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ELEKTRONIKA DASAR. Bahan Kuliah Minggu I. Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik UGM 2009. Hukum Dasar. K irchhoff’s C urrent L aw (KCL): The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero K irchhoff’s V oltage L aw (KVL): The algebraic sum of all voltages - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ELEKTRONIKA DASAR
Jurusan Teknik ElektroFakultas Teknik UGM2009
Bahan Kuliah Minggu I
Hukum Dasar
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):The algebraic sum of the currents
entering any node is zero
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):The algebraic sum of all voltages
taken around a closed loop in a circuit is zero
Node
analysis
Loop
analysis
1) Hukum Kirchhoff tentang Arus
HUKUM DASAR PERHITUNGAN LISTRIK
NODE
i1
i4
i3
i2
i1 - i2 - i3 + i4 = 0
0kki
i1
i2 = - i1
2) Hukum Kirchhoff tentang Tegangan
HUKUM DASAR PERHITUNGAN LISTRIK
0k
kv
a
v2
+v1
-
++
++
--
- -c d
egcommon
b
vC
vLvR
iR
iC
iL021 vvvv LR
01 CR vvv
02 CL vvv
abcdega:
abcga:
edcge:
HUKUM OHM
Sumber Tegangan
Sumber Arus
Hambatan Hukum OHM :
Riv
RANGKAIAN HAMBATAN
Tersambung seri Dialiri arus yang
sama besar
Tersambung parallel Mempunyai tegangan
yang sama antara ujung-ujungnya
21eq RRR
21eq R
1
R
1
R
1
21
21
RR
RRReq
KODE
WARNA
HITAMCOKLATMERAHORANYEKUNINGHIJAU BIRUUNGUKELABUPUTIH
hicokmeokuhibiukepu
R
4 GELANG
TOLERANSI
Prosentase perubahan nilai resistorEmas : 5 %, artinya nilai yang tertera ± 5%Contoh : nilai resistor : 4700 OhmMaka nilai yang mungkin terjadi antara 4465 Ohm sd 4935 Ohm
5 GELANGBIASANYA UNTUK TOLERANSI : 1%
BERAPA NILAI RESISTOR INI ?
Warna gelang I :
Warna Gelang II:
Warna Gelang III :
Warna Gelang IV :
Nilai resistor :
KAPASITOR
1. Kapasitor merupakan komponen yang dapat menyimpan muatan listrik.
2. Pada dasarnya sebuah kapasitor terdiri atas 2 buah plat (konduktor) yang satu sama lain dipisahkan dengan menggunakan bahan penyekat (isolator).
3. Satuan kapasitor adalah Farad, akan tetapi 1 Farad merupakan dimensi yang sangat besar dalam prakteknya.
4. Biasanya dalam praktek digunakan satuan mikrofarad atau nanofarad atau pikofarad.
5. Jenis kapasitor yang ada dalak praktek adalah : kapasitor elektrolit, polyester, polypropylene, ceramic, kertas maupun mika
KAPASITOR ELEKTROLITDulu :sebagian besar kapasitor dibuat dari kertas dan minyak yang ditempatkan diantara dua konduktor.Dimensi kapasitor dengan nilai kapasitansi mikrofarad bisa sangat besar.Nilai kebocoran kapasitor sangat besar.Sekarang ini :ukuran sudah dapat diperkecil, dengan nilai kapasitansi yang besar, tetapi masih tetap kebocorannya tinggi dan kemungkinan mengering besar.
ELKO
TANTALUM
SIMBOL DAN KEMASAN TRANSISTOR
SIMBOL dan KEMASAN
DAYA dan BENTUK RESISTOR
HAMBATAN VARIABEL
LED
DIODA dan DIODA ZENER
REGULATOR TEGANGAN(Penghasil Tegangan Konstan)
REGULATOR TEGANGAN(Penghasil Tegangan Konstan)
komponen
A
B
C
D
KOMPONEN LISTRIK LAINNYA
LED : Light Emitting Diode(Dioda yang Memancarkan Cahaya)
UNTAI TERINTEGRASI
TABUNG HAMPA - 1941 - 1956
First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
TABUNG HAMPA – 1941 TRANSISTOR -1948
First Transistor
Uses Silicon developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch
Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
First Transistor
The First Microprocessor – 1971
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz Called “Microchip”
Operational Amplifier ( Op-Amp)MIKROPROSESOR
1971
PotentiometerVariableResistor
Power Supply
Batteries
Capacitors
Resistor Coil
Electronic Components
Transformer 120VAC In
DC voltsOut
+
Speaker
Microphone
+
StepDown
StepUp
Isolated
Stereo HeadsetStereo VolumeControl
1m1m
Diode
LEDLightEmittingDiode
TransistorElectronic
Switch
NPN
Electronic Components
MetersCurrent MeterVoltage MeterResistance Meter
Switch Normally Open n.o.Normally Closed n.c.
n.o. n.c.
Slide Switch
1m2m
Bucket
Voltage1.5 Volts
1 Gallon
Formula
Resistance = Voltage Current
CurrentFlow= 1 amp
Flow MeterGallons/hour
Valve restricts water flow
EKIVALENSIALIRAN AIR dan LISTRIK
Resistorrestricts current flowlight dimmer
Voltage = Resistance X Current Current = Voltage Resistance
Water Flow
Bucket Stores Water
Battery Stores Energy
Current Flow
Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )
Switch
5m7m
TangkiMenyimpan Air
Pengukur debit Liter/Jam
Kran menghambat aliran air
EKIVALENSIAliran Air dan Elektron
Resistor Menghambat Aliran listrik
Aliran Air
Battery Menyimpan energi
Airan Elektron
Saklar
Pengukur arusAmper
Electronic ComponentsResistors
Resistor
Valve VariableResistor is a
Potentiometer
1” Pipe
1/2” Pipe
1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm
Resistor restricts flow of current.Resistors are made ofcarbon or wire.
Smaller piperestricts flow of fluids
Pipe
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)
Valve restricts flow of fluids
2 inch pipe1 inch pipe3/4 inch pipe1/2 inch pipe1/4 inch pipe
The smaller the pipe the morerestriction of flow
The larger the resistor valuethe morerestriction to current flow
This could be used to control volume in a radio
1m8m
Electronic ComponentsResistors
A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms
First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’sFourth Ring is tolerance
First RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9
Third Ring MultiplierSilver = X .01Gold = X .1Black = X 1Brown = X 10Red = 2 = X 100Orange = 3 = X 1000Yellow = 4 = X 10,000Green = 5 = X 100,000Blue = 6 = X 1000,000Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000
Resistor Color Rings
Resistor Color Code Values
Second RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9
1m9m
First RingRed = 2Black = 0
Second RingRed = 2Red = 2
Third RingRed = X 100 = 2200 ohmsBrown = X 10 = 020 ohms
Example of Color Rings
First RingBrown = _1__
Green = _5__
Second RingGreen = _5__
Red = _2__
Third RingBrown = __0__ = _150 ohms
Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms
Test of Color Rings
Electronic ComponentsResistors
First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’s
5m14m
Capacitors
Stores small amountsof Voltage charge
Measured in farads
Batteries
Sold alreadycharged. Some may
be recharged
Bucket
Voltage Storage Devices
1 f = 1.0 farad10 mf = .01 Farad1,000uf = .001 Farad100uf = .0001 Farad 10uf = .00001Farad1 uf = .000001Farad.1 uf = .0000001.01 uf = .00000001.001 uf = .000000001100 pf = .000000000110 pf = .000000000011 pf = .000000000001
Electronic Components
Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.
AAA = .2 amp hoursAA = .5 amp hoursC = 1 amp hourD = 4 amp hour
Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a 1/4 inch hole will take different amounts of time to empty1 gallon = 1 hours2 gallon = 2 hours5 gallon = 5 hour10 gallon = 10 hour
Un-Polorized Polorized
2m17m
NPN
TransistorsA Transistor is an Electronic Switch
12 VoltBattery
12 VoltBattery
Computer cansend a signal to turnon the transistor whichthen turns on the light
NPNTransistor
Light
Mechanical Switch Circuit
Transistor Switch Circuit
Switch openLight off = 0
Switch closeLight on = 1
Input = 0 Light off
Input = 1Light on
1m38m
An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistorscan vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a(Pentium microprocessor).
IC Integrated CircuitsElectronic Components
6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 invertersAn inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total
1m39m
FunctionsInvertersGatesFlip flopsCountersMemoryMPUWatch IC’sCalculators IC’sMicrowave Timer IC’sRadio IC’sDialer IC’sCar Controller IC’s
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1K
TransistorsCapacity
Microprocessor Road Map
100K
68000/80186
6800/8080
1970
68020/80286
68040/80486
1M68030/80386
10K
10M PowerPC/Pentium
Year of Introduction
Every 18 months cpu’sdouble in density andperformance, while stillholding prices the same
PowerPC/Pentium
Mac iMacApple 2E
IBM8080
PowerMac
IBM 386
IBM 486
IBMPentium
PowerPC/Pentium20M
1m40m
PR
Buatlah tulisan tentang sebuah komponen elektronika.
Apa ? Sifat/karakteristik ? Cara penggunaan ? Satuannya ? Harganya dll
PENILAIAN ELDAS
KUIS : 5 % TUGAS PR : 10 % HARDWARE : 30 % MID : 25 % UAS : 30%