ELEKTRONIKA DASAR

ELEKTRONIKA DASAR

Jurusan Teknik ElektroFakultas Teknik UGM2009

Bahan Kuliah Minggu I

Hukum Dasar

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):The algebraic sum of the currents

entering any node is zero

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):The algebraic sum of all voltages

taken around a closed loop in a circuit is zero

Node

analysis

Loop

analysis

1) Hukum Kirchhoff tentang Arus

HUKUM DASAR PERHITUNGAN LISTRIK

NODE

i1

i4

i3

i2

i1 - i2 - i3 + i4 = 0

0kki

i1

i2 = - i1

2) Hukum Kirchhoff tentang Tegangan

HUKUM DASAR PERHITUNGAN LISTRIK

0k

kv

a

v2

+v1

-

++

++

--

- -c d

egcommon

b

vC

vLvR

iR

iC

iL021 vvvv LR

01 CR vvv

02 CL vvv

abcdega:

abcga:

edcge:

HUKUM OHM

Sumber Tegangan

Sumber Arus

Hambatan Hukum OHM :

Riv

RANGKAIAN HAMBATAN

Tersambung seri Dialiri arus yang

sama besar

Tersambung parallel Mempunyai tegangan

yang sama antara ujung-ujungnya

21eq RRR

21eq R

1

R

1

R

1

21

21

RR

RRReq

KODE

WARNA

HITAMCOKLATMERAHORANYEKUNINGHIJAU BIRUUNGUKELABUPUTIH

hicokmeokuhibiukepu

R

4 GELANG

TOLERANSI

Prosentase perubahan nilai resistorEmas : 5 %, artinya nilai yang tertera ± 5%Contoh : nilai resistor : 4700 OhmMaka nilai yang mungkin terjadi antara 4465 Ohm sd 4935 Ohm

5 GELANGBIASANYA UNTUK TOLERANSI : 1%

BERAPA NILAI RESISTOR INI ?

Warna gelang I :

Warna Gelang II:

Warna Gelang III :

Warna Gelang IV :

Nilai resistor :

KAPASITOR

1. Kapasitor merupakan komponen yang dapat menyimpan muatan listrik.

2. Pada dasarnya sebuah kapasitor terdiri atas 2 buah plat (konduktor) yang satu sama lain dipisahkan dengan menggunakan bahan penyekat (isolator).

3. Satuan kapasitor adalah Farad, akan tetapi 1 Farad merupakan dimensi yang sangat besar dalam prakteknya.

4. Biasanya dalam praktek digunakan satuan mikrofarad atau nanofarad atau pikofarad.

5. Jenis kapasitor yang ada dalak praktek adalah : kapasitor elektrolit, polyester, polypropylene, ceramic, kertas maupun mika

KAPASITOR ELEKTROLITDulu :sebagian besar kapasitor dibuat dari kertas dan minyak yang ditempatkan diantara dua konduktor.Dimensi kapasitor dengan nilai kapasitansi mikrofarad bisa sangat besar.Nilai kebocoran kapasitor sangat besar.Sekarang ini :ukuran sudah dapat diperkecil, dengan nilai kapasitansi yang besar, tetapi masih tetap kebocorannya tinggi dan kemungkinan mengering besar.

ELKO

TANTALUM

SIMBOL DAN KEMASAN TRANSISTOR

SIMBOL dan KEMASAN

DAYA dan BENTUK RESISTOR

HAMBATAN VARIABEL

LED

DIODA dan DIODA ZENER

REGULATOR TEGANGAN(Penghasil Tegangan Konstan)

REGULATOR TEGANGAN(Penghasil Tegangan Konstan)

komponen

A

B

C

D

KOMPONEN LISTRIK LAINNYA

LED : Light Emitting Diode(Dioda yang Memancarkan Cahaya)

UNTAI TERINTEGRASI

TABUNG HAMPA - 1941 - 1956

First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.

Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.

TABUNG HAMPA – 1941 TRANSISTOR -1948

First Transistor

Uses Silicon developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch

Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

First Transistor

The First Microprocessor – 1971

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz Called “Microchip”

Operational Amplifier ( Op-Amp)MIKROPROSESOR

1971

PotentiometerVariableResistor

Power Supply

Batteries

Capacitors

Resistor Coil

Electronic Components

Transformer 120VAC In

DC voltsOut

+

Speaker

Microphone

+

StepDown

StepUp

Isolated

Stereo HeadsetStereo VolumeControl

1m1m

Diode

LEDLightEmittingDiode

TransistorElectronic

Switch

NPN

Electronic Components

MetersCurrent MeterVoltage MeterResistance Meter

Switch Normally Open n.o.Normally Closed n.c.

n.o. n.c.

Slide Switch

1m2m

Bucket

Voltage1.5 Volts

1 Gallon

Formula

Resistance = Voltage Current

CurrentFlow= 1 amp

Flow MeterGallons/hour

Valve restricts water flow

EKIVALENSIALIRAN AIR dan LISTRIK

Resistorrestricts current flowlight dimmer

Voltage = Resistance X Current Current = Voltage Resistance

Water Flow

Bucket Stores Water

Battery Stores Energy

Current Flow

Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )

Switch

5m7m

TangkiMenyimpan Air

Pengukur debit Liter/Jam

Kran menghambat aliran air

EKIVALENSIAliran Air dan Elektron

Resistor Menghambat Aliran listrik

Aliran Air

Battery Menyimpan energi

Airan Elektron

Saklar

Pengukur arusAmper

Electronic ComponentsResistors

Resistor

Valve VariableResistor is a

Potentiometer

1” Pipe

1/2” Pipe

1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm

Resistor restricts flow of current.Resistors are made ofcarbon or wire.

Smaller piperestricts flow of fluids

Pipe

Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)

Valve restricts flow of fluids

2 inch pipe1 inch pipe3/4 inch pipe1/2 inch pipe1/4 inch pipe

The smaller the pipe the morerestriction of flow

The larger the resistor valuethe morerestriction to current flow

This could be used to control volume in a radio

1m8m

Electronic ComponentsResistors

A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms

First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’sFourth Ring is tolerance

First RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

Third Ring MultiplierSilver = X .01Gold = X .1Black = X 1Brown = X 10Red = 2 = X 100Orange = 3 = X 1000Yellow = 4 = X 10,000Green = 5 = X 100,000Blue = 6 = X 1000,000Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000

Resistor Color Rings

Resistor Color Code Values

Second RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

1m9m

First RingRed = 2Black = 0

Second RingRed = 2Red = 2

Third RingRed = X 100 = 2200 ohmsBrown = X 10 = 020 ohms

Example of Color Rings

First RingBrown = _1__

Green = _5__

Second RingGreen = _5__

Red = _2__

Third RingBrown = __0__ = _150 ohms

Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms

Test of Color Rings

Electronic ComponentsResistors

First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’s

5m14m

Capacitors

Stores small amountsof Voltage charge

Measured in farads

Batteries

Sold alreadycharged. Some may

be recharged

Bucket

Voltage Storage Devices

1 f = 1.0 farad10 mf = .01 Farad1,000uf = .001 Farad100uf = .0001 Farad 10uf = .00001Farad1 uf = .000001Farad.1 uf = .0000001.01 uf = .00000001.001 uf = .000000001100 pf = .000000000110 pf = .000000000011 pf = .000000000001

Electronic Components

Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.

AAA = .2 amp hoursAA = .5 amp hoursC = 1 amp hourD = 4 amp hour

Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a 1/4 inch hole will take different amounts of time to empty1 gallon = 1 hours2 gallon = 2 hours5 gallon = 5 hour10 gallon = 10 hour

Un-Polorized Polorized

2m17m

NPN

TransistorsA Transistor is an Electronic Switch

12 VoltBattery

12 VoltBattery

Computer cansend a signal to turnon the transistor whichthen turns on the light

NPNTransistor

Light

Mechanical Switch Circuit

Transistor Switch Circuit

Switch openLight off = 0

Switch closeLight on = 1

Input = 0 Light off

Input = 1Light on

1m38m

An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistorscan vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a(Pentium microprocessor).

IC Integrated CircuitsElectronic Components

6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 invertersAn inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total

1m39m

FunctionsInvertersGatesFlip flopsCountersMemoryMPUWatch IC’sCalculators IC’sMicrowave Timer IC’sRadio IC’sDialer IC’sCar Controller IC’s

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1K

TransistorsCapacity

Microprocessor Road Map

100K

68000/80186

6800/8080

1970

68020/80286

68040/80486

1M68030/80386

10K

10M PowerPC/Pentium

Year of Introduction

Every 18 months cpu’sdouble in density andperformance, while stillholding prices the same

PowerPC/Pentium

Mac iMacApple 2E

IBM8080

PowerMac

IBM 386

IBM 486

IBMPentium

PowerPC/Pentium20M

1m40m

PR

Buatlah tulisan tentang sebuah komponen elektronika.

Apa ? Sifat/karakteristik ? Cara penggunaan ? Satuannya ? Harganya dll

PENILAIAN ELDAS

KUIS : 5 % TUGAS PR : 10 % HARDWARE : 30 % MID : 25 % UAS : 30%