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Framework Analysis
InternationalEuropeanSpain – BarcelonaItaly – Genoa , VeniceFrance – MarseilleGreece - Thessaloniki
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ORGANIZATIONS • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”) • International Maritime Organization's (“IMO’s”) • Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Areas (“SECAs”) • International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (“MARPOL”)
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”)
Gives flag states the primary authority to impose environmental regulations (including those related to air emissions) on marine sources through their responsibility to enforce international laws.
Sets out the basic legal framework that governs international shipping. The Convention gives some support for the control of air emissions (Article 212), but this is balanced against the right of ships to innocent passage without being subject to any charges, except for services received.
Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships.
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International Maritime Organization's (“IMO’s”)
Responsible for the oversight of international shipping activity
Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships.
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Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Areas (“SECAs”)
Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur content in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships
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International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (“MARPOL”)
Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur contentSets NOx emissions standards via the IMO “NOx
curve”Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions
from ships.
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MARPOL CONVENTION Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by
the Protocol of 1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.) Designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. OBJECT to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other
harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances. Entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of 31 December 2005, 136 countries, representing 98% of the
world's shipping tonnage, are parties to the Convention. All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are subject to its requirements, regardless
of where they sail, and member nations are responsible for vessels registered under their respective nationalities.
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EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (ECA) BY MARPOL
Areas (ECA). An Emission Control Area can be designated for SOx and PM, or NOx, or all three types of emissions from ships, subject to a proposal from a Party to Annex VI.
Baltic Sea (SOx, adopted: 1997 / entered into force: 2005)North Sea (SOx, 2005/2006)North American ECA, including most of US and Canadian coast (NOx & SOx, 2010/2012)
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Pollutant Concentration Averaging period Legal nature Permitted exceedences each year
Fine articles (PM2.5) 25 µg/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2010Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 350 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 24
125 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 3
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 200 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 18
40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010*
Lead (Pb) 0.5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or 1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources; and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009)
Carbon monoxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
Benzene 5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010**
Ozone 120 µg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean
Target value enters into force 1.1.2010 25 days averaged over 3 years
Arsenic (As) 6 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Cadmium (Cd) 5 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Nickel (Ni) 20 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
PM10 limits
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Quality standards for ambient air
duration limit toleranceDeadline for compliance
with the limit
Phase 1
24hour limit for the protection of human health
24 hours50 μg/m3 which should not be exceeded more than 35
times per calendar year
50% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as
much as 0% on 1/1/2005
1/1/2005
Annual limit value for the protection of human health
annual 40 μg/m3
20the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12
months at an annual rate equal to as much as 0% on
1/1/2005
1/1/2005
Phase 2
24hour limit for the protection of human health
24 hours50 μg/m3 τwhich should not be exceeded more than 7 times per calendar year
Will be calculated based on data and is equivalent to
the limit of Stage 11/1/2010
Annual limit value for the protection of human health
annual 20 μg/m3
50% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as
much as 0% on 1/1/2005
1/1/2010
Depending on the value of AEI in 2010, a percentage reduction requirement (0,10,15, or 20%) is set in the Directive. If AEI in 2010 is assessed to be over 22 µg/m3, all appropriate measures need to be taken to achieve 18 µg/m3 by 2020.
Title Metric Averaging period Legal naturePermitted
exceedences each year
PM2.5 Exposure
concentration obligation
20 µg/m3 (AEI)Based on 3 year
averageLegally binding in 2015 (years
2013,2014,2015)
PM2.5 Exposure reduction target
Percentage reduction all measures to
reach 18 µg/m3(AEI)
Based on 3 year average
Reduction to be attained where possible in 2020, determined on the basis of the value of exposure indicator in 2010
new DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC
EU MARINE SULPHUR DIRECTIVE 1999/32
Ships in IMO Sulphur Emission Control Areas must use 1.5 percent sulphur fuel or better – starting with the Baltic Sea in May 2006, then extending to the North Sea and Channel in autumn 2007.
All passenger vessels on regular services to or from Community ports must use 1.5 percent sulphur fuel or better from May 2006 onward.
Ships at berth in ports must use 0.1 percent sulphur fuel or better from 2010 onward.
…SpainAdhesion Instrument to 1997 Protocol to Marpol 73/78
Convention in 2004Law 34/2007 adopts provisions concerning air quality
and environmental protectionGeneral Direction of Environmental Quality and
EvaluationNew royal decree to integrate the new regulations on
new pollutants
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...FranceRegional Plan for Air Quality: PRQAAtmosphere Protection Plan: PPA Urban Transport Plan: PDUr Quality: PRQAADEME (Agency for the Environment and for Energy Control)(French Approved Association of Air Quality Monitoring: AASQA)
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Directive 1996/62/EC on the assessment of the quality of ambient air ΚΥΑ 3277/209 / 02.04.2000 (Gazette 180 Β/00). Determination of general principles and
relevant agencies to assess and manage ambient air quality Directive 2000/69/EC relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient
air Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air ΠΥΣ 34/30-5-2002 (ΦΕΚ 125 A/02). Quality limit values of air pollutants sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and lead
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