Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and...

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 32

1. Lesson 32 Vocabulary2. The Defective Verb Inquam

3. The Verb Possum4. Infinitives: Forms and Translations

5. Infinitives: Types/Usesa) Complementary

b) Subjectivec) Objective

Lesson 32 Vocabulary

absum, abesse, āfuī, āfūtūrus

to be absent, be distant, be away

adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfūtūrus

to be present, be near

contineō, continēre, continuī, contentus

to hold together, restrain, bound

dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitus

to leave off, stop

dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus

to doubt; hesitate

gaudium, gaudī, n.

joy, gladness

inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt(defective)

to say

iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus

to order, bid

officium, officī, n.

duty

possum, posse, potuī, -----

to be able, can

praemium, praemī, n.

reward

praesidium, praesidī, n.

guard, garrison

sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus

to hold up, hold in check, withstand

tergum, tergī, n.

back

The Defective Verb Inquam

The Verb Inquam• inquam (“to say”) is defective, and only has five

commonly used forms:• Present Tense:

– 1st SG: inquam – I say– 2nd SG: inquis – you say– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it says– 3rd PL: inquiunt – they say

• Perfect Tense:– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it said

• N.B.: 3rd SG pres. & perf. are the same in form; use context to help you determine which is being used

The Verb Inquam• inquam is only used to introduce direct quotations

• it plays the part of quotation marks, since the Romans had little punctuation

• inquam never comes before the quotation; it comes after the first word or phrase and is followed by the rest of the quotation

The Verb Possum

The Verb Possum

• Possum, Posse, Potuī, ––– is a compound of the word potis (“able”) and sum, esse, fuī (“to be”)

• Like sum, esse, possum only exists in the active voice

• The verb possum cannot stand alone in a sentence/phrase and make sense; it needs an infinitiveto complete its meaning (more on this later…)

The Verb Possum – Forming

• The present system has the stem pot– to which the present system forms of sum, esse are added– Pres. Tense: pot– + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

• before forms of sum that begin with “s,” pot– becomes pos–– Impf. Tense: pot– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erānt– Fut. Tense: pot– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

• The perfect system is formed regularly:

– Perf. Tense: potu– + ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt– Plupf. Tense: potu– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant– Fut. Pf. Tense: potu– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are

able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are

able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can possunt they are

able/can

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were

able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were

able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could poterant they were

able/could

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd

3rd

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be

able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be

able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able poterunt they will

be able

The Verb Possum – Perfect Tense• Possum has the following perfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potuī I was/have been able potuimus

we were/havebeen able

2nd potuistīyou

were/have been able

potuistisyou

were/have been able

3rd potuith/s/i

was/has been able

potuēruntthey

were/have been able

The Verb Possum – Pluperfect Tense• Possum has the following pluperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potueram I had been able potuerāmus we had

been able

2nd potuerās you had been able potuerātis you had

been able

3rd potuerat h/s/i had been able potuerant they had

been able

The Verb Possum – Future Perfect Tense• Possum has the following future perfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potuerō I shall have been able potuerimus

we shallhave

been able

2nd potuerisyou will

have been able

potueritisyou will

have been able

3rd potuerith/s/i will

have been able

potuerintthey will

have been able

Cavēte!• be careful not to confuse forms of possum with perfect

system forms of ponō, ponere, posuī, positus, e.g.:

– posuit vs. potuit

– potuerāmus vs. posuerāmus

• be careful not to confuse the various tenses of possum, e.g.:

– poterat vs. potuerat

– poterō vs. potuerō

Infinitives: Forms & Translations

Infinitives: Basics• infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated

using “to ____” in English

• verbal qualities: tense & voice– present active & passive– perfect active & passive– future active (& passive)

• noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case– gender: neuter– number: singular– case: nom. or acc.

Present Infinitives• Present Active Infinitive:

– Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re)– Translation: to _______

• Present Passive Infinitive:– Form:

• For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī• laudāre à laudārī / tenēre à tenērī / audīre à audīrī• For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī• ducere à ducī / capere à capī

– Translation: to be ______ed

Perfect Infinitives• Perfect Active Infinitive:

– Form: perf. stem + –isse• laudāre à laudāvisse• capere à cēpisse

– Translation: to have _______ed• Perfect Passive Infinitive:

– Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of infin. – this will be in the accusative case]• laudāre à laudātum, -am, -um esse• capere à captum, -am, -um esse

– Translation: to have been ______ed

Future Infinitives• Future Active Infinitive:

– Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrum, -am, -um + esse[participle form must agree w/ subj. of infin.]• laudāre à laudātūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse• capere à captūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse

– Translation: to be about to _______• Future Passive Infinitive:

– Form: neut. sg. acc. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī• laudāre à laudātum īrī• capere à captum īrī

– Translation: to be about to be ______ed– **This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to

form and translate it

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateForm all infinitives & provide translations for the

following verbs:

• ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place

• terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten

• pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight

• cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire

• impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateActive Passive

Present

Perfect

Future

ponō, ponere, posuī, positusActive Passive

Presentponere

--to place

ponī--

to be placed

Perfectposuisse

--to have placed

positum, -am, -um esse

--to have been placed

Futurepositūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to place

positum īrī--

to be about to be placed

terreō, terrēre, terruī, territusActive Passive

Presentterrēre

--to frighten

terrērī--

to be frightened

Perfectterruisse

--to have frightened

territum, -am, -um esse

--to have been

frightened

Futureterritūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to frighten

territum īrī--

to be about to be frightened

pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātusActive Passive

Presentpugnāre

--to fight

pugnārī--

to be fought

Perfectpugnāvisse

--to have fought

pugnātum, -am, -um esse

--to have been fought

Futurepugnātūrum, -a, -um esse

--to be about to fight

pugnātum īrī--

to be about to be fought

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītusActive Passive

Presentcupere

--to desire

cupī--

to be desired

Perfectcupīvisse

--to have desired

cupītum, -am, -um esse--

to have been desired

Futurecupītūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to desire

cupītum īrī--

to be about to be desired

impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītusActive Passive

Presentimpedīre

--to hinder

impedīrī--

to be hindered

Perfectimpedīvisse

--to have hindered

impedītus, -a, -um esse--

to have been hindered

Futureimpeditūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to hinder

impedītum īrī--

to be about to be hindered

Infinitives: Types/Uses

Infinitives: Types/Uses

• There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive:– complementary– subjective– objective– indirect statement– historical

• we will cover complementary, subjective, and objective in this chapter and will return to indirect statement later

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs cannot stand alone and make sense, and thus require an infinitive to fill out their meaning

• these infinitives are called complementary infinitives(<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs that take complementary infins.:

– possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can

– dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”)

– constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (notwhen it means “to establish” or “to set up”)

– dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus: to hesitate (not when it means “to doubt”)

– videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem (= passive of videō, vidēre)

Complementary Infinitivese.g.:

• Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit.

• The consul decided to make good laws.

• Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat.

• The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house.

• Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet.

• Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.

Subjective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence

• these are called subjective infinitives

• subjective infinitives commonly accompany:

– 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)

– impersonal verbs

• these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject

• they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”

Subjective Infinitives – Examples

• Errāre est hūmānum.

• To err is human.

• Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam?

• Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?

• Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.

• Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.

Common Impersonal Verbs

• impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which:

• decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits

• iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing

• licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed

• necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary

• oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must

• opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need

Objective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence

• these are called objective infinitives

• an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative:

– Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere.

– The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse.

– the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase

– think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)

Objective Infinitives

• the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative:

– cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel

– iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.)

– prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent

– sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow

– vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid

Objective Infinitives – Examples

• Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat.

• Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp.

• Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit.

• The consul compelled the senators to make good laws.

• Amō ambulāre et currere.

• I love to walk and (to) run.

• Tē natāre docēbō.

• I shall teach you to swim.