Fire Safety of Staircases in Multi-Story...Fire Safety of Staircases in Multi-Story Buildings The...

Fire Safety of Staircases in Multi-Story Buildings

The Results of Measurements in Buildings and Simulations

Grzegorz Kubicki Ph.D. Department of Environmental Engineering,

Warsaw University of Technology

Izabela Tekielak – Skałka M.Sc. Eng.Head of Research and CFD Simulations

Department, SMAY LLC

50 Pa

t inn = t out

h [m]

∆p [Pa]

AssumptionsStaircase protected by pressure differential system

Pressure differential system

Pressure~50 Pa

Air velocity throughan open door

The force to open the door

50 Pa

t inn > t out

h [m]

∆p [Pa]

Problem with pressuredistribution in winter

European standard EN 12101-6 advises:

„if stack effect is the problem, then the system should be

activated at last 1 hourbefore the test”

Real Scale Testingbuilding was adapted as a test rig:

- the 23-storey building

- building total height ~ 92 m

-reinforced concrete staircase

- located in Cracow

Fire Safety in Staircase – Schema of the Ventilation System

vertical duct

The Measuring System

pressure differential sensor

temperature sensor

Measuring Data

Stack effect in the staircase due to temperature change

Measuring Data

Stack effect in the staircase due to temperature change

CFD Simulation

Real Test

h [m]

∆p [Pa]

+5 Pa

- 5 Pa

h [m]

∆p [Pa]

+38 Pa

+99 Pa

setting of the pressure controllers:

Storey +23: 40 PaStorey +1: 100 Pa

Test in Real Building – Sky Tower in Wroclaw50 storey building

212 m height

FIRE SAFETY SYSTEM

Staircase protected by the pressure differentia systemNo pressure relief damper in staircase

Supply air injection point to fire-fighting lobby

2 staircase

Air exhaust inside the corridor

Test in Real Building – Sky Tower in Wroclaw

Measure of Pressure

∆𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠_𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠= 𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒 − 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 � 𝑔𝑔 � ℎ � 𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑐𝑐 ∈ 0,5 ÷ 0,9 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

storey ∆p staircase - corridor(volume flow)

+50+60 Pa

(out 23 200 m3/h)(supply 7 700 m3/h)

+27 +48 Pa(supply 8 000 m3/h)

+17 +54 Pa(supply 8 000 m3/h)

+3 +53 Pa(supply 40 000 m3/h)

Smoke Control System

storey ∆p staircase - corridor ∆p staircase - outside

+50 +21 +82

+27 -

+17 -

+3 -6 -54

Initial distribution of pressure Pressure differentia system

Staircase

inside temperature = +10 ÷ 17 oCexternal temperature = - 4 oC

PPU KSK

Test in Real Building - Riviera22 storey building

66 m height

FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMStaircase protected by multi-point

air injection system

Pressure relief damper inside the staircase

2 staircase

Supply air injection point to fire-fighting lobby

Air exhaust inside the corridor

Pressure Differential

and Temperature Measurement

Point

Pressure and Temperature Measurement

Data

CFD Simulation Software: Ansys Fluent 13.0Model include: staircase Fire-fighting lobbies corridor Air leakage pressure differential

system

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

H, m

∆p, Pa

winter periodStack Effect

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

H, m

∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa

winter period

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

H, m

∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa

winter period

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

H, m

∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa

warm period

Fan with a frequency inverter

Pressure controller

∆𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖= 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �ℎ𝐷𝐷ℎ

�𝜌𝜌 � �𝑤𝑤2

2

( ) chgρρ=Δp ext ⋅⋅⋅− int

SummaryThe main idea of system

h [m]

∆p [Pa]

Thank You for Your Attention

Grzegorz Kubicki Ph. D. Izabela Tekielak – Skałka M.Sc. Eng.grzegorz_kubicki@is.pw.edu.pl i.tekielak@smay.eu