Framework Analysis

InternationalEuropeanSpain – BarcelonaItaly – Genoa , VeniceFrance – MarseilleGreece - Thessaloniki

2

International frame

3

ORGANIZATIONS • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”) • International Maritime Organization's (“IMO’s”) • Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Areas (“SECAs”) • International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships (“MARPOL”)

4

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”)

Gives flag states the primary authority to impose environmental regulations (including those related to air emissions) on marine sources through their responsibility to enforce international laws.

Sets out the basic legal framework that governs international shipping. The Convention gives some support for the control of air emissions (Article 212), but this is balanced against the right of ships to innocent passage without being subject to any charges, except for services received.

Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships.

5

International Maritime Organization's (“IMO’s”)

Responsible for the oversight of international shipping activity

Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships.

6

Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Areas (“SECAs”)

Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur content in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions from ships

7

International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (“MARPOL”)

Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur contentSets NOx emissions standards via the IMO “NOx

curve”Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of emissions

from ships.

8

MARPOL CONVENTION Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by

the Protocol of 1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.) Designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. OBJECT to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other

harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances. Entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of 31 December 2005, 136 countries, representing 98% of the

world's shipping tonnage, are parties to the Convention. All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are subject to its requirements, regardless

of where they sail, and member nations are responsible for vessels registered under their respective nationalities.

9

EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (ECA) BY MARPOL

Areas (ECA). An Emission Control Area can be designated for SOx and PM, or NOx, or all three types of emissions from ships, subject to a proposal from a Party to Annex VI.

Baltic Sea (SOx, adopted: 1997 / entered into force: 2005)North Sea (SOx, 2005/2006)North American ECA, including most of US and Canadian coast (NOx & SOx, 2010/2012)

10

MARPOL NOx EMISSION LIMITS

MARPOL SULFUR EMISSION LIMITS

European legislation on ambient air quality and emissions

13

14

Pollutant Concentration Averaging period Legal nature Permitted exceedences each year

Fine articles (PM2.5) 25 µg/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2010Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015

         

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 350 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 24

125 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 3

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 200 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 18

40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010*

Lead (Pb) 0.5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or 1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources; and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009)

Carbon monoxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean

Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005

Benzene 5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010**

Ozone 120 µg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean

Target value enters into force 1.1.2010 25 days averaged over 3 years

Arsenic (As) 6 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012

Cadmium (Cd) 5 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012

Nickel (Ni) 20 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1 ng/m3 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2012

PM10 limits

15

Quality standards for ambient air

duration limit toleranceDeadline for compliance

with the limit

Phase 1

24hour limit for the protection of human health

24 hours50 μg/m3 which should not be exceeded more than 35

times per calendar year

50% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as

much as 0% on 1/1/2005

1/1/2005

Annual limit value for the protection of human health

annual 40 μg/m3

20the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12

months at an annual rate equal to as much as 0% on

1/1/2005

1/1/2005

Phase 2

24hour limit for the protection of human health

24 hours50 μg/m3 τwhich should not be exceeded more than 7 times per calendar year

Will be calculated based on data and is equivalent to

the limit of Stage 11/1/2010

Annual limit value for the protection of human health

annual 20 μg/m3

50% the entry into force of this Directive, decreasing from 1/1/2001 and then every 12 months at an annual rate equal to as

much as 0% on 1/1/2005

1/1/2010

Depending on the value of AEI in 2010, a percentage reduction requirement (0,10,15, or 20%) is set in the Directive. If AEI in 2010 is assessed to be over 22 µg/m3, all appropriate measures need to be taken to achieve 18 µg/m3 by 2020.

Title Metric Averaging period Legal naturePermitted

exceedences each year

PM2.5 Exposure

concentration obligation

20 µg/m3 (AEI)Based on 3 year

averageLegally binding in 2015 (years

2013,2014,2015)

PM2.5 Exposure reduction target

Percentage reduction all measures to

reach 18 µg/m3(AEI)

Based on 3 year average

Reduction to be attained where possible in 2020, determined on the basis of the value of exposure indicator in 2010

new DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC

EU MARINE SULPHUR DIRECTIVE 1999/32

Ships in IMO Sulphur Emission Control Areas must use 1.5 percent sulphur fuel or better – starting with the Baltic Sea in May 2006, then extending to the North Sea and Channel in autumn 2007.

All passenger vessels on regular services to or from Community ports must use 1.5 percent sulphur fuel or better from May 2006 onward.

Ships at berth in ports must use 0.1 percent sulphur fuel or better from 2010 onward.

National legislation in Spain

18

Barcelona

19

…SpainAdhesion Instrument to 1997 Protocol to Marpol 73/78

Convention in 2004Law 34/2007 adopts provisions concerning air quality

and environmental protectionGeneral Direction of Environmental Quality and

EvaluationNew royal decree to integrate the new regulations on

new pollutants

20

National legislation in France

21

Marseille

22

...FranceRegional Plan for Air Quality: PRQAAtmosphere Protection Plan: PPA Urban Transport Plan: PDUr Quality: PRQAADEME (Agency for the Environment and for Energy Control)(French Approved Association of Air Quality Monitoring: AASQA)

23

National legislation in Italy

24

Genoa

25

Venice

26

…Italy

10 year plan “Polluter Pay”Venice Blue Flag

27

National legislation in Greece

28

Thessaloniki

29

Directive 1996/62/EC on the assessment of the quality of ambient air ΚΥΑ 3277/209 / 02.04.2000 (Gazette 180 Β/00). Determination of general principles and

relevant agencies to assess and manage ambient air quality Directive 2000/69/EC relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient

air Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air ΠΥΣ 34/30-5-2002 (ΦΕΚ 125 A/02). Quality limit values of air pollutants sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and lead

30