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Introduction to
Anatomy I (2.22)
Date : xx / 10 / 2016
Dr. Shahira SamirProfessor of Anatomy & Embryology
Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
• Appreciate the value of anatomy laboratory teaching and to get the most out of it.
• Appreciate how cadavers are donated & used to teach.
• Understand basic anatomical terminology & the anatomical language
• Describe the layout of the human skeleton
• Describe the basic kinds of joints found between bones and their range of movement
• Understand the difference between ligaments, tendons and muscles
• What Is Anatomy? • Why Study Anatomy? • Why Students Dissect At NGU?• How Do We Obtain Our
Cadavers? • What We Expect From You…. • The Best Way To Learn
Anatomy In The A.L. – Some Useful Tips
What is Anatomy ?Anatomy (Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, to cut up, cut open). It is the branch of biology that deals with structure and organization of living things. Anatomy can be covered either regionally or systemically. At NGU the medical course is delivered as a series of system based modules.
Why study Anatomy ? Anatomy is the knowledge of the exact form, position, size and relationship of the various structures of the healthy human body.
Why students dissect? •Dissection is the BEST way to learn 3-D anatomy. •Plastic models/CD-ROMs/DVDs may be more aesthetically pleasing but they don’t vary -real people do. •Dissection helps to develop and refine manipulative skills and it encourages team work.
How do we obtain cadavers?
• After death the body is embalmed (or frozen, imported then embalmed) & dissected over a 6-9 months period.
• After this period the parts are buried.
• Donors allover the world complete a bequeathal form whilst still alive !
What we expect from you…
A.L. Protocol:
1.No ID card - no entry 2.Register your attendance3.White full length lab coat at all times4.Normal laboratory rules (no eating or drinking, sharps in sharps bins etc.) 5.NO photography, video or PHONES6. NO Transfer of body parts between cadavers
When you enter the A.L. 1.Go to your allocated table (list on wall outside A.L.). 2. You will use the dissecting guide & dissecting instruments provided in the A.L.3.Read through the dissecting guide and follow the instructions…
Anatomy in the A.L.: Tips 1.Complete the SDL in advance. 2.Try to palpate structures on yourself and your friends (you’ll need to do it on patients shortly). 3.Look at the pots, X-rays, MRIs etc. and relate them to structures that you can see on your cadaver. 4.Bring an anatomy atlas/textbook to the A.L. try and identify the relevant structures for each practical session. Staff to help you •Demonstrators To help you learn anatomy in the context of your module, not for mini lectures. •Technical staff Register, gloves, aprons, location of things, procedures, safety, regulations and just about everything else.
Summary
•Dissection is the best way to learn anatomy. •A.L. Protocol MUST be adhered to. •Be an active learner, not a sponge. •Remember dissection is a privilege. •Please treat your cadaver with respect - your first patient.
Now for some Anatomy…
Now for some Anatomy… •Terminologia Anatomica•Anatomical Position •Regions of the Body •Anatomical Planes •Terms of Position •Musculoskeletal System •Movement at Joints •Revision Quiz
Why we need an anatomical language… •As doctors you need to communicate clearly and precisely, as misunderstandings can have unfortunate results! •Terminologia Anatomica – posh anatomical language•A series of conventions and terms used to define positions and movements.
Anatomical Position Pain above the 5th left rib ! (Patients can either be standing or lying down) So we use a standard position: •Standing erect •Face forward •Palms facing forward
Regions of the Body •Not always precisely defined limits but useful descriptive terms in anatomy and clinical medicine. •Most are self explanatory. •NB: arm = arm & forearm; leg = thigh & leg.
Anatomical Planes Used in anatomy to indicate cuts or sections made through a cadaver
Anatomical Planes Median Plane Vertical plane passing from front to back of the body through the midline
Anatomical Planes Sagittal Plane Any plane parallel to the median plane
Anatomical Planes Coronal Plane All vertical planes that pass from side to side and are at right angles to the median plane
Anatomical Planes Horizontal Plane Planes that are at right angles to both coronal and median planes (CT & MRI Scans)
Left and Right A horizontal section can be viewed from above or below – so side now becomes important. The convention is that all sections are viewed from below. e.g. CT & MRI scans
A patients left is a doctors right!
Anatomical Terms of Position •Anterior/Posterior •Ventral/Dorsal (more often applied to surfaces) •Superior/Inferior •Superficial/Deep
•Midline (Median Plane) •Medial/Lateral Medial = nearest midline Lateral = furthest from midline •Proximal/Distal Proximal = nearest origin or midline Distal = furthest from origin or midline
Anatomical Terms of Position
Anterior view Posterior view
Anatomical Terms of Position
Anterior view
Musculoskeletal System •Classification of bones•Classification of the skeleton•Joints– Ligaments – Tendons – Muscles
Classification of Bones•Long bones e.g. femur •Short bones e.g. wrist bones •Flat bones e.g. scapular •Irregular bones e.g. vertebrae
Classification of Bones of the Thorax
Axial Skeleton •Skull •Vertebral Column •Ribs •Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton •Pectoral girdle •Pelvic girdle •Upper limb •Lower limb
Classification of Skeleton
Joints: a joint is a union between two or more bones (not all joints are mobile).
Ligaments: connect bones to other bones to form a joint.
Classification of Joints (Arthroses) 1. Fibrous joints - fibrous tissue unites bones. 2. Cartilaginous joints - hyaline cartilage unites bones. 3. Synovial joints - hyaline cartilage is separated by a synovial fluid filled cavity.
Classification of Joints 1. Fibrous joints – allow minimal or limited movement, e.g. suture of the skull
Classification of Joints 2. Cartilaginous joints – allow minimal or limited movement. a. Primary – hyaline cartilage directly unites the bones, e.g. first rib and the manubrium. b. Secondary – hyaline cartilage is separated by a layer of fibrocartilage e.g. manubrium and sternum (midline joints).
Classification of Joints 3. Synovial joints – hyaline cartilage is separated by a synovial fluid filled cavity, which allow a wide range of movement, e.g. ribs and vertebrae.
Classification of Joints
Classification of Joints of the Thorax
Musculoskeletal System •Classification of bones •Classification of the skeleton •Joints - a joint is a union between two or more bones. – Ligaments - connect bones to other bones to form a joint. – Tendons - connect muscle to bones. – Muscles - attach to bone via tendons they contract and relax causing the skeleton to move at the joints.
Musculoskeletal System MusclesVariety of shapes and fiber arrangements of muscles
Quadrangular or Strap
Fusiform Bicipital Triangular
Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate
Movement at Joints •Flexion/Extension •Abduction/Adduction •Rotation •Circumduction
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