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Fire Safety of Staircases in Multi-Story Buildings
The Results of Measurements in Buildings and Simulations
Grzegorz Kubicki Ph.D. Department of Environmental Engineering,
Warsaw University of Technology
Izabela Tekielak – Skałka M.Sc. Eng.Head of Research and CFD Simulations
Department, SMAY LLC
50 Pa
t inn = t out
h [m]
∆p [Pa]
AssumptionsStaircase protected by pressure differential system
Pressure differential system
Pressure~50 Pa
Air velocity throughan open door
The force to open the door
50 Pa
t inn > t out
h [m]
∆p [Pa]
Problem with pressuredistribution in winter
European standard EN 12101-6 advises:
„if stack effect is the problem, then the system should be
activated at last 1 hourbefore the test”
Real Scale Testingbuilding was adapted as a test rig:
- the 23-storey building
- building total height ~ 92 m
-reinforced concrete staircase
- located in Cracow
Fire Safety in Staircase – Schema of the Ventilation System
vertical duct
The Measuring System
pressure differential sensor
temperature sensor
Measuring Data
Stack effect in the staircase due to temperature change
Measuring Data
Stack effect in the staircase due to temperature change
CFD Simulation
Real Test
h [m]
∆p [Pa]
+5 Pa
- 5 Pa
h [m]
∆p [Pa]
+38 Pa
+99 Pa
setting of the pressure controllers:
Storey +23: 40 PaStorey +1: 100 Pa
Test in Real Building – Sky Tower in Wroclaw50 storey building
212 m height
FIRE SAFETY SYSTEM
Staircase protected by the pressure differentia systemNo pressure relief damper in staircase
Supply air injection point to fire-fighting lobby
2 staircase
Air exhaust inside the corridor
Test in Real Building – Sky Tower in Wroclaw
Measure of Pressure
∆𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠_𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠= 𝜌𝜌𝑒𝑒 − 𝜌𝜌𝑖𝑖 � 𝑔𝑔 � ℎ � 𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑐𝑐 ∈ 0,5 ÷ 0,9 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
storey ∆p staircase - corridor(volume flow)
+50+60 Pa
(out 23 200 m3/h)(supply 7 700 m3/h)
+27 +48 Pa(supply 8 000 m3/h)
+17 +54 Pa(supply 8 000 m3/h)
+3 +53 Pa(supply 40 000 m3/h)
Smoke Control System
storey ∆p staircase - corridor ∆p staircase - outside
+50 +21 +82
+27 -
+17 -
+3 -6 -54
Initial distribution of pressure Pressure differentia system
Staircase
inside temperature = +10 ÷ 17 oCexternal temperature = - 4 oC
PPU KSK
Test in Real Building - Riviera22 storey building
66 m height
FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMStaircase protected by multi-point
air injection system
Pressure relief damper inside the staircase
2 staircase
Supply air injection point to fire-fighting lobby
Air exhaust inside the corridor
Pressure Differential
and Temperature Measurement
Point
Pressure and Temperature Measurement
Data
CFD Simulation Software: Ansys Fluent 13.0Model include: staircase Fire-fighting lobbies corridor Air leakage pressure differential
system
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
H, m
∆p, Pa
winter periodStack Effect
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H, m
∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa
winter period
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H, m
∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa
winter period
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H, m
∆p, Paprzedsionki ppoż. klatka schodowa
warm period
Fan with a frequency inverter
Pressure controller
∆𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖= 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �ℎ𝐷𝐷ℎ
�𝜌𝜌 � �𝑤𝑤2
2
( ) chgρρ=Δp ext ⋅⋅⋅− int
SummaryThe main idea of system
h [m]
∆p [Pa]
Thank You for Your Attention
Grzegorz Kubicki Ph. D. Izabela Tekielak – Skałka M.Sc. [email protected] [email protected]
