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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 32
1. Lesson 32 Vocabulary2. The Defective Verb Inquam
3. The Verb Possum4. Infinitives: Forms and Translations
5. Infinitives: Types/Usesa) Complementary
b) Subjectivec) Objective
Lesson 32 Vocabulary
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfūtūrus
to be absent, be distant, be away
adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfūtūrus
to be present, be near
contineō, continēre, continuī, contentus
to hold together, restrain, bound
dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitus
to leave off, stop
dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus
to doubt; hesitate
gaudium, gaudī, n.
joy, gladness
inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt(defective)
to say
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus
to order, bid
officium, officī, n.
duty
possum, posse, potuī, -----
to be able, can
praemium, praemī, n.
reward
praesidium, praesidī, n.
guard, garrison
sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus
to hold up, hold in check, withstand
tergum, tergī, n.
back
The Defective Verb Inquam
The Verb Inquam• inquam (“to say”) is defective, and only has five
commonly used forms:• Present Tense:
– 1st SG: inquam – I say– 2nd SG: inquis – you say– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it says– 3rd PL: inquiunt – they say
• Perfect Tense:– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it said
• N.B.: 3rd SG pres. & perf. are the same in form; use context to help you determine which is being used
The Verb Inquam• inquam is only used to introduce direct quotations
• it plays the part of quotation marks, since the Romans had little punctuation
• inquam never comes before the quotation; it comes after the first word or phrase and is followed by the rest of the quotation
The Verb Possum
The Verb Possum
• Possum, Posse, Potuī, ––– is a compound of the word potis (“able”) and sum, esse, fuī (“to be”)
• Like sum, esse, possum only exists in the active voice
• The verb possum cannot stand alone in a sentence/phrase and make sense; it needs an infinitiveto complete its meaning (more on this later…)
The Verb Possum – Forming
• The present system has the stem pot– to which the present system forms of sum, esse are added– Pres. Tense: pot– + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
• before forms of sum that begin with “s,” pot– becomes pos–– Impf. Tense: pot– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erānt– Fut. Tense: pot– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
• The perfect system is formed regularly:
– Perf. Tense: potu– + ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt– Plupf. Tense: potu– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant– Fut. Pf. Tense: potu– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can
2nd potes You are able/can
3rd
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can
2nd potes You are able/can
3rd potest he/she/it is able/can
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are
able/can
2nd potes You are able/can
3rd potest he/she/it is able/can
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are
able/can
2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are
able/can
3rd potest he/she/it is able/can
The Verb Possum – Present Tense
• Possum has the following present tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are
able/can
2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are
able/can
3rd potest he/she/it is able/can possunt they are
able/can
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could
2nd poterās you were able/could
3rd
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could
2nd poterās you were able/could
3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were
able/could
2nd poterās you were able/could
3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were
able/could
2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were
able/could
3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could
The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense
• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were
able/could
2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were
able/could
3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could poterant they were
able/could
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able
2nd
3rd
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able
2nd poteris you will be able
3rd
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able
2nd poteris you will be able
3rd poterit h/s/i will be able
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be
able
2nd poteris you will be able
3rd poterit h/s/i will be able
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be
able
2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be
able
3rd poterit h/s/i will be able
The Verb Possum – Future Tense
• Possum has the following future tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be
able
2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be
able
3rd poterit h/s/i will be able poterunt they will
be able
The Verb Possum – Perfect Tense• Possum has the following perfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st potuī I was/have been able potuimus
we were/havebeen able
2nd potuistīyou
were/have been able
potuistisyou
were/have been able
3rd potuith/s/i
was/has been able
potuēruntthey
were/have been able
The Verb Possum – Pluperfect Tense• Possum has the following pluperfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st potueram I had been able potuerāmus we had
been able
2nd potuerās you had been able potuerātis you had
been able
3rd potuerat h/s/i had been able potuerant they had
been able
The Verb Possum – Future Perfect Tense• Possum has the following future perfect tense forms:
Singular Plural
1st potuerō I shall have been able potuerimus
we shallhave
been able
2nd potuerisyou will
have been able
potueritisyou will
have been able
3rd potuerith/s/i will
have been able
potuerintthey will
have been able
Cavēte!• be careful not to confuse forms of possum with perfect
system forms of ponō, ponere, posuī, positus, e.g.:
– posuit vs. potuit
– potuerāmus vs. posuerāmus
• be careful not to confuse the various tenses of possum, e.g.:
– poterat vs. potuerat
– poterō vs. potuerō
Infinitives: Forms & Translations
Infinitives: Basics• infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated
using “to ____” in English
• verbal qualities: tense & voice– present active & passive– perfect active & passive– future active (& passive)
• noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case– gender: neuter– number: singular– case: nom. or acc.
Present Infinitives• Present Active Infinitive:
– Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re)– Translation: to _______
• Present Passive Infinitive:– Form:
• For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī• laudāre à laudārī / tenēre à tenērī / audīre à audīrī• For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī• ducere à ducī / capere à capī
– Translation: to be ______ed
Perfect Infinitives• Perfect Active Infinitive:
– Form: perf. stem + –isse• laudāre à laudāvisse• capere à cēpisse
– Translation: to have _______ed• Perfect Passive Infinitive:
– Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of infin. – this will be in the accusative case]• laudāre à laudātum, -am, -um esse• capere à captum, -am, -um esse
– Translation: to have been ______ed
Future Infinitives• Future Active Infinitive:
– Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrum, -am, -um + esse[participle form must agree w/ subj. of infin.]• laudāre à laudātūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse• capere à captūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse
– Translation: to be about to _______• Future Passive Infinitive:
– Form: neut. sg. acc. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī• laudāre à laudātum īrī• capere à captum īrī
– Translation: to be about to be ______ed– **This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to
form and translate it
Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateForm all infinitives & provide translations for the
following verbs:
• ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place
• terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten
• pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
• cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire
• impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder
Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateActive Passive
Present
Perfect
Future
ponō, ponere, posuī, positusActive Passive
Presentponere
--to place
ponī--
to be placed
Perfectposuisse
--to have placed
positum, -am, -um esse
--to have been placed
Futurepositūrum, -am, -um esse
--to be about to place
positum īrī--
to be about to be placed
terreō, terrēre, terruī, territusActive Passive
Presentterrēre
--to frighten
terrērī--
to be frightened
Perfectterruisse
--to have frightened
territum, -am, -um esse
--to have been
frightened
Futureterritūrum, -am, -um esse
--to be about to frighten
territum īrī--
to be about to be frightened
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātusActive Passive
Presentpugnāre
--to fight
pugnārī--
to be fought
Perfectpugnāvisse
--to have fought
pugnātum, -am, -um esse
--to have been fought
Futurepugnātūrum, -a, -um esse
--to be about to fight
pugnātum īrī--
to be about to be fought
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītusActive Passive
Presentcupere
--to desire
cupī--
to be desired
Perfectcupīvisse
--to have desired
cupītum, -am, -um esse--
to have been desired
Futurecupītūrum, -am, -um esse
--to be about to desire
cupītum īrī--
to be about to be desired
impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītusActive Passive
Presentimpedīre
--to hinder
impedīrī--
to be hindered
Perfectimpedīvisse
--to have hindered
impedītus, -a, -um esse--
to have been hindered
Futureimpeditūrus, -a, -um esse
--to be about to hinder
impedītum īrī--
to be about to be hindered
Infinitives: Types/Uses
Infinitives: Types/Uses
• There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive:– complementary– subjective– objective– indirect statement– historical
• we will cover complementary, subjective, and objective in this chapter and will return to indirect statement later
Complementary Infinitives
• some verbs cannot stand alone and make sense, and thus require an infinitive to fill out their meaning
• these infinitives are called complementary infinitives(<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)
Complementary Infinitives
• some verbs that take complementary infins.:
– possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can
– dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”)
– constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (notwhen it means “to establish” or “to set up”)
– dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus: to hesitate (not when it means “to doubt”)
– videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem (= passive of videō, vidēre)
Complementary Infinitivese.g.:
• Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit.
• The consul decided to make good laws.
• Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat.
• The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house.
• Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet.
• Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.
Subjective Infinitives
• infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence
• these are called subjective infinitives
• subjective infinitives commonly accompany:
– 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)
– impersonal verbs
• these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject
• they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”
Subjective Infinitives – Examples
• Errāre est hūmānum.
• To err is human.
• Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam?
• Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?
• Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.
• Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.
Common Impersonal Verbs
• impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which:
• decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits
• iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing
• licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed
• necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary
• oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must
• opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need
Objective Infinitives
• infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence
• these are called objective infinitives
• an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative:
– Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere.
– The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse.
– the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase
– think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)
Objective Infinitives
• the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative:
– cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel
– iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.)
– prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent
– sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow
– vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid
Objective Infinitives – Examples
• Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat.
• Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp.
• Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit.
• The consul compelled the senators to make good laws.
• Amō ambulāre et currere.
• I love to walk and (to) run.
• Tē natāre docēbō.
• I shall teach you to swim.