Particulate matter emissions from natural sources in Europe - A case study of the impact of natural

sources to PM pollution levels

Natalia Liora1, Konstantinos Markakis1,2, Anastasia Poupkou1, Spiros Dimopoulos1, Theodoros Giannaros1, Dimitrios Melas1

1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. (lioranat@auth.gr)

2 Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France

 

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics,

Thessaloniki, Greece

ACCENT PlusATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CHANGE THE EUROPEAN NETWORKACCENT-Plus SymposiumSeptember 17-20, 2013

Thursday 19 SeptemberACCENT Plus Symposium 2013

Urbino, Italy

MAIN OBJECTIVES – PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Main objectives : Quantification of the emissions of particulate matter (PM) originated from

natural sources in Europe Comparison of natural with anthropogenic PM emissions. Study of the contribution of natural sources to PM pollution levels in the

study area

Presentation Outline :

1. General Description – Model application

2. Short Description of methodology

3. Emissions Results

4. Air Quality Simulations

5. Conclusions

2

Anthropogenic Emissions

TNO - MACC Emissions (Kuenen et al., 2011) (resolution : 1/8o x 1/16o) (year 2007).

MOSESS (Markakis et al., 2013) : spatial and temporal resolution

Model Application

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•European Region•30km spatial resolution grid•4230x4020 km² Natural Emissions

Natural Emission Model (NEMO) (developed in Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP), AUTH (Markakis et al (2009), Poupkou et al (2010) ).

Fortran90

Sources : BVOCs, Windblown Dust, Sea Salt, PBAPs

Application year : 2010

Hourly Temporal Analysis

PM Concentrations

CAMx Air Quality Model (version 5.3)

WRF-CAMx runs for 12-21 July 2010

Meteorology

Mesoscale Meteorological model WRF (version 3.2.1)

Methodology – Short Description

4

Windblown Dust

Primarily based on the methodology used on the LOTOS-EUROS model developed by the Netherlands Organization (TNO) (Schaap et al.,2009) Parameterization of threshold friction velocity as a function of soil particle size, soil moisture and drag partitioning Soil texture map compiled from the European Soil Database (Van Liedekerke and Panagos, 2006) Meteorological data : 10m Wind Speed, precipitation, air temperature

Sea Salt

The SS production is dependent on wind speed, sea surface temperature and water salinity (Sofiev et al.,2011) Relative humidity dependency (Lewis&Schwartz,2006)

Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs)

Emission factors for plant debris and fungal spores emissions (Winiwarter et al., 2009).

USGS (United States Geological Survey) land Cover Database – 1km spatial resolution

Na

tura

l Em

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Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions

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Spatial Distribution of Annual Natural PM10 EmissionsW

ind

blo

wn

Du

st

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Sea

Sal

t

Dust emissions are maximum in the Mediterranean countries, mainly due to the low precipitation levels and where wind speed is also high. • The soil moisture is lower in southern Europe

Sea salt emissions are highest in the Mediterranean Sea where sea temperature is maximum In the Northern part of Atlantic ocean and in Baltic sea , sea salt emissions are the lowest

Comparison of Natural with Anthropogenic PM Annual Emissions

NEMO2010

PM10 (ktn)

PM2.5 (ktn)

Windblown Dust

942 66

Sea Salt (dry) 4103 1057

PBAPs 117 -

Total Natural Sources

5162 1123

Anthropogenic Sources

4592 2954

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PM10 emissions originated from natural sources are 10% higher than those of anthropogenic sources due to the high sea salt emissions which are comparable with the anthropogenic ones

The contribution of windblown dust is about 10%

NATAIR2003

PM10 (ktn)

Windblown Dust

1500

Sea Salt (dry)

4490

PBAPs 135* Reference: NATAIR, 2007

PM2.5 emissions originate mainly from anthropogenic sources (72%)

Sea salt emissions represent about 25% of PM2.5 emissions

% Contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources to total monthly PM emissions

8

PM10 PM2.5

Sea Salt is the major contributor to total emissions during summer and autumn Windblown Dust peak in February (31%) (higher emissions in winter and spring) Windblown dust and sea salt have almost the same contribution in winter

Anthropogenic sources are the major contributor the whole year During summer sea salt and anthropogenic emissions are comparableNo significant contribution of windblown dust

Air Quality Modelling

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CAMx simulated the Emission, Dispersion, Chemical reaction and Removal of pollutants in Europe

Emission for the following sources: • Anthropogenic sources•Windblown Dust•Sea Salt•Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)

Chemical Boundary Conditions (BCs) : IFS-MOZART model

WRF – CAMx runs were performed for the period 12 to 21 July 2010 for the following emission scenarios:

1)Scenario 1: anthropogenic + natural emissions2)Scenario 2: Scenario1 without windblown dust3)Scenario 3: Scenario1 without sea salt

Air Quality Simulations

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Windblown Dust PM10 Emissions 12 to 21 July 2010

Dust events appear in limited areas over Europe (central and southern Europe)

high wind speed, no precipitation episodes

10m Wind Speed RainWindblown Dust

Sea Salt PM10 Emissions - 12 to 21 July 2010

12

10m Wind Speed SST

SalinitySea Salt

SS emissions show a similar spatial distribution with annual emissions Lower wind speed, salinity or SST leads to lower sea salt production

4%

0.9%

1.8%

3.8%

Contribution of Windblown Dust to PM10 levels 12 to 21 July 2010

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The contribution of windblown dust emissions inside the domain to PM10 concentrations is relatively small and ranges from 1 to 10 %

PM10 Dust Emissions

The contribution of windblown dust to PM10 levels is moderate in central and northern Europe while in the southern and eastern part is significant associated mainly with the dust transport from Africa and Asia

% Contribution of Windblown Dustto PM10 levels

% Difference of PM10 levels due to windblown dust emissions

1st

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2n

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Contribution of Sea Salt to PM levels 12 to 21 July 2010

A small increase of 5 to15 % in PM2.5 levels is observed in the western Mediterranean when SS emissions are included while an increase of 20 to 40 % in PM10 concentrations is found.

In the Aegean Sea, the increase in PM10 concentrations reaches +110% (+40% for PM2.5)

Sea

Sal

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nth

rop

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PM

10 Em

ission

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% Contribution of Sea Saltto PM2.5 levels

% Difference of PM2.5 levels due to sea salt emissions

% Difference of PM10 levels due to sea salt emissions

Sea Salt contributes highly at the northern part of the domain to PM2.5 levels due to BCs while in the southern part of the domain sea salt contribution is smaller and it is linked mainly to the local sea salt emissions

1st

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1st -

3rd

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Conclusions

Considering the PM emissions in Europe,

• Natural sources represent about 53% (sea salt 42%) of PM10 emissions and 28% of PM2.5 emissions on an annual basis

• Sea Salt is a dominant PM10 emission source in summer (63%) and autumn (59%)

• Windblown Dust emissions contribute mainly in winter (23%) and spring (12%)

Considering the PM concentrations from a 10-day run during July 2010,

• The impact of sea salt emissions to PM levels in the Mediterranean Sea is considerable

• In the northern part of the domain sea salt contribution is high mostly due to BCs

• The impact of windblown dust emissions is identified over limited areas in Europe

• The contribution of windblown dust to PM10 levels over Europe is mostly related to the dust transport from the boundaries

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Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the FP7 EU project MACC II (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Interim Implementation: Grant agreement no 283576). We would like to thank for the IFS-MOZART model data and for the TNO anthropogenic emission data provided in the framework of  MACC II.

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