydrolysis Industry was an independent industrial sector. Presently, alcoholic additives to motor fuels are successfully used in a number of countries (for example, in Brazil). However, the scientific potential of this technology is not completely realized today.

7. Fundamental research of biofuel burning processes, increasing efficiency of boilers are, along with new energy-saving processes, quite independent research lines.

The first line is directly related to sustainable forest management. While Russia' S annual cut is about 540 million cubic meters, logging volume has never been more than 300-350 million cubic meters. As a result of the economic recession of the nineties, logging dropped to 82 million m3 in 1997 and to 75 million m3 in 1998. In 2000 it approximated 100 million m'. Thus, no more than 15% of the allowable cut is really being used at present. Russia not only possesses a quarter of the world's forest resources but in addition, it is located geographically in the Northern Hemisphere, where the greater part of fossil fuel is consumed (West European countries, U.S.A., Japan). So, Russian forests play a vital part in maintaining atmospheric sustainability. This is one most important factor of intensifying forest management in Russia.

Currently the intensity of tree growth in Russian forests is 1.5 m3 per hectare per year for coniferous species and 2.5 - 3.0 m3 - for leaf species that is considerably smaller than in Nordic countries under similar climatic conditions. As we know, in recent decades considerable attention has been focused worldwide on developing tree plantations, in particular, the healthy growth plantations. Extraordinary results have been achieved in increasing intensity of tree growth. For example, the average productivity of pine in Brazil is 28.5 m' per hectare per year and of eucalyptus - 37 m' per hectare per year. On certain experimental plantations in Brazil, the annual increment of eucalyptus was as much as 119 m' per hectare per year. However, analysis of these figures shows they are primarily applicable to the Southern

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Hemisphere. The development of healthy growth plantations in the Southern Hemisphere makes it possible, at least strategically, to solve the problem of sustainable forest management and thereby to guarantee long-term supplies of fibrous raw material to the world's pulp and paper industry.

In the context of global climate change, increasing productivity of Russian forests and the more efficient use of their wood in manufacturing both pulp and paper products and biomass is of no lesser importance than the development of healthy growth plantations in Latin America or in the Asian-Pacific Region.

The reduction in logging is not only a Russian problem. In a sense, this is the problem of climate change all over the Northern Hemisphere. Intensity of tree growth in Russian forests could really be doubled, and this would have the major favourable impacts preventing climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. However, implementation of such a programme would require major investment (many billions of dollars) into the Russian Forest-Industrial Complex, proper attention from the world's financial institutions, and political and economic stability in Russia.

It is worthwhile to consider here one more aspect of the Kyoto Protocol. In the context of the global carbon dioxide balance and prevention of the "greenhouse effect", it makes more sense to process wood as close as possible to the place where it is grown rather than to export roundwood from Russia. In this case, transport costs and power consumed to transport the timber are sharply reduced. Besides, the place where carbon dioxide is emitted - a processing plant - approaches as near as possible to the place where these emissions can be absorbed - to a forest. This points to the advisability of making environmental estimation of Russian timber exports structure along with intensive development of the Russia's pulp and paper industry and of the mills where wood is subject to mechanical processing.

In the context of Kyoto Protocol implementation it is advisable not only to increase felling volume in Russia but also to achieve better wood processing in the places where it is grown. In so doing, we obtain increasing wood residue output at the woodworking

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and pulp and paper mills. Besides, in the context of sustainable forest management, industrial wood and pulpwood logging must be accompanied by firewood logging and logging waste utilization. All the above measures extend considerably the biofuel raw material base both when it is utilized directly in the region and when it is exported. However, the most transportable biofuels such as briquetted energy-pellets and charcoal are to be exported.

Only when any disintegrated wood residue (sawdust, wood powder, etc.) undergo processing, would production, utilization and exports of briquetted and granulated wood residue be worthwhile. However, taking into account that woodworking enterprises produce these waste types in large quantities, there is a good reason to develop this line of export in conjunction with the mechanical processing of wood. The North-Western Region is the major exporter of forest products. As noted above, in the context of the Kyoto Protocol it is most advisable to process wood most intensively close to where it is growing. Because of this, a change in the regional Forest Complex structure would result in increasing amounts of potential raw material suitable for this line of export. A pilot project on wood residue briquetting is presently being carried out in the Leningrad Region.

Wood residue may be briquetted both without binding agents and with wood chemical convertibles (black liquor, tall oil, lignosulfonates, etc.) as well as with petroleum refining products to be used as binding agents. The creation and use of such composites for energy-generating purposes could be one of the most important directions in the general programme.

The current prices for natural gas on the Russian domestic market are known to differ approximately ten times from those on world markets and from export prices for Russian gas. Because of this, a significant increase in the prices for gas on the Russian market is being planned in a short time (they will be approximately doubled during a year)

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced (:o~nplex


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and will soon be at the world level of prices. The increase in domestic prices for gas fuel results in considerable changes in biofuel competitive capacity and just in a short time wood will be quite a competitive type of fuel in the North-Western Region of Russia.

The forecast of development of the Russia's Energy Sector presented at the Saint Petersburg Economic Forum (June 2000) provides for an eight- to twenty-fold increase in the utilization of unconventional renewable energy resources under favourable conditions. However, in our opinion, these figures are inadequate to the biofuel potential, which is really available in Russia, and especially in its North-Westem Region.

In this connection it makes sense to analyze global data as to the use of wood as a fuel. Presently, wood fuel figures prominently in the energy balances not only of developing countries but also of developed, with 59% of the wood harvested worldwide being used as a fuel. Wood accounts for more than 7% of the global energy balance. This percentage is significantly lower in developed countries (about 2% - in U.S.A., 3% - in Canada) in comparison with a developing part of the world (15%). In the last years, because of the target of preventing global climate change, the trend is evident towards a drastic increase in a biofuel share in the total energy balance. For example, in Sweden the biofuel share approaches 8% and it is planned to be doubled or tripled in the next years.

As to Russia, here the use of wood as a fuel is basically in conformity with the Russian mentality and its historical traditions. However, conversion of the existing boilerhouses to wood fuels involves a bulk of organizing, technical, economic, including financial, problems.

Nevertheless, all these problems are quite tractable. Referring to the Swedish experience, we can conclude that wood fuel can be successfully used both at comparatively large electric power stations and at the small fully automated settlement boilerhouses, which provide several tens of houses with heat.

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B s u ~ ~ e f i m i ~ 3KOHOMkIWXKkIM aCneKTOM HporpaMM The most important economic aspects of the I I B ~ R ~ T C I I MaKcwMa.JIbHoe corcpameakie TpaHcnopTHbIx Programmes suggest a maximum reduction in s a ~ p a ~ , B TOM wcne s a ~ p a ~ ~a nepesan~y ~ P Y ~ O B , transport costs including transhipment costs and OnTPiManbHoe c o r e ~ a ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ O T O B K E I ~ e n o ~ o f i ApesecMHbI, optimum combination of industrial wood, pulpwood ~ Z U I ~ H C O B , n p o ~ ~ ~ o f i ApesecwHbI. and firewood to be logged.

no-BWAUMOM~, qenecoo6pm~o conoc~a~neakie It would seem to be expedient well to compare pa3nHrHbrx BapMaHToB KaK perMoHanbHoro different options of both regional biofuel uses and ~ ~ C ~ I O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H R Gkio~onnki~a, TaK ki 3 ~ c n o p ~ a c biofuel exports not only in terms of volume or nepecreToM He TonbKo Ha eAkiHEiUb1 o 6 a e ~ a kinU MaccbI, weight units but also in terms of Gigacalories of the HO W C nepecreToM Ha r ~ a n ~ p a ~ c n o p ~ u p y e ~ o f i transported biomass or products of its processing. ~ U O M ~ C C ~ I m npoAyIcToB ee n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~ ~ t . K p o ~ e ~ o r o , Besides, account must be taken of expenses for H ~ O ~ X O A M M O yrliTbIsaTb s a ~ p a ~ b r Ha npenoTapamesse preventing any negative transportation impacts on oTpasaTenbHoro B O ~ A ~ ~ C T B U I I Ha OKpyxammym cpeny the environment. npU TpaHCnOpTkipOBKe.

B O ~ M O ~ I C H ~ I ~ BapEianTbI EI ~ T ~ I I ~ I nporpaMMbI EI Options and milestones of the Programme and IILlnOTHbIX IIpOeICTOB Pilot Projects

Implementation of a number of pilot projects on the basis of the available production equipment and transport flows can be thought to be expedient. For example, conversion to wood chips (as an alternative fuel) of a number of boiler-houses located in rural districts can be made during a rather short time with small capital costs providing any centralized system of fuel chip preparation and transportation is established. It seems to be advisable for pilot projects on biofuel exports to be oriented to Scandinavian countries and to the Netherlands. For example, the pilot project of charcoal export from Russia and the pilot project of briquetted or granulated biomass export from Russia can be suggested for Russian biofuel utilization at the electric power stations, which are currently available in the Netherlands.

The first stage of all pilot project options must incorporate a preliminary feasibility study of biomass production costs while calculating possible prices ruling both at a port of shipment and at a port of discharge or within an electric power station site. The main task of the second stage is an analysis of actual costs for every stage of biofuel production and transportation. The most important task of the third stage is an analysis of costs in the case of expanding exports and determination of reasonable prices for biofuel when implementing the large-scale project, i.e. when proceeding from pilot and pilot-industrial scales to the industrial one.

Ycmoi i~u~oe pa36Umue U ucnonb30sa~ue Guomonnusa - nymb K peanu3a yuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona U

no~m~uenu~o KomnneKcnocmu ucnonmoeatiwz dpeeecunbr U mop$a



The problem of replacing black coal with biofuel is one of the most important aspects of the Kyoto Protocol implementation. Today there is a room for development of the versions of a Complex Programme at the Federal level for any Federal

Area and for Regions as well as for realization of the pilot projects aimed at solving of this problem with comparatively small expenses. With the most use of the scientific potential of Saint Petersburg and Arkhangelsk Universities and while basing on elements of the appropriate industrial plants, which are currently available in Russia, in Scandinavian countries and in the Netherlands, one can develop experimental process lines for biofuel preparation,

processing, transportation, and burning during a short time. Owing to the use of the available

elements, capital costs will be considerably cut. Production costs including the costs of scientific support to the project will be much less than the capital costs of creating any new process lines.

Besides, this way of resolving the problem allows the minimizing of risks due to construction of new industrial plants.

Taking into account the great international importance of the Programme in solving the global climate change challenges, it is advisable to consider variants of financial support to the Programme from funds not only of the Governments of the countries concerned but also of the European Union.

Having support from the Administration of the North-Western Federal Area, of the Governments of the Leningrad and Arkhangelsk Regions, it is appropriate to make a proposal for the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technologies of the Russian Federation to insert such the project into the sub-programme "Complex Use of Wood Raw Material" of the Federal special-purpose scientific and technical programme "R & D in priority lines of progress of civilian-purpose science and engineering".

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Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towardr the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex


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I would like to dwell particularly on the points of interaction with the UN Economic Commission for Europe. The International Scientific and Practical Conferences, which was held in the frameworks of the Project aimed at development of the Russia's Forest Sector (1999 - 2001, Saint Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Rotterdam), allowed to analyze the state and prospects for the works in the field of biofuel both in Russia and in Europe. The Conferences can be considered to consititute a very important step in information support to the progress of this direction.

Today's Conference marks the transition from pilot projects on biofuel use to working out and implementation of a regional strategy for the complex use of forest resources and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol provisions concerning prevention of global climate change. This Strategy suggests working out of the ideas of biomass exports from the North-Western Region of the Russian Federation and creation of the system for using biofuel in the Leningrad Region on the basis of a block-and-modular set of unified boilerhouses with optimized use of imported and domestic components. While working out and realizing this strategy, both the foreign practice of biofuel use and that of the North-Westem Region will be taken into consideration.

In the Leningrad Region and in the North-Western Federal Area the problems of sustainable forest management can and must be solved with regard to the prospects for the large-scale use of biofuel.

The prospects for development of the Forestry-Industrial Complex of the Leningrad Region and of the North-Westem Federal Area prove to be coupled with the use of biofuel and with its exports. The efficient use of biofuel and the appropriate scientific support allow environmental problems of the Region and of the Federal Area to be also solved.

The UNECE support favourable investment climate in the Region create reliable prospects for development of the Forestry Sector, the Power Industry, municipal economy, etc.

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C ~ ~ O A H I I ~ M o T o ~ J I P ~ B o CTaHOBHTCR ~ 0 f i O ~ J I ~ C T ~ K ) , B

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In the last 2-3 years, the Russian Pulp and Paper Industry was demonstrating its recovery. Operation of many pulp and paper mills is rather stable, there is a progressive growth in their output and the industry is being truly restructured. The output of pulp and paper products has reached much as 70-80% of the level of 1988-89, i.e. of its peak.

However, for these years the global output of paper and board was progressively increasing and as a result, for the last 10-15 years, Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry has slid from fourth position to seventeenth. Russia's share in the global output of paper and board has fallen from 5.2% to 1.6%.

Globalization of the Pulp and Paper Industry became a new reality. However, we still can't speak about large-scale investments into the Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry. A positive experience of the International Paper Company points to the fact that such a way is advisable.

Today biofuel becomes the area where radically new prospects are being opened up for international cooperation. The European Programme of extended use of renewable energy sources can best be carried out only on the basis of Russia's Forestry Complex. Here we are above all dealing with reconstruction and expansion of the enterprises for chemical and mechanical wood processing on the territory of the North-Westem Area and with simultaneous production of biofuel followed by its direct and indirect export.

The Proposals of Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, to create the "EU - Russia" common economic space opens radically new horizons for realizing strategic programmes in biofuel.

Together with the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the Government of the Leningrad Region, the SPb STUPP Department of Pulp and Composites Technology and its Laboratory of Information Technologies in the Forestry Complex are working out such the strategic programme and are ready for its implementation, scientific and staff support.

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towar& the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex


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exeroAHo.

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POCCHH. B M ~ C T ~ C TeM, AOJI5I ApeBeCHOrO TOnnl-lBa, KaK nepsaworo 3~epropecypca, B s ~ e p r e ~ l - l r e c ~ o ~ 6ana~ce PerMOHa 6onee .IeM CKPOMHa. % C ~ O KOTenbHbIX, kicnonbsyrn~~~ax ApesecHoe ~ H O T O ~ ~ ~ I B O , HcwcnReTcrr eAHHHuaMH. B KaLIeCTBe IIpHMepOB MOXHO IIpHBeCTH KOTenbHbIe B n e ~ l l ~ r p a ~ ~ ~ ~ f i 0 6 n a c ~ ~ (B n0C. ~ I I C H H O H

B 5enooc~po~e 6 n ~ 3 Cecpopeq~a), Pecny6nH~e Kapenua (nocen~w n p m a H A ~ P ~ B ~ H H O ~ ) , Kanu~u~rpanc~of i

We invite all participants of the Conference to join their efforts in the field of biofuel.

A.A. Benin General Director of ZAO <<Concern LEMOD

THE TAPPING OF BIODUEL IN RF NORTH WEST

Energy supply lays the foundation for progress in science and technology, and sustainable vital functions: economic growth is unfeasible unless the issues energy supply are resolved. Currently strained fuel balance therefore determines the pressing issues or evaluating available energy resources, and developing new, non-polluting sources of energy and energy-saving technologies.

Renewable sources of energy in the RF contribute to less than 0.1 per cent of total use. The 20-fold (to about 2%) increase of their share by 2010, in accordance with the new energy strategy, will be still inadequate for a major forest power like Russia (in particular, in view of deteriorating quality of input in the oil industry and recession in oil-and-gas production dominating the national fuel balance).

The North West (including Leningrad Region) is almost totally dependent on imported energy resources. Thus the region imports annual 800 thousand ton coal as fuel for almost 40% regional boiler houses. Annual black oil consumption amounts to 400 thousand ton.

Meanwhile the North West possesses immense forest resources: over a half of those in European Russia. At the same time, the contribution of firewood as a primary energy resource to the national fuel balance is over modest. Boiler houses using firewood as biofuel are very rare. Examples of such boiler houses are found in Leningrad Region (in Lisino estate and in Beloostrov near Sestroretsk). Karelian Republic (Priazhka and Dereviannoe estates) Kaliningrad (Pravdisk town)

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Sustainable development and biopel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex


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BeAOMCTBeHHbIX 140, B TO 9MCJle:

and Archangel Regions. The cases only provide clear evidence of the very limited use of firewood in the area.

On the other hand, forested area in Leningrad Region alone amounts to 8.5 mil hect. with estimated wood-cutting area of 12.3 mil m3 per year. As is seen from estimated felling area structure (Fig. l). 27% of the stock falls to aspen wood commanding no ready market in traditional wood-using spheres.

With 40% humidity, wood combustion heat is 2.44 tho kcaVkg (to compare: coal from Boksitogorsk used in Leningrad Region has the heating capacity of 4 to 4.5 tho kcaVkg, that from Inta 4.2 tho kcalkg, and that from Kuzbass 4.5 to 6.15 tho kcalkg , with higher prices and considerable transport costs). Considering the efficiency of available domestic firewood boilers between 75% and 80% and the 219-day heating season in the Region, this would be sufficient for aggregate boiler capacity of 480 GcaVhr, exceeding total heat capacity of all boilers in Leningrad Region - as per 0.1 .O3.2OO 1. Leningrad region operates 62 1 boiler houses, including 48 1 and 140 institutional ones using:

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol in~plenzen ration and enhanced contplex


Ha r u e - 162 (26.1%);

Ha MuyTe - 124 (20%);

Ha yrne - 279 (44.9%);

~a ~ o p a e - 10 (1.61%);

Ha AM3enbHOM TOMaBe - 8 (1 .B%);

Ha ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAaX - 10 (1.61%);

Ha cnaHse M CnaHueBoM Macne - 8 (1 B % ) ;

Ha m e ~ ~ p ~ r e c ~ o i i 3~epr1-1~ - 20 (3.22%).

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> Gas - 162 (26.1%);

9 Black oil - 124 (20%);

9 Peat - 10 (1.6%);

9 Diesel oil - 8 (1 X % ) ;

9 Wood waste- 10(1.61%)

9 Shaleand shale oil - 8 (1.28%);

> Electric power - 20 (3.22%).

Most boiler houses in Leningrad Region and Saint Petersburg City were built between the 50s and 70s, with specialized fuel equipment lacking and engineering designs ignoring fuel efficiency. Consequently, almost all boiler houses built during that period feature excessive unit fuel consumption, low efficiency (with current international standards between 92 and 94%, minor coal boiler houses average between 62 and 64%), and inadequate automatic combustion control and monitoring.

Therefore more reliable, sustained and efficient heat supply requires reconstruction - of many urban and regional boiler houses, above all those using coal. Obviously, this is also true about most areas in the country. Within the reconstruction process, conversion of available coal- and black-air boiler houses to fuel wood would be beneficial both technically and economically.

LEMO Concern specialized staff conducted feasibility studies to optimize fuel selection for boiler houses in Leningrad Region, using the following criteria:

1. Economy (by cost price per l Gcal heat)

2. Recoupment

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0.012 T-- - - r - - - r - - - 1 - - - 1

5 0.006 Series1

0.002

ras Uena Yronb Masyr

Evaluation involved comparison of alternative boiler fuel types with the same end effects. To correlate the alternatives, we used unified heat-, electric power and water supply tariffs, wages, depreciation- and repair costs.

Evident differences in staff schedule, energy consumption or required investment are governed by specific features of boiler operation with different fuel types.

1. Economy Evaluation involved comparison of cost prices for 1 Gcal heat produced by a boiler plant of 3.6 Mw t heat capacity (3.1 Gcal), using:

> coal; > blackoil; > natural gas; > fuel wood (fiiewood chips).

The values were derived from typical operating data (fuel prices etc.) for boiler houses in Leningrad Region.

Ergoeconomic characteristics of different fuel types analyzed are cross-tabulated in Fig. 2 (each point derived from unit-weight or unit-volume price for fuel by fuel efficiency). As seen from this diagram, wood chips are inferior to natural gas alone in this respect.

Ergoeconomic characteristic for specific boiler fuel types

H Seriesl

0.002

gas chips coal black oil

50

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Sustainable developtnent and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex

utilization of wood raw material and pent

Basic input values:

Fuel efficiency:

> black oil - 10000 KcaVkg

> coal (average) - 5000 kcaVkg

P natural gas - 8000 kcal/m3

> chips*' - 2440 kcallkg

Fuel costs (according to Regional Government data as per 15.02.2001):

P black oil - 2850 rbI/ton

> yronb - 750-924 py6.1~ (B pacseTe npHHaT c p e n ~ ~ i i II0Ka3aTenb)

> coal- 750-924 rbilton (average value used)

> natural gas - 458 rbV 1000 m3

chips*' - 18 1 rbU m3 area or 304 rbllton

*l with 40% humidity

Costs of chips are derived from the selling price offered by Lsino U01 (fuel chips producer) and effective carrier's tariffs (assuming a 75 km distance).

Boiler house efficiency (average for each specific fuel type, depending on appropriate boiler specifications):

> yronb - 75% > coal -.75%

P black oil -. 85%

P natural gas - 90%

P chips - 78%.

Capital boiler construction costs

Estimates start from the costs of a turnkey boiler construction project with specified capacity, using firewood chips. Findings from expert examination for other fuel types indicate:

P comparable capital costs for gas- and chips boiler houses similar in other respects;

P capital construction costs of a similar black-oil boiler house amounting to 80% of those for a chips boiler;

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Sustainable development and biufiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protorol implementation and enhanced w m p k x

utilization qf wood raw rnaterial and peat

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ocra~nmoqefi 6,4 KM.

> capital construction costs of a coal boiler house comprising between 150 and 180% of those for a chips boiler house.

The resulting cost price estimates for l Gcal heat with different fuel types, for a 3.6 MW t (3.1 Gcal) capacity boiler house in Leningrad Region are:

> with coal - $14.9

> with black oil - $15.6

P with natural gas - $6.34

> with chips - $10.02

The findings clearly demonstrate that using wood chips as a substitute for black oil and coal in Leningrad Region is both economically advisable and feasible.

Obviously, findings for Leningrad Region would be true for other (at least forested) areas in Russia.

In terms of cost price for 1 Gcal heat produced, chips are inferior to natural gas alone. In addition, two more points are noteworthy:

cost price estimates for unit heat produced by gas boiler house assumed the distance between the boiler house and available gas main equaling zero;

cost price estimates ignored the tendency for increased domestic gas prices, as specified by Russia's fuel and energy complex (TEK) strategy.

According to expert opinion, the costs of 1 m direct gas main to boiler house amount (as per 15.02.2001) to 3000 rbi (or $105.3 at the current rate of 28.5 rbl). Our analysis of the relationship between the cost price for 1 Gcal heat produced by a gas boiler house and the boiler houselgas main distance indicates that gas is more efficient than chips only within the distance of 6.4 km.

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced contplex


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~ ~ M ~ O C T A C ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ O B O A O M ) .

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KaYeCTBe BTOpOrO KPMTePMR ~b16paH CPOK OKynaeMOCTM ( K ~ K n0Ka3aTenb7 H ~ X O A R ~ M ~ ~ C R B nMHefiH0fi 3aBMCMMOCTM OT BenMSMHbI 3aTpaT KanMTaJl bHOr0 xapa~~epa) .

The TEK strategy for Russia involves significant rise in domestic prices for natural gas: between $27 and $3011000 m3 by 2005, with a maximum approximation to worldwide prices by 20 10.

Higher cost prices per 1 Gcal heat produced by a gas boiler, accounting for temporal changes in domestic gas prices, were estimated for five gas boiler locations with respect to available gas main at a distance of 0, 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 km.

Notice that with the boiler house located in the immediate vicinity to the gas main, cost price per 1 Gcal with gas will match that for wood chips by 2008; with i km to the gas main the same will occur by 2007, with 2 km by late 2006, with 3 km by mid- 2005, and with 4000 km by 2004. Since gas boiler construction in rural areas requires much longer gas-"extensions", it is reasonable to believe that, in terms of 1 Gcal cost price, chips are already comparable to natural gas (with rare exceptions of new boiler houses built next to the gas main).

2. Recoupment

The first guideline for selection - fuel economy (cost price per 1 Gcal heat produced by the boiler house) allows comparison of typical current (operating) costs for minor-capacity boiler houses using different fuel types. Since comparison analysis involves total costs, the second guideline represented the pay-off period (as a value showing a linear relationship with capital costs).

For correlated repayment analysis, we used the unified fuel tariff (as per 15.02.2001 in Gatchinski District Leningrad Region).

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In the rate-of-return approach, a boiler using natural wood pulp as fuel is inferior to gas boiler alone (assuming zero distance between the latter and available gas main). The pay-off period for coal- and black-oil boiler houses is very long: 13.3 and 6.8 years respectively (Fig 3).

With gas fuel, the pay-off period is also largely dependent on the distance to the gas main. With dependent on the distance to the gas main. With the gas main at a distance between 800 and 900 m to the boiler house, the latter's rate of return is at least similar to that of a chips boiler house of the same capacity; with a distance between 900 and 1 100 01, comparable to that of a chips boiler house of the same capacity. With a distance over 1,l km, the rate of return for a boiler house using chips as fuel is superior to the case of natural gas.

This means that, using the criteria of our choice (economy and rate of return), gas is only superior to chips where the nearest gas main is not farther than 1.5-2 km from the boiler house. This is true with effective domestic prices for natural gas for the 15t quarter 2001. In the nearest future (within 3 to 5 years), with gas prices rising at the rate specifies in Russia's TEK strategy, the advantages of chips over natural gas (using the guidelines described here) will be obvious in any other context.

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BHyTpeHHee n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ ~ e rma AonxcHo CoKpaTmbcH Ha 30 MAP& M').

Notice also that firewood chips as fuel for boiler rooms of low heat capacity (1 to 10 MW t) are of current significance because the Gazprom, considering the economic growth with reduced gas production and obviating the need to reduce gas export, calls for reduced domestic gas consumption through alternative fuel types (according to Gazprom conception, domestic gas consumption is to be reduced by 30 mlrd cu m by 2003).

The advantages of firewood are not restricted to economic factors. Using biofuel permits to:

relieve the country's fuel balance tension by reducing the energy shortage;

save the nonrenewable resources through renewable substitutes;

increase the country's export potential by saving the export-oriented energy sources (gas, oil products) ;

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> enhance timber purchasing in view of increased current demand for low-grade wood and firewood;

> create new jobs (in felling and fuel industries);

> contribute beneficially to regional and local budgets.

Biofuel is naturally decentralized and therefore easily integrated in local forms of economic activity.

One aspect should be described in more detail, namely ecology. Incorporation of environmental factors in economic evaluation framework is typical for all well developed countries, and their values are growing faster than others.

TEK enterprises in Russia discharge over 48% of air pollutants in all sectors of economy, and the TEK is responsible for 60% of industrial pollution.

TEK enterprises are responsible for 30% of total water use in the RF, and over 60% in industry. At the same time, the TEK is responsible for almost 26% of surface wastewater discharge.

Adverse environmental effects of TEK enterprises involve discharge or emission of organic and inorganic (including radioactive) substances, waste disposal, storage and transportation losses, as well as land and soil withdrawal or degradation due to waste warehousing or pumping, under-flooding, under-working, changing seismological and tectonic conditions, etc.

TEK enterprises largely influence global climate as atmospheric pollution contributes to ozone-layer degradation and enhanced hotbed effect (70% hotbed gases entering the atmosphere with TEK industrial emission).

Ecological evaluation of existing TEK projects is particularly important with conversion to renewable energy sources and minor- and unconventional energy projects.

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utilizatiott qf wood raw rnaterial atzd peat

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In the past 25-30 years, firewood as biofuel has been much used in well-developed countries in heat and electric power generation.

Among the examples of biofuel use in power engineering is the McNeil electric power station, a major biopulp-fed plant brought into service in Burmington (Vermont, US) over ten years ago. The station has electric power capacity of 50 MW t.

An undoubted leader in using woodfire as biofuel, however, is Sweden where a riksdag decision of 1997 initiated a comprehensive program for energy policy, promoting new energy technologies and renewable fuel types.

Between 1970 and. 1997, energy generation in Sweden increased by 36%; the energy structure was modified significantly: in 1970 oil and oil products were responsible for 77% of national energy generation, by 1997 the share amounted to 33% only, while the share of energy generated with firewood as biofuel increased from 9% in 1970 to 15% in 1997, and is still growing.

As regards heat generation, the share of firewood among other types involved exceeded 33% (for reference: in 1980, oil comprised over 90% of fuel used in heat generation). Between 1990 and 1997, the amount of firewood used by heat plants increased by a factor of four. By 1998 the use of firewood biofuel increased by 7%, as compared to 1997.

Characteristically, biofuel has been increasingly used in the industries responsible for the better part of national energy consumption.

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It must be emphasized that, while per capita electric power consumption in Sweden ranks the world's 4th (following Norway, Iceland and Canada), the share of electric power generated with mineral fuel is relatively small in the international context.

Total carbon dioxide emission of the Swedish energy system decreased by 30% Between 1980 and 1997, so that current per capita carbon dioxide emission there is lower than the average for most world countries (Sweden being inferior in this respect to Turkey, Mexico and Portugal only).

To summarize, we can state with assurance. that for much forested areas conversion to firewood unusual in Russia, with gradual and partial substitution for traditional fuel types, Is one of the few feasible and efficient ways to an integrated solution for problems of energy supply and sustainable forest management.

To test the feasibility of the program to convert municipal boiler houses to firewood as biofuel, the LEMO Concern, at its own expense and inviting the collaboration of key organizations in heat and energy generation, developed a pilot project for a 3.6 MW t capacity boiler house using firewood chips. The project involves construction of a municipal boiler house in Shpankovo village Gatchina District Leningrad Region, with subsequent circulation.

The LEMO Concern is currently engaged, likewise at its own expense, in reconstructing the boiler house in Krasnoozernoe village Priozersk District Leningrad Region, replacing the existing boilers with those using firewood chips; reconstruction plans also involve a new fuel feeder device and a timber yard.

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T o p @ ~ b ~ e PeCYPCbI PerMOHa, MX KOnMYeCTBO, KaYeCTBO, P a C n O n O X e H M e no TePPMTOPMH, n03BOnRIOT n p M pa3yMHOM

M C ~ O ~ b 3 0 B a H M M CYIQeCTBeHHO CHM3MTb HallPHXeHHOCTb TOnJIMBHOTO 6ana~ca B KOMMYHUI~HO-~~ITOBOM CeKTOpe 6e3 yuep6a A n g A p y r m ~ a n p a ~ n e ~ u f i ~ c n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~ a . OCO~~HHOCTM TOP@IIH~IX p e c y p c o B p e r R o H a 3awr1o~1am~ca B TOM,

B ~ O ~ ~ U I I I H C T B ~ U I y Y a e B ~POM3BOACTBO OAHOrO M3 BMAOB nPOAyKqMM HeB03MOXHO 6e3 BbIIIyCKa K ~ K O ~ O - ~ M ~ O

A p y r O r O . ~ ~ ~ K T M Y ~ c K M B C e r A a CTOMT BOnPOC 0 KOMnneKCHOM MCnOnb30BaHMM TOP@IIH~IX M ~ c T o P o X J @ H M ~ ~ .

B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX TOP@ PaCCMaTpMBaeTCH KaK 6 ~ o n o r ~ ~ 1 e c ~ o e TOnnMBO. n p A 3TOM CneIJMUIMCTbI BCXOAHT A3

C n e A y I o u M X n 0 n O l K e ~ M f i . n e p ~ 0 e - IIpM CXAraHkiM TOP@ IIPOMCXOAMT MMHMMUIbHOe BbIAeneHMe OKMCki CepbI , B

3 H a W i T e n b H O MeHbUIMX KOnMYeCTBaX, YeM HpM CXMraHMM KaMeHHOrO Y r n H M APYrklX BMAOB TBePAbIX TOHnkiB. Bo- BTOPbIX, TOP@ OTHOCMTCH K B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ R ~ M ~ I M MCTOYHMKaM 3HepTMM, T.K. er0 o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ ~ e IIpOAOnXaeTCH M ceh ic . Ecnw CYMTaTb, ZITO ~ e p ~ M K U I b ~ b 1 f i IIpMpOCT CnOH TOP@ COCTaBnHeT 1 MM B r O A ( I I p a K ~ I i Y e c K k i 6 o n b r u e ) , TO H a

TOP@IIH~IX MeCTOPO)1(AeHMBX POCCMH IIPOMCXOfiMT YBenMqeHMe KOnMseCTBa TOP@ IIOpHAKa 250 MnH. TOHH YCIIOBHO~~

40% BnMHOCTM.

non^ TOP@ B T e n n O 3 H e p r e T M K e POCCMM HMYTOXHa, XOTH B KaZIeCTBe KOMMYHUI~HO-~~ITOBO~O TOnnMBa OH H e

Y C T y n a e T no K U I O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H O C T M ApOBaM, 6 y p 0 ~ y ymI-0, CnaHUaM, HM3KOCOPTHOMY KaMeHHOMY YrJIIIH).

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2700 . 4100 j 1460 1 3600 1 . 2100- 2500

.............................................. ................................................................ .................................................................................. ......................................................................... ................................................................ i T e n n o T a ................................................................ ......................................................................... i 4 i i i i i

3400 1 2600 . icropaaun i 4900 i 4400 i 3900 1 .............................................. ........................................................................ : .................. L A L

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l I I

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h 0 n b K ~ H C K O - A ~ M H C K M ~ ~ - -..C i 110,8 --+ i 105 i .- 283 .L- O p p .- -- 1 . . .......... . . . -.- ..-

l Ta3 . . . . . . . . . . . . n p ~ p o n ~ b ~ i i ... l 72,O l 68 1 - .. ..... -- l_-- _ l.--- _ _ _

i 249,7 i 236 i i

M a s y ~ I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . 2 -L.. - J

B 1997 r0,Q' f l e H M ~ r p a ~ C K a R o 6 n a c ~ b 3aKyFIMna CBbIIIJe 453 TbIC. TOHH K a M e H H O r O y r n R H a CYMMY 182,2 MnH.

py6neii. Ha 3 a K y n K y a J I b T e p H a T M B H O r 0 KOnM.leCTBa KyCKOBOrO ~ 0 p @ a n o ~ p e 6 0 ~ a n o c b 6 b 1 95,5 MJIH. py6. K o ~ e w o HpM 3TOM B T O P @ R H Y ~ n P O M b l U l n e H H O C T b - CeKTOp no ~o6b1re K O M M Y H ~ . J I ~ H O - ~ ~ I T O B ~ ~ O T O n n M B a H e 0 6 ~ 0 ~ 1 . 1 ~ 0 B

T e Y e H M e T p e X n e T BnOXMTb 120,6 MnH. py6neii H a P e M O H T A ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ I O ~ B X , PeKOHCTPYKuMK) 3aKOHCePBMPOBaHHbIX

nPOM3BOACTBeHHblX n n ~ q a ~ e f i , n p M 0 6 p e ~ e H M e 060pyf lOBaHMR M 65 MnH. py6. H a P e K O H C T p y K u k i m KOTenbHbIX. Bce 3TM 3 a T p a T b l npaKTMYeCKM OKynMJlMCb 6b1 3a 2,2 r O a a . n p M 3TOM Mbl MMenM 661 ewe OKOJlO 1200 pa6orax MeCT M

COOTBeTCTBymLIJMe OTYMCAeHMR B 6m,qxe~ 0 6 n a c ~ ~ .

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B 3TOM pafio~e, B 1980 roAy, 6b1no BBeneHO B 3KCIIJIyaTaI.WFO KpynHOe M e C T O p O ~ e H N e " & ' ~ o ~ M c K M ~ ~ Mox", Ha K O T O ~ O M , B ~ a c ~ o ~ ~ q e e BpeMH, TOP$ ~ ~ O ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C I I H a nnoLqam Bcero 330 ra (143 8 346 ra).

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ICOMIIJIEKCHOE EiCIIOJIb3OBAHHE JIECHbIX PECYPCOB C I_IEJIbIO IIOJINEHEM TEnJIA EI 3JIEKTP03HEP~I;fEI, ITPAKTEFIECICAS PEAJIH3AL1[EM

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C e ~ e p o - s a n a ~ ~ b r i i p e r u o H Poccuu ( C e ~ e p o - s a n a ~ ~ b r i i @ e ~ e p a n b ~ b r i i o~pyr) , B ~ o ~ o p b ~ f i BXOAHT n e ~ u ~ r p a ~ c ~ a ~ M

A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ a ~ o6nac~w, A o c T a T o w r o 6 o r a ~ n e c H b I M u pecypcami. O p a e ~ ~ c i p o ~ o r ~ o pacrenrarr n e c o c e K a peruor-ra COCTaBnHeT OKOnO 86 MnH. M3/r0A, a @ a K ~ ~ Y e c K & i f i o 6 5 e ~ P Y ~ O K - 30 ... 35 MnH. M ~ I ~ o ~ , n p M BbIXOne nen0~0fi npeBeCkIHb1 A 0 80%. H e c ~ o ~ p a H a H a 6 n K ) ~ a e M o e B IIOCneAHkie rOAbI AOCTaTOriHO c ~ a 6 k i n b ~ o e pa3BHTMe nec~0fi H

neco11epepa6a~b1~a~)ru,eii ~POMbIIIIJIeHHOCTM, KOMWIeKCHOe HClTOnb30BaHHe ApeBeCHHbI ( ~ b I p a u M ~ a H ~ e , 3arOTOBKa M

r I e p e p a 6 0 ~ ~ a ) OpraHki30BaHbI B Poccww HeAOCTaTOYHO ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O . MHOX~CTBO APeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB,

06pa3ym~~xcn npki py6~ax n e C a , H e MCllOnb3YIOTCH H OCTaIOTCH rHkiTb B n e C a x , 3arPH3HHH OKPyXaIOLIQW CpeAy.

~ e n n 1 o n o 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a x ~ a a n p o M b I r u n e H H o c T b ce~epo-3ana~~oro p e r u o H a H e M o x e T n e p e p a 6 o ~ a ~ b BCK) ~ ~ J I ~ H C O B ~ K J

A p e s e c u H y w OTXOA~I n e c o n w n e H m , YTO ~PHBOAMT K POCTY C B ~ O K A p e s e c H b I x OTXOAOB.

Hanpu~ep, AnH A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ o i i 06nac~u npki 0614e~ o 6 % e ~ e 3arOTOBOK ApeBeCMHbI 12 MnH. M3/r0& B JIeCaX

OCTaeTCH ApeBeCHbIX OTXOnOB OT 2,3 A 0 4,8 MnH. m. M 3 / r 0 n (no Pa3HbIM A ~ H H ~ I M ) , a npki ~ e p e p a 6 0 ~ K e ApeBeCMHbl

nOHBnHeTCH cue OT 1,8 A 0 4,4 MnH. nn. M3/r0n npeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB /l/. Ecnu IIpMHXTb CpeAHK)IO B n W H O C T b

ApeBeCHbIX OTXOnOB W = 55%, TO 3 H e p ~ e T ~ Y e ~ K E i f i nOTeHqIG3JI ApeBeCHbIX OTXOflOB (41.. .9,2 MnH. Il.JI. M3/r0n)

COCTaBkIT OT 5,3 A 0 12 MnH. rKaJT/r0& T.e. H3 HkFX MOXHO B ~ I P ~ ~ O T ~ T ~ 4. .. 10 MnH. ~ K U I ~enJI0~0fi 3HeprIIM, T.e.

0 6 e c n e r ~ ~ b OT 25 A 0 50% 0 6 1 4 ~ ~ n o ~ p e 6 ~ 0 c T e f i A p x a ~ r e n b c K o f i o6nac~u B Tel l J le (19,2 MnH. r K d r 0 ~ ) .

A ~ a n o r u r ~ a ~ cwryaqm c n o x u n a c b u B ~pyrwx 0 6 n a c ~ ~ x ce~epo-3ana~~or-o perwoaa.

K p o ~ e 3TOr0 , npPi 3arOTOBKaX M COpTupOBKe nOHBn5IeTCH AOBOnbHO 6 o n b ~ 1 0 e KOnklSeCTBO H ~ T O B ~ ~ H O ~ ~ ApeBeCHHbI,

KOTOpyK) MOXHO HCllOnb30BaTb B KaYeCTBe TOllnkIBa. ) @ ~ o ~ H R T ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M HCTOYHMKOM ApeBeCHOrO TOnnMBa HBnHeTCH

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necax ce~epo-3ana~~o1-o peruoaa, a s a r o ~ o ~ ~ a ee npaKTMsecKw O T c y x T B y e T .

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2. I I e p c n e ~ ~ ~ s a ~ U ~ M ~ H ~ H N R Tonnmaoro 6anaaca saepreTmn ce~ep0-3ana,qaoro pernoaa.

B n p o r u n o M r o A y H a COBMeCTHOM s a c e ~ a ~ 1 4 1 4 HTC PAO < < E X POCCMH>> I/r H a p ~ o r o C o B e T a PAH ki c YYaCTMeM

M k 1 ~ 3 ~ e p r 0 6b1na s b 1 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ a c T p a T e r m pa3sw~~rr ~ o n n ~ ~ ~ o - s ~ e p r e ~ k i S e c ~ o r o K o M n n e K c a Poccwn AO 2015 rona, a c x o A n U a x ~3 pes~oro y A o p o x a H m o p r a H w e c K o r o T o n n m a 121. K 2010 r. T s e p A o e T O ~ H B O A o n x H o n o A o p o x c a T b B

2,6 I I p E i p o ~ H b 1 f i ra3 - B 7,4 STO npkl6nw31.1~ BHYTPHPOCCH~~CKM~ I&HbI H a TOnnUBO K e B p 0 I I e f i c K k i ~ M

MMPOB~IM q e H a M (pwc.1). HCXOAII 143 3~0r-o PAO < < E X Poccam n p e A n o n a r a e T s ~ a s a ~ e n b ~ y ~ o nepec~pofi~y TOIlnI lBHOrO 6ana~ca 3 H e p r e T H K k i 3a CqeT: - ~ O ~ O J I H M T ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ 3 a r p y 3 K I 4 T3C, CXHTaIOUHX Y r O n b ; - MOAePHM3aqHM

r a 3 0 - Y r O n b H b I X T3C H a CXMraHI4e ymx; - M O A e P H H 3 a ~ U N ra30-Ma3YTHbIX T3C H a B ~ I C O K O ~ @ @ ~ K T I I B H ~ I ~ CXeMbI

H TTY; - A O ~ O ~ H E ~ T ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ BBOA M O I I J H O C T ~ ~ ~ H a YrOnbHbIX T3C H T.A. k I3MeHeHkie CTPYKTJ'Pbl TOnJTMBHOrO 6ana~ca K 2015 r O A y ( ~ H c . 2) XOpOUIO HnnIOCTpkIpyeT 3 T 0 . no O u e H K a M CIIeqHWlMCTOB MOAepHM3aqtlR ~ ~ ~ K T ~ o c T ~ H ~ H G , s a n p o e ~ ~ ~ p o s a ~ ~ b ~ x H a yronb, HO s a ~ e ~ n e p e s e A e H H b I x ra3, a T e n e p b moss - H a cxwrame ymH, o K a 3 b I s a e - m B

2,5.. .3 p a a A e r u e s n e A p y r a x BapwaHToB.

C Y I Q ~ C T B Y ~ T MHOXeCTBO ~ ~ ~ H O B I I A H O C T ~ ~ ~ TOnOK CO C B O ~ O A H O 3aileraKIIQMM CnOeM, C H ~ ~ o A B W K H O ~ H ~ O A B M X H O ~

P e U e T K a M M , C PYqHbIM R MeXaHR3MPOBaHHbIM O ~ C ~ ~ X R B ~ H M ~ M . O H M CKOMnOHOBaHbl C PX3JIMqHbIMU B o n ~ r p e k H b l ~ ~

HnM napOBbIMM KOTnaMM UMpOKOrO AManX3OHa MOIQHOCTM, OT HeCKOnbKMX KMnOBaTT A 0 HeCKOnbKHX MeMBa'TT. ~ T M

TOnKR 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 AOCTaTOLIHO HelIPHXOTnMBbI K KaqeCTBy T O n n R B a H K B ~ J I M @ H K ~ u H H 06cnymweam~ero I'IepCOHaAa,

H M e l o T HeBbICOKWe T e n n O B b I e HarPY3KM (KBK npaBMJIO A 0 500 KBTIM~) M HeBbICOKWe 3KOHOMMqeCKHe n O K a 3 a T e n R

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nepex0~ K PbIHOYHbIM OTHOLUeHklRM npklBeJI K 3HaYUTenbHbIM K o J I ~ ~ ~ H U H M TeXHMYeCKMX XapaKTepUCTUK ApeBeCHblX

OTXOflOB, KOTOpbIe IlOAaIOTCR H a C X U r a H U e . BX~XHOCT~ OTXOAOB M O X e T U3MeHRTbCR CKaqKaMM B npenenax W = 30.. .65%, r p a ~ y n 0 ~ e ~ p U r e c ~ k l f i COCTaB - 6,, = 1.. .l00 MM. B 3TUX YCIIOBURX M e H e e Te lVIOHaI IPRXeHHbIe TOllKW CO

C B O ~ O A H O 3NIeraIOLLlUM CnOeM OKa3bIBaIOTCII 6onee HaAeXHbIMkl, 9 e M CKOPOCTHbIe TOnKkI. CTPOUT~ TaKUe TOnKM

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~ B T O M ~ T U ~ H ~ O B ~ H H ~ I M U ) , C K O M ~ O P T H ~ I M U YCIIOBURMU AJIR 0 6 c n y ~ k i ~ a m ~ e r o n e p C O H N I a .

o f l ~ 1 . 1 ~ U3 XOPOLLIUX IIPUMePOB PeLLIeHMR ~ O A O ~ H O ~ 3 a A a r U RBnReTCR n p O e K T L I I B ~ A c K o ~ ~ 3 ~ e p r e ~ U Y e c K 0 6

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8040 TOHH.

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r a 3 o r e ~ e p a ~ o p b 1 .

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T O n n H B a , n p a B A a , C OTHOCkiTeJIbHO H H ~ K O ~ ~ ~ e n J I 0 ~ 0 f i CrOpaHHR - Q: = 4,s.. . l 1 MWHM'. Tex~onorum 3 T O r 0

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n e n n e T 0 K . C p o ~ OKynaeMOCTH M O X e T COCTaBNTb OT 3,5 A 0 5 n e T , B 3aBNCHMOCTH OT T e M n O B POCTa CTOHMOCTH

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3 a n a A H O r O P e r M O H a 6 y ~ e ~ sex BOA) C npON3BOANTenbHOCTbIo OKOnO 20000 T/TOA.

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ceaepo-3ana~~oro p e r H o H a senecoo6pmao opra~a30sa~b C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ ~ O H ~ B O A C T B O a n o c T a a K y n e n n e T o K B

A p y r H e PerHOHbI POCCHH ki B E~pony. TO nOBbICHT p e H ~ a 6 e n b H o c ~ b N K O H K ~ ~ ~ H T H O C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ OCHOBHOrO

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nm6ofi @ O P M ~ I C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T H , WCnOnb3yIOUlNX ~ H O T O ~ ~ H B O ( A P ~ B ~ C H ~ I ~ OTXOA~I) AJM npOM3BOACTBa ~ e n J I 0 ~ 0 f i H

3 n e ~ T p M Y e ~ K 0 f i 3HeprMN. &IH 3 T O r 0 H ~ O ~ X O A H M O p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b lIpaBOByH3 OCHOBY- n 0 n p a B K H K COOTBeTCTByIOIIJNM

3aKOHaM H HpOBeCTH HX %pe3 P e r H O H a n b H b I e n a p n a M e H T b I (HnN AiUKe sepe3 ~ O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H J ~ O A y M y P@).


utilization of wood raw material and p t

O T A ~ J ' I ~ H O C n e A y e T I I O A ~ e p K H J T b COUHaJIbHbIe aCneKTbI <<npoI 'paMMbl MOAepHH3aIJRH KOTeJIbHbIXD LIJIII PerHOHa. Bo- IIepBbIX,- CO3AaHHe HOBbIX pa6orm MeCT I IpH 3aTOTOBKe H nepepa60~~e ApeBeCHOrO T O M B B a ; I I p H r e M CO3AaBaTbCII

OHM 6 y ~ y ~ B MeCTHOCTIIX C B ~ I C O K O ~ ~ CTeIIeHbIO 6e3pa60~~1~b1. Bo-BTOP~IX,- IIOBbIUIeHBe ~ H ~ P T O O ~ ~ C I I ~ W H H O C T B B

KOM@OPT~ HaCeJIeHUII. B-TP~T~HX,- y n y W I I e H B e CpeAbI O ~ ~ ~ T ~ H E I I I , CHE9KeHHe 3aTPII3HeHEIII 0 K p y ~ a K ) U e f i CpeAbI.

U~CT~KOB C.M. H k i 3 ~ 0 T e ~ n e p a T y p H a I I BUXpeBaII TeXHOJIO~HII CXHraHlnn ~ p o 6 n e ~ o r o TOIInMBa B KOTJIaX KaK MeTOn

3 a m U T b I OKpyXaIoIQefi CpeAbI. - A B T O p e 4 e p a T AMCC. H a COHCK. y9. CTeIIeHM A.T.H. - Cl36.: M38-BO CIIGTTY, 1999. - 40 c.

Ycmoii~~usoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Guomonnusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u nO8blUleHUlO KOMnrleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUX c)pe@ec~~bl U mop&

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced cornplex


~ ~ C T ~ K O B C.M., TPMHY~HKO A.A., K0361peB P.C. A ~ a n m ~ ~ J ~ ~ C O O ~ ~ ~ ~ H O C T H nepeBoAa Ma3yTHbIX W YrOnbHbIX KOTenbHbIX Ha CXMlTiHWe ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB // H ~ ~ ' - I H O - I I ~ ~ K T M ~ ~ C K ~ ~ I K O H @ ~ ~ H ~ M X : BHeapeHMe COBpeMeHHbIX T ~ X H O ~ O ~ M ~ ~ 3Hepr0~6epeXCeHM5I B np0MbIUneHHOCTb I? KOMMyHaJIbHOe X O ~ I I ~ T B O . Te3~cb1 AOMaAOB. C~HKT- ne~ep6ypr, 24-26 O K T R ~ P H 2000 r.. - CH6, . - C. 70-76.

T ~ H ~ R K O B B.& Koopdu~amop f lec~of i npozpmmbz ITpedcnzasunzenbcm60 IUCN - B c e ~ u p ~ o z o C0lo3a O~paHbl Jlpupod~ dnx cmpaH CHT

ICHOTCICM~~ IIPOTOICOJI M ~occrnjic~a~ JIECA

c<Bax~ocmb u ~eo6xodwnocmb ucnonb306a~m u no6bzute~m 3 a q u m ~ ~ x q3y~~qui i neca cma~osumcfi O C O ~ ~ H H O s~avumenmoii t-3 Hame epenlrz - s s e ~ yp6a~u3ayuu u u~dycnzpumu3aquu - 6 c6fi3u c H ~ O ~ X O ~ U . V O C ~ ~ K , ynywueHux mezu~e f i cpedbl, o~pyx a lou~e f i ~ e n o s e ~ a , ycrnpaHeHm onamocmu ~ucnopod~ozo zonoda~ux, ~amacmpoq3u~ec~ozo ~ ~ Z P A ~ H ~ H U I E amocq5ep~ozo sosdyxa u sodbza (M C. ~ e n e x o s ' )

& I M T ~ ~ ~ H o ~ BpeMR CYMTi3.JIOCb, YTO HaM60Jlb~1Mfi B m B

npoayucrpoBaHMe 6 ~ o ~ a c c b 1 Ha nnaHeTe M, cneAosaTenbHo, B AmaMMKe yrnepoaa BHOCMT M M P O B O ~ ~ OKeaH ( O K O ~ O 80%). B pe3ynbTaTe BbInOnHeHMH B 1957- 1967 rr. M e w y ~ a p o & ~ o i i 6 u o n o r ~ ~ e c ~ o f i np0rpaMMbI < < ~ W ~ O B ~ K M 6woc@epa>> yCTaHOBneH0 nO9TM llP5IMO npoTmononoxHoe cooTHomeHMe: cyrua, cocrasnmouaH MeHee 30% nOBepXHOCTM 3eMnM nPOM3BOAMT nOYTM 213 ~ W O M ~ C C ~ I . ~

Victor K. Teplyakov, Ph.D. Forest Programme Coordinator IUCN Office for CIS

KYOTO PROTOCOL AND RUSSIAN FOREST

'The importance and necessity of use and increase of preserving forest functions become especially important during our time, during the century of urbanization and industrialization, due to the necessity to improve the environment, which surrounds human beings, and to eliminate the threat of oxygen deficiency, catastrophic pollution of atmosphere and water' (I. S. ~elekhov ' ) .

Lately, the Kyoto Protocol issue gained special attention, which led to special Russian Federation State Duma hearings on 18 June 2001. Unfortunately, yet again, there was no deep discussion about the problems of greenhouse gas absorbers, especially forests

The global value of forest, the basis for the building material of which is carbon dioxide, is known not only to the specialists. Forests have positive effects on all natural levels: atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil, fauna, human beings. Forests form a climate, and their influence extends far beyond the territories where they grow.

Years of research2 showed that the most cost- effective natural phenomenon, which accumulates on long-term basis carbon dioxide from atmosphere, is forest vegetation.

For a long time it was considered that the most input in biomass production on the planet, and consequently in the carbon dynamics, is brought by the World Ocean (around 80%). As the result of carrying out the International Biological Program "Man and the Biosphere" in 1957-1967 almost opposite was established: land, which makes up 30% of the Earth's surface, produces almost 213 of the b i ~ m a s s . ~

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhancrd cornplrx

utilization of wood raw material arzd peat

Y ~ T E K ~ ~ ~ OUeHMBaJI qMCTYlO IIePBWYHYlO IIPOAYKqAlO M

6 ~ o ~ a c c y P ~ C T ~ H M ~ B rnaBHbIX 3KOCMCTeMaX % M ~ M

HOYTM B loo%, OTBOAR OKeaHaM M MOPRM nMUIb 4 M 3 1841 Mnp& TOHH MWPOBOG ~ U O M ~ C C ~ I . PM 3TOM, HOnR neCOB OUeHMBaJIaCb B 1650 MnpA. TOHH, MnM 90%. Cneflye~ Tame OTMeTMTb, YTO MMPOBaR YMCTaII nepBMYHaR IIpOAyKI&IR COCTaBnReT 170 MnPA. TOHH B rO& M 3

KOTOP~IX Ha aonm c y u ~ ~PAXOAMTCII 115 MnpA. TOHH

(68%), a neCOB - 73 MnpA. TOHH (63,5% OT I I ~ O H ~ B O ~ M M O ~ ~

cyrueii a 43% OT M M ~ O B O ~ ) .

whittaker4 during his evaluations gave nearly 100% to pure primary product and plant biomass of the main ecosystems of the Earth, leaving 4 out of 1841 billions tons of the world's biomass to oceans and seas. Thus the forest fraction was evaluated to be 1650 billion tons, or 90%. It is also necessary to note that the global pure primary product makes up to 170 billions tons annually, out of which 115 is land product (68%), and forests 73 billion tons (63.5% out of the land produced and 43% out of global).

The issue

The balance of greenhouse gases, first of all - the contents of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in Rio-de-Janeiro on May 9, 1992 and became effective on 21 March 1994. The quantitative obligations of countries to decrease the let of greenhouse gases were fixed by Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the end of 1997. According to the Protocol, the developed countries by 2008-20 12 have to lower their emissions of greenhouse gases by 5%.

The article 4.2.c of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change states, that "...calculations of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases for the purposes of subparagraph (b) above should take into account the best available scientific knowledge, including of the effective capacity of sinks and the respective contributions of such gases to climate change." In the article 4.1.d of the Convention forests are seen as global absorbent and storage of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide from atmosphere. For reference: carbon dioxide (CO?) is the main greenhouse gas, which causes about 80 % of all green house effect.

According to the specialists, the amount of greenhouse gases emission in 1990 was as follows (see the diagram).



JIeca POCCWR, CocTaBnmaque 6onee 22% mowami necoB Mupa u 6onee 60% 60peanb~b1~ n e c o ~ ~ ~ O J M C H ~ I

IIOJlJMMTb COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I&e OTpaXeHkie B MkIPOBOM neperoBopHoM npoqecce no PKHK H ICMOTCKOM~ HPOTOKOJIY, O C O ~ ~ H H O B OTHOIUeHRki PeTa CTOKOB CO2.

n o OUeHKaM CIIeqUaJ'IUCTOB, P0cckur llPOki3BOAkiT B r0.4 8 - 8,5 MnpA. T KHcnopona, no~pe6narr Ha CBOU HYXA~I

OKOnO 35-4 MnpA. TOHH. P O C C R ~ K H ~ neCa naWT IIpkiMepHO 4,5-6,5 MnpA. T KHCJlOpOAa, eHcer0,QHO HaKaMHBaH 350-450 MnH. T YITIepOAa. n o HeKOTOPbIM oqeHKaM, sanac exeroAHo c ~ x 3 ~ s a e ~ o r o yrnepona B

60peaJlbHb1~ neCHbIX 3KOCkiCTeMaX COCTaBnReT 707 MnH. TOHH, npMYeM Ha AOnlo POCCHH I'IpMXOAkiTCR 75%.8

OGwaii 3allaC YIYIepOaa, CBR3aHHOrO B JIeCHOM @ O H A ~

COCTaBnReT 36-48 MnpA. TOHH. Pa3nkiWie B OqeHKaX O ~ ~ C ~ O B J I ~ H O MeTOAkiKaMU ~ O A C Y ~ T ~ Pi

HeOIIPeneJIeHHOCTbIo ~0rIyue~Hfi OTHOCUTeJIbHO HaKonneHm yrnepona B MopTMacce ki noTepb yrnepoaa 3a CYeT ~ K ~ O T ~ H H O ~ 3MkiCCHR, C B I I ~ ~ H H O ~ C B O ~ A ~ ~ T B H ~ M

necHbIx noxapoB, ~pe~k i~ene i i ki 6one3~eii neca, @ U T O T O K C ~ ~ Y H ~ I X 3a~pR3HeHtlfi ~ T M O C @ ~ ~ ~ I , pa3nOXeHHeM OTXOAOB Apesecmm B nposecce necopa3pa60~0~, A ~ ~ ~ B O O ~ ~ ~ ~ O T K H H Ten.

Russia's potential

Russian forests, which take up 22% of the world's forest territories and more than 60% of the world's boreal forests: have to be accordingly reflected in the global negotiating process on UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, especially concerning CO2 deposition accounting.

According to the specialists, annually Russia produces 8-8.5 billion tons of oxygen, while using around 3.5-4 billion tons for its needs. Russian forests provide around 4.5-6.5 billion tons of oxygen, annually storing 350-450 million tons of carbon. According to some statistics, the storage of annual carbon deposition in boreal forest ecosystems make up 707 million tons, 75% of which is in ~ u s s i a . ~

The total carbon storage in the forest fund is 36-48 billion tons. The difference in estimations is determined by the techniques of calculating and the uncertainty of allowances in relation to the storage of carbon in mortmass and losses of carbon dioxide due to exogenic emission, in relation to effect of forest fires, pests and forest diseases, phyto-toxical air pollution, disintegrating of timber waste during timber processing, woodworking etc.

Thus, it is necessary to scientifically work through the problem of evaluation of the input of different territories and regions into the global carbon circle. For example, according to the calculations of ARICFR specialists, in some regions with small forest territories the net-storage of carbon, even in forests, is negative.

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Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced cotnp1e.r


P O C C M ~ ~ C K H ~ 3KCnepTbI HeOAHOKPaTHO BbICKa3bIBUIH

MHeHMe A 0 M nOCne KMOTO 0 TOM, YTO C T ~ T ~ R 3.3. & ~ O T C K O ~ O IlpOTOKOna CTaBHT Pocc~IO B HeBbIrOAHOe nOnOXeHki€?., B CBH3M C IIPPiHRTMeM l990 B KaseCTBe b b 6 a 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ r 0 ro~a". TO c ~ m a ~ o , B nepsym orepeab, c m 0 6 U I b ~ b 1 ~ BnMflHMeM ~ O C C M ~ ~ C K M X neCOB Ha coAepxaHae KacnopoAa B a ~ ~ o c a e p e , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ , KaK H ~ B ~ C T H O , n o ~ p e 6 n ~ e ~ c ~ npa c x a r a s m Bcex BMAOB

ucKonaeMoro Tonnma - yms, rma, H ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ O A ~ K T O B , a Tame ApeBeCMHbI M ee npOM3BOAHbIX. C ~ ~ ~ ~ B O Y H O : npM CXklTaHMII 1 TOHHbI YCnOBHOrO TOnnkiBa B ~ T M O C ~ ~ ~ Y

B ~ I ~ ~ ~ C ~ I B ~ ~ T C R 2,76 TOHHbI CO2 H I I o T ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ T c H 2,3 T O H H ~ I Kacnopona, Anrr npMpoAHoro rma, COOTBeTCTBeHHO - 1,62 M 2,35 TOHH.

JTecononbsosatlue. A O ~ I ~ C T M M ~ I ~ ~ pamep p y 6 ~ ~ B necax Poccau c Hasana 1960-X AO l990 r. cocTasnm qm 6onee 600 MnH. ra B roA, a B 2000 r. - 550 MnH. ra. < D ~ K T B ~ ~ c K M ~ ~ 0 6 b e ~ p y 6 ~ ~ 1 C HaYUa 1960-X A 0 1990 r. BapbMpOBUI OT 330 A 0 285 MnH. ~ y 6 . M B rOA, C

T ~ H A ~ H U H ~ ~ ~ K CHWeHMIO. n o c n e ~ ~ k i e 10 neT ~ a 6 n m ~ a e ~ c r r peslcoe naAeHMe O ~ ~ ~ M O B nec03ar-OTOBOK C

285 AO 95-117 MnH. ~ y 6 . M B ron, T.e. B 3 pma. < D ~ K T M Y ~ C K M MCllOnb3yeTCH TOnbKO 23% OT P ~ C ~ ~ T H O ~

neCOCeKM (BO~MO XHO~O 061be~a 3aTOTOBKI.1 A P ~ B ~ C I I H ~ I ) .

l l a ~ e ~ ~ e o 6 a e ~ a n e c o 3 a r o ~ o ~ o ~ npmeno K yMeHbureHMm nnOuaAM B ~ I P Y ~ O K . B HeKOTOPbIX PerMOHaX OCTaJIMCb OYeHb He3HaqMTenbHble nnOL&lnM TaK Ha3blBaeMOrO necoKynbrypHoro ~ O H A ~ , XOTR B UenoM no cTpaHe OH

AOCTaTOYHO BenMK - OKOnO 90 MnH. ra. J I e c o ~ o c c ~ a ~ o ~ n e ~ u e M n e c o p a 3 s e ~ e ~ ~ e B OTAenbHbIx opraHax ynpaBneHurr necaMM Ha.tanM ~ ~ O B O A M I - b yxe He Ha B ~ I ~ Y ~ K ~ X , a no H ~ Y A O ~ H ~ I M 3eMnRM, HOA nOJlOrOM eCTeCTBeHHbIX PeAMH M T.A.

What stops Russia from implementing its forest potential

Russian experts have voiced their opinions several times, before and after Kyoto, about the fact that Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol puts Russia into an unprofitable situation due to 1990 being adopted as a basis year. First of all it is related to the global impact of Russian forests on the oxygen contents in the atmosphere, which, as it is known, is absorbed during burning of all types of fossil fuels - coal, gas, petroleum, as well as timber and its derivatives. For the reference: while burning 1 ton of conventional fuel, the atmosphere receives 2,76 tons of CO2 and 2.3 tons of oxygen is absorbed, for natural gas, accordingly - 1,62 and 2,35 ton.

The intensity of carbon deposition by forests correlates with the forest use characteristics (deforestation), reforestation, afforestation, forest fire control and other factors.

Forest use. The allowable annual cut (AAC) of forests in Russia from beginning of 1960's until 1990 was a little bit over 600 million ha, and 550 million hectares in 2000. Actual volume of forest removal from the beginning of 1960's until 1990 varied from 330 to 285 million cubic meters annually, with a tendency to decrease. During the last decade there is a dramatic decrease of timber harvesting volumes from 285 to 95-1 17 million cubic meters a year, i.e. by 3 times. Only 23% of AAC is actually being used.

The decrease of timber harvesting volumes itself does not essentially influence carbon emission, though it has influenced economical and social spheres in the country (decrease of commodity timber and products from it, reduction of jobs etc.) Increasing the volume of timber harvesting in the frames of AAC and replacement of mature and overmature forests with young forest will lead to carbon emission during the first stage and intensive absorption due to big timber volume increment in young plantations.

The decrease of timber harvesting led to reduction of clear-cut areas. In some regions there are small areas of so-called forest restoration fund left, though overall in the country it is fairly big, around 90 million ha.

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Sustainable development and b io jk l use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol irnplernentation and enhanced complex


J I e ~ o 6 o ~ ~ m a ~ o e n e ~ ~ e . J l e c ~ ~ ~ c c ~ a ~ ~ ~ n e ~ u e HsnxeTcR C O C T ~ B H O ~ ~ WiCTbIo ~ O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ CTpaTeraH Poccwfic~ofi @eAepaqaa no oxpaHe o~pyxamuefi cpeAbI. B TeseHue 1970-1990 rr. exeroAHo B POCCMM necoBoccTaHoBneHue OcywecTBnxnocb Ha mowaAu 1.7 - 1.9 MnH. ra. C naAeHueM O ~ W M O B ~ ~ C O ~ ~ ~ O T O B O K , YMeHbIIIHnEiCb Pi nnOuaAM neCOBOCCTaHOBJIeHkIH - A 0 1.1 - 1.4 MnH. reKTapOB. I70 AaHHbIM rOCYAaPCTBeHHOr0 YYeTa neCHOr0 $0HAa, He nOKpbITbIe nec~0fi PaCTMTWIbHOCTbH) 3eMnkI 3aHHMaWT B POCCEIEI 104,4 MnH. ra, KOTOPbIe npeHMyueCTBeHH0 PaClIOJIOXeHbI TPYAHOAOCTJ4IHbIX Pi

MZUIOOCBOeHHbIX pafio~ax &UIb~er0 BOCTOK~ (6onee 50%), BOCTOSHO~~ Ca6upa (39%) u 3 a n a ~ ~ o f i Cu6apa ( O K O ~ O 5%). T ~ K ~ I M O ~ P ~ O M , Ha e~p~nefi~K~-ypa.JIb~~Eifi P ~ ~ O H , rAe BeAyTCH OCHOBHbIe neC03aTOTOBKki I4

npOXMBaeT 415 HaCeneHkIR CTpaHbI, IIPHXOAkITCH OKOnO 6% HelIOKpbITbIX neCOM 3eMenb.

@e~epanb~ofi qene~ofi n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i "Jleca Poccau" Ha 1997-2000 lT. llpeAyCMaTpllBa.JIOCb llpOBeCTH necoBoccTaHosneHue Ha nnouaAH 4.6 MnH. ra, B TOM

YHCne IIOCeBOM kI ~ O C ~ A K O ~ JIeCa - 1.3 MnH. ra H IIyTeM C O A ~ ~ ~ C T B H I I eCTeCTBeHHOMY B O ~ O ~ H O B J I ~ H H C I K ) - 3.3 MnH. ra.

T ~ K M M 06pa30~, B POCCHH HMeeTCH O ~ P O M H ~ I ~ ~

noTeHuMan yBenaYeHm nnouana nec~brx ~ a c m ~ e ~ ~ f i KaK B M H O ~ O ~ ~ C H O ~ ~ 30He nyTeM neCOB0CCTaHOBneHMR H

C O A ~ ~ C T B M X eCTeCTBeHHOMy ~ ~ C O B O ~ ~ ~ H O B ~ ~ H M ~ O , TaK r? B

~anonec~o f i 3 o ~ e nyTeM ~ ~ U M T H O ~ O n e c o p a 3 ~ e ~ e ~ a ~ . Jleca, nocaxembre nocne 1990 rona, yxe MOXHO

PaCCMaTpMBaTb KaK BKnaA POCCMM B YBenMqeHMe CTOKa yrnepoaa B paMKax K ~ ~ O T C K O ~ O npoToKona.

Reforestation. Reforestation is a constituent of the state policy of Russian Federation on environmental protection. During 1970- 1990 annually in Russia reforestation was carried out on the area of 1.7 - 1.9 million ha. Due to decrease of forest harvesting volumes, the area of reforestation has also dropped to 1.1-1.4 million ha. According to the data of the State Forest Fund Account, in Russia non-forest lands comprise 104.4 million ha, most of which are located in hard-to-reach and underdeveloped regions of Far East (more than 50%), East Siberia (39%) and West Siberia (around 5%). Thus, in the European-Ural region non-forested lands make up 6% of the territory, while most of forest harvesting and 415 of the country's population are located there.

The Federal Target Program "Forests of Russia" for years 1997-2000 planned to conduct forest restoration on the area 4.6 million ha, 1.3 million ha of forest planting and 3.3 million ha - support of natural forest regeneration.

Afforestation. According to the specialists, in some regions of Russia, which are scarce of forests, net storage of carbon is negative. Only immense planting of new forests and forest bands will fix the situation. According to scientifically justified standards for farmland protection against droughts, water and wind erosion 14 million ha of forest plantation is required. Only 3.1 million ha is available. According to the Federal Complex Program "Increase of Soil Fertility" in 1997-2000 it was planned to create forest plantations on the area of about 700 thousand hectares. In 2000 within the framework of the program new forests are planted on the area of 25,2 thousand hectares.

Thus, in Russia there is a huge potential to increase forest plantation areas in a heavily forested zone by reforestation and support of natural forest regeneration as well as in scarcely forested zone by afforestation. Forests planted after 1990, can already be considered as a Russian contribution to carbon storage increase in the framework of Kyoto Protocol.



O x p a ~ a necos om n o ~ a p o s . TO HM YTO m o e KaK oxpaHa norno~a~enef i napHaKosbIx ra3oB. B ~ ~ C C M ~ T ~ H B ~ ~ M O ~ npo6ne~e A ~ H H ~ I G KOMnOHeHT OYeHb cneqw+wre~ nnrr Poccm. C o x p a ~ e ~ ~ l e OT O ~ H F I 5 ra necoB no 3aTpaTaM npMMepH0 COOTBeTCTByeT 1 ra llOCaXeHHOr0 JIeCa. K O C B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ KT KT HeM3MePMMO BbIUIe, TaK KaK 3HaYMTenbHO YMeHbUaeTCFI o 6 a e ~ ~ M E I C C M ~ ~ OT IlOXapOB B

a ~ ~ o c + e p y , coxpameTccI npo~yqapywuk~fi nec, csa3b1sa1o~aii yrnepoa M coxpa~amqaii oKpyxamqym cpeny. l l r o u a ~ b , n p o f i ~ e ~ ~ a c ~ noxapam, cocTasn2eT B

cpeAHeM no P o c c a ~ oKono 400-700 T ~ I C . ra B roA, a B

OTAenbHbIe rOAbI A 0 2 M 6onee MnH. reKTapOB. B POCCHH B

TOM M J W MHOM BMAe BCerAa Cy~eCTBOBaJIa rocyAapcmeHHa2 nporpaMMa no oxpaHe necoB OT

noxapoB, HO M oHa He AaeT HcenaeMbIx pe3ynb~am~ e3-3a CKyAHOrO G I O A X ~ T H O ~ O ~ M H ~ H c M ~ o B ~ H M I I . B 2000 r. B03HMKn0 l 8 TbIC. JIeCHbIX IIOXapOB, YTO B 1,5 pa3a MeHbUe, %M B l999 r., H 0 nJIOuaAb, ~ P O ~ ~ A ~ H H ~ R MMM, yseneranacb B 1,8 pa3a M cocTasma oKono 2 MnH.ra. ~ O M M M O npIIMOr0 yuep6a, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ OI&3HMBaeTCFI nOgTki B 4 MnpA. py6., CyueCTByeT M K O C B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ yuep6, HaMHOrO llpeBb1~IIaIoIIJMfi ~ P I I M O ~ ~ .

Yqem necrctim pecypcos u necoycmpoccmso. Eonbmae CnOpbI BbI3bIBaeT npo6ne~a MeTOAHKM YYeTa HaKOIUIeHMR YrnepOAa DeCHbIMM HaCaXAeHMFIMM. C rUkiPOKMM MCnOnb3OBaHMeM ~ ~ C - T ~ X H O J I O ~ M ~ ~ B neCHOM X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~

llOXBnFIeTCX B03MOXHOCTb HaYaTb aKTABHbIe pa60~b1 H 0

onpeneneHaIo yrneponHoro nyna npM necoyc~poiic~se OTAenbHbIX JTeCHMqeCTB M neCX030B7 B TOM YMCne M no O C H O B H ~ I M necoo6pa3ymuw~ n o p o ~ a ~ . Ha PerMOHlUIbHOM YpOBHe 0 6 0 6 u e ~ ~ a MOXHO 6 y a e ~ IlPOBOAMTb npM YYeTe neCHOr0 ~ O H A ~ , B COOTBeTCTBMM C

HaqUOHlUIbHbIMM KPUT~PURMI~ M MHAMKaTOPaMM yc~o j i ru~o ro ynpaBneHm necami ( K P I I T ~ P M ~ ~ 4, MHAMKaTOP 4.7). CYU~CTBYIOT M APYrMe MHCTPYMeHTbl, no3~onrrlou~e c HeKoTopblM n p ~ 6 n ~ m e ~ ~ e ~ exeronHo onpe~enmb CKOPOCT~ HaKonneHm yrnepoaa necHbIMM 3KOCMCTeMaMM.

Forest fire control. Forest protection from fires is nothing else than protection of greenhouse gases absorbers. Given component is very specific to Russia. Costs to protect 5 ha of forests from fire approximately equals to 1 ha of a newly planted forest. The indirect effect is greater, due to better protection volume of emissions from fires into atmosphere considerably decreases, and the producing forest, which fixes carbon and protects the environment, is saved. On the average, the areas passed by fires in Russia make up 400-700 thousand ha per year, during some years they can make up to 2 and more million ha. In Russia in some or another way a state program on forest fire protection has always been present, but it also does not give the desirable results due to small financing from state budget. In 2000 there were 18 thousands forest fires, which is 1.5 times less than in 1999, but the area, passed by fires, increased by 1.8 times and has reached 2 million ha. Apart from direct damage, which is estimated to be almost 4 billion rubles, there is also an indirect damage, which is greater than the direct one.

The forest resources inventory and forest management planning. The issue on the technique of registration of carbon storage by forest ecosystems causes large disputes. With broad use of GIS-technologies in forestry there is a possibility to begin activities on defining carbon pool during forest management planning for separate forest management units and districts, including the main forest species. On the regional level it will be possible to conduct overviews along with the state forest fund accounting, with respect to the national Criteria and Indicators on Sustainable Forest Management (criteria 4, indicator 4.7). There are also other tools, which allow estimating the annual speed of carbon storage by forest ecosystems.

Financing. Lack of budgetary funding for carrying out activities, which are planned by state and federal programs, as well as small attractiveness of investments into the forest sector induces Russia to use Kyoto Protocol to fill up the financial resources to carry out activities such as forest fire protection, reforestation and afforestation. There are some examples of investments into forestry: Russian- American project RUSAFOR in Saratov oblast, the project on support of natural regeneration in the Vologda area and others. One of such projects is "Forest", carried out in a number of Subjects of

Ycmokvueoe pa3sumue u ucnonb306a~ue Guomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u t'l06blUleHUK) KOMrlJleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHU dpe6eCu~bl U mopqba



Russian Federation in Siberia and the Far East, financially supported by the US Agency of International Development (20 million US dollars for 5-6 years).

Ways to solve the problems

Besides decreasing the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, consistently move towards including all Russian forests while calculating the balance of greenhouse gases, including carbon and its storage by the forest ecosystems;

Include the issue on oxygen consumption in the discussion, regarding oxygen as one of the parameters in trading quotas on greenhouse gas emissions;

In the mechanism of joint implementation under the Kyoto Protocol, put an extra stress on forests;

Increase the use volume in mature and overmature forests, thus increasing the speed of carbon storage at the account of intensive growth of young plantations. However, it is necessary to note that timber harvesting is qualified by the Protocol as carbon emission;

Enhance reforestation and afforestation.

Decrease the losses from forest fires, which cause big volumes of burning products to be released into the atmosphere on top of direct losses of timber and lowering the biodiversity in the region.

Make necessary investments into forest genetics and selection to design fast growing forest plantations in correspondence with the climate conditions in Russia.

What will give a solution of the problem for Russia

A more fair solution of the "emission-storage" problem of carbon;

Increase in the speed of carbon deposition and oxygen release by forest ecosystems at the expense of replacement mature and overmature forests with young forests;

Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Guomomusa - nymb Kpeantuayuu Kuomc~ozo npomoKona u nOBblU(eHUl0 KOMWleKCHOC??lU UCnOJlb306UHW3 i)pe@ecu~bt U ??lop&.l



New investment projects in the forest sector within the framework of joint projects implementation, in particular, in the area reforestation, afforestation, forest fire protection, deeper timber processing, forest genetics and selection;

Preserve and increase not only potential of Russia's nature at the expense of renewed resources, but also the number on jobs, improve the social atmosphere in many regions of Russia;

In conclusion, it is necessary to note that in the historical perspective forests should be viewed as the main global carbon storage. From this perspective, first of all it is necessary to evaluate the role of Russian forests and their input into the global carbon and oxygen cycles. In relation to this, provision of sustainable management, exploitation, conservation, protection and restoration of forest resources in Russia are not only National, but also a global goal.

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r ~ ~ p a s n ~ s e c ~ o e con POTIlBneHkIe KOTJIa, Mlla, He 6onee

Macca KOT.JIa P a c s e ~ ~ a ~ , Kr

Basic parameters

Rated heating capacity, MW

Inlet design pressure, Mpa

Inlet water temperature, "C

Outlet water temperature, "C

Hydraulic resistance MPa, no less

Boiler water consumption under basic condition,t/h

Efficiency (gross), coal-fired,%, no less

Design mass of unit, kg

Overall dimensions: width,& depth,& height,mm

12000/48001 15000 1600011 15201 17470

BTKC-2,7129 BTKC-2,7158 Furnace device

@NJIOHOB A.@., I I p o ~ o @ m e ~ H.H.

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Endnotes

l Menexo~ M.C. 3 ~ a u e ~ k i e ki kicnonbsosa~kie neca IMelekhov, I.S. (1977) The Role and the Use of KaK c o c ~ a ~ ~ o f i sacTki o~pyxamuei i cpeAbI. M.: 1977, Forest as Integral Part of Environment. Moscow, p.7 c.7. (in Russian)

2 Aaxo P. OCHOB~I 3 ~ 0 n o r ~ k i . Hep. c 4 p a ~ q . - M.: IIporpecc, 1975. Ykine~ep P. C O O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ a ~ K O C H C T ~ M ~ I . COKP. nep. c awn.- MXIporpecc, 1980 Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983). Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems // Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science Div. Public. No. ORNL-5862 O ~ ~ H K M 3KOJIOrki9eCKEIX ki COqMaJIbHO- 3KOHOMWIeCKMX lI0~JIe~~TBkifi ki3MeHeHMII MkiMaTa. M e x n p a s u ~ e n b c ~ s e ~ ~ a ~ rpynna sKcnepToB no ki3MeHeHMm MHMaTa. Aowra~ Pa6orefi rpynnbI 11 MT3HK. - Cll6.: rkiJQ30MeTe0ki3~aT, 1992 (H3~aHkie Ha aHm. I I ~ ~ I K ~ - a m ~ b l990 r.). Pef i~epc H.H. H p u p o ~ o n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~ e : Cnosapb- CnpaBOqHkiK. - M.: Mb~cnb, 1990. H c a e ~ A.C., K o p o ~ u ~ T.H., Cyxkix BM. a ~ p . 3~0norkisec~kie npo6ne~br nornoweam yr.JIeKkiCJIOr0 ra3a IIOCpeACTBOM JIeCOBOCCTaHOBneHUH ki JIeCOPa3BeAeHHX B POCCUM: A~aJIkiT~~ecKkifi 0630~. - M.: & H T ~ ~ K O J I O ~ H Y ~ C K O ~ ~ nO.JIkiTMKki, 1995. CTaAHkiqKkifi r.B., POAMOHOB A.H. 3~0JI0rki.r~: Yre6. noco6ue Ans BYSOB. - Cll6: XHMUII, 1995. Jerma Catrinus J. and Mohan Munasinghe (1998). Climate Change Policy: Facts, Issues and Analyses. -

Cambridge Univ. Press

2 Dajoz R. (1975) Precis D'Ecologie. Translation from French. - Moscow, Progress. (in Russian). Whittaker R.H. (1980) Communities and Ecosystems. Translation from English - Moscow, Progress (in Russian). Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983). Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems l/ Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science Div. Public. No. ORNL-5862. An Estimation of Ecological and socio-economical sequences of climate change. Intergovernmental Group on Potential Impacts on Climate Change (1990) Report from the Working Group I1 to IPCC. WMO-UNEP. Reimers, N.F. (1990) Nature Management: Glossary. - Moscow, Mysl (in Russian). Isaev, A.S., G.N.Korovin, V.I.Sukhikh et al. (1995) Ecological problems of carbon sequestration by reforestation and afforestation in Russia: Analytical Overview. - Moscow, Center for Ecological Policy (in Russian). Stadnitsky G.V. and A.I.Rodionov (1995) Ecology. Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg (in Russian). Carbon Storage in Forests and Peatlands of Russia (1996) USDA Forest Service, NE Research Station (GTR NE-244) and V.N.Sukac hev Insi ti tute of Forests, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. Jerma Catrinus J. and Mohan Munasinghe (1998). Climate Change Policy: Facts, Issues and Analyses. - Cambridge Univ. Press

3 . l h c a p e a ~ o A.H. npo6ne~br necosocc-raaosneam 3Pisarenk0, A.I. (1994) Problems of Reforestation due B CBI13M C B03MOXHOCTbKl ~ o ~ ~ J I ~ H o T o M3MeHeHMII to Global Climate Change // Abstracts of the Third KnMMaTa l/ Te3kicb1 AoKnanoB Ha I11 Bcepocc~fic~ofi All-Russian Conference "Forest Ecosystems a a y ~ . - ~ e x a . ~ o a 4 e p . " O x p a ~ a necablx ~ K O C M C T ~ M U Protection and Proper Use on Natural Resources pa~UOHa.JIbHOe MCnOnb30BaHMe npkfpo,q~b~x (Mytishchi 18-19 October 1994). Volume1 (in pecypco~" ( M ~ I T M ~ M , 18-19.10.1994). T. Russian)

4 . c ~ . Y ~ m e ~ e p P. 4 See Whittaker

5 CM. Olson, J.S., J.A.Watts and L.J. Allison 5 See Olson et a1

6 CM. Mcae~ A.C., Kopos~ia r.H., C y x ~ x B.M. U np. 6 See Isaev et al.

Ycmo6wsoe pmmmue u ucnonb30saxue 6uomonnusa - nymb K peanrnayuu Kuornc~ozo npornoicona u ~ O ~ ~ Z I U ~ H U I O KomnneKcHocmu ucnonb3osa~wr dpesecu~bl u rnop#a

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol impleme'ntation and enhanced complex


7 State of the World's Forests (1997) FAO of the 7 State of the World's Forests (1997) FAO of the United Nations United Nations

8 Poccm. JIec~ax nonmma B nepexo~~brji nepllon. 8 Russia: Forest Policy During Transition (1997) The Peruo~anb~bre MccnenosaHm BC~MHPHO~O 6 a ~ ~ a . - International Bank for Reconstruction and B~.IMHIToH, ~ I J O H ~ 1997 Development/The World Bank, Washington, D. C.

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9211169194 Kyoto Protocol