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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 41
1. Lesson 41 Vocabulary2. Participles – Basics, Forms, Translations
a) Present Activeb) Perfect Passivec) Future Active
3. Participial Phrases
Lesson 41 Vocabulary
addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus
to lead to; influence
(< ad + dūcō, dūcere)
circumveniō, circumvenīre, circumvēnī, circumventus
to surround, come around
(< circum + veniō, venīre)
commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtus
to move thoroughly, upset, alarm
(< cum + moveō, movēre)
compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus
to fill up, complete
cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī, cōnspectus
to look at attentively, observe closely
dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus
to fail; revolt, desert; be lacking
dīmittō, dimittere, dīmīsī, dīmissus
to let go away, send away, dismiss
(< dē + mittō, mittere)
ēnūntiō, ēnūntiāre, ēnūntiāvī, ēnūntiātus
to report, announce
(< ē + nūntiō, nūntiāre)
expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositus
to set forth, explain
(< ex + pōnō, pōnere)
incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātus
to stir up, arouse
intermittō, intermittere, intermīsī, intermissus
to stop, pause; interrupt; lose (time)
(< inter + mittō, mittere)
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus
to cut down, kill
opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, oppressus
to crush, overpower
trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductusto lead across
Participles
Participles
• participles are verbal adjectives– Verbal Qualities: tense and voice, can take direct objects– Adjective Qualities: have gender, number, and case; modify
nouns or act as substantives
• there are three participles* in Latin:– present active– perfect passive– future active
*There is also a future passive participle, but this is used differently than the other types and will be taught later.
Present Active Participles
PreseNT Active Participles
• PreseNT active participles can be recognized by the ending –ns in the nom. sg. and the infix –nt– in all other forms
• Forms:– 1st & 2nd Conj.: pres. stem + –ns, –ntis– 3rd, 3rd io, & 4th Conj.: pres. stem + –ēns, –entis– decline like 3rd decl. adjectives, but have –e (NOT –ī) in abl. sg.
• Translations:– _________ing (stick with this one)– while _________ing
PreseNT Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the pres. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear
PreseNT Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the pres. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing, while announcing
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habēns, habentis: having, while having
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading, while leading
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– capiēns, capientis: seizing, while seizing
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audiēns, audientis: hearing, while hearing
PreseNT Active Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using pres. act. ppls.
• the announcing messenger (nūntius, -ī, m.)– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing
• the leading lady (fēmina, -ae, f.)– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading
PreseNT Active Participles – Declining Practice
• the announcing messenger (nūntius, -ī, m.)– nūntiāns, nūntiantis: announcing
SG PLNom. nūntius nūntiāns nūntiī nūntiantēs
Gen. nūntī nūntiantis nūntiōrum nūntiantium
Dat. nūntiō nūntiantī nūntiīs nūntiantibus
Acc. nūntium nūntiantem nūntiōs nūntiantēs
Abl. nūntiō nūntiante nūntiīs nūntiantibus
PreseNT Active Participles – Declining Practice
• the leading lady (fēmina, -ae, f.)– dūcēns, dūcentis: leading
SG PLNom. fēmina dūcēns fēminae dūcentēs
Gen. fēminae dūcentis fēminārum dūcentium
Dat. fēminae dūcentī fēminīs dūcentibus
Acc. fēminam dūcentem fēminās dūcentēs
Abl. fēminā dūcente fēminīs dūcentibus
Perfect Passive Participles
Perfect Passive Participles
• perfect passive participles can be recognized easily because they are the 4th PP of all verbs
• Forms:– 4th PP – decline like 2-1-2 adjectives
• Translations:– having been _________ed (stick with this one)– _________ed
Perfect Passive Participles – Forming PracticeGive the perf. pass. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear
Perfect Passive Participles – Forming PracticeGive the perf. pass. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiātus, -a, -um: having been announced, announced
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habitus, -a, -um: having been had, had
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– ductus, -a, -um: having been led, led
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– captus, -a, -um: having been seized, seized
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard, heard
Perfect Passive Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using perf. pass. ppls.
• the city having been captured (urbs, urbis, f.)– captus, -a, -um: having been captured
• the animal having been heard (animal, animalis, n.)– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard
Perfect Passive Participles – Declining Practice
• the city having been captured (urbs, urbis, f.)– captus, -a, -um: having been captured
SG PLNom. urbs capta urbēs captae
Gen. urbis captae urbium captārum
Dat. urbī captae urbibus captīs
Acc. urbem captam urbēs captās
Abl. urbe captā urbibus captīs
Perfect Passive Participles – Declining Practice
• the animal having been heard (animal, animalis, n.)– audītus, -a, -um: having been heard
SG PLNom. animal audītum animalia audīta
Gen. animalis audītī animalium audītōrum
Dat. animalī audītō animalibus audītīs
Acc. animal audītum animalia audīta
Abl. animalī audītō animalibus audītīs
Future Active Participles
FutURe Active Participles
• futURe active participles can be recognized easily by the –ūr– infix before the endings
• Forms:– 4th PP à drop -us, -a, -um à add -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum
• N.B.! This is exactly what you do for fut. act. infinitives
– decline like 2-1-2 adjectives
• Translations:– about to _________ (stick with this one)– going to _________– intending to _________
FutURe Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the fut. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear
FutURe Active Participles – Forming PracticeGive the fut. act. ppl. forms of the following & translate.
• nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce
• habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have– habitūrus, -a, -um: about to have
• dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead
• capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize– captūrus, -a, -um: about to seize
• audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear– audītūrus, -a, -um: about to hear
FutURe Active Participles – Declining PracticeDecline the following N-A pairs using fut. act. ppls.
• the consul about to announce (cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.)– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce
• the battle-line about to lead (aciēs, aciēī, f.)– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead
FutURe Active Participles – Declining Practice
• the consul about to announce (cōnsul, cōnsulis, m.)– nūntiātūrus, -a, -um: about to announce
SG PLNom. cōnsul nūntiātūrus cōnsulēs nūntiātūrī
Gen. cōnsulis nūntiātūrī cōnsulum nūntiātūrōrum
Dat. cōnsulī nūntiātūrō cōnsulibus nūntiātūrīs
Acc. cōnsulem nūntiātūrum cōnsulēs nūntiātūrōs
Abl. cōnsule nūntiātūrō cōnsulibus nūntiātūrīs
FutURe Active Participles – Declining Practice
• the battle-line about to lead (aciēs, aciēī, f.)– ductūrus, -a, -um: about to lead
SG PLNom. aciēs ductūra aciēs ductūrae
Gen. aciēī ductūrae aciērum ductūrārum
Dat. aciēī ductūrae aciēbus ductūrīs
Acc. aciem ductūram aciēs ductūrās
Abl. aciē ductūrā aciēbus ductūrīs
Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases
• a participial phrase consists of a participle and anything else that goes with it grammatically (direct objects, indirect objects, prep. phrases, ind. statements, etc.)
• the PPL in a part. phrase modifies an antecedent (noun or pronoun); they agree in gender, number, and case
• these are usually set off by commas
• simply translate the participle literally and anything else that goes with it
Participle Translation Practice
• Magistrum exponentem linguam discipulīs vīdī.
• Exercitus iter factūrus in Galliam oppugnatus est.
• Ego, cupiēns domum ambulare, ē ludō excessī.
• Castra oppugnāta ab hostibus capta sunt.
• Equum inventum in sīlvā ad vīllam redūxit.
Participial Phrases as Subordinate Clauses
• another way to translate a participial phrase is as a subordinate clause
– temporal, causal, or concessive (determine from context which is best)
• when translating this way, the tense of the participle denotes time relative to the main verb, just like infin. in ind. st.:
– present participles: same time– perfect participles: time before– future participles: time after
Translating Participles
• Translating as Temporal Clause:
– Use WHEN, ONCE, or WHILE
– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem timuit.
– Eurystheus was afraid when he saw Hercules.
Translating Participles
• Translating as Causal Clause:
– Use SINCE
– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem timuit.
– Since he saw Hercules, Eurystheus was afraid.
Translating Participles
• Translating as Concessive Clause:
– Use ALTHOUGH
– e.g.: Eurystheus vidēns Herculem nōn timuit.
– Although he saw Hercules, Eurystheus was not afraid.