Earth and Space Science

Earth and Space Science

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Earth and Space Reminder: Syllabus signed and turned into

tray.

Branches of Earth/Space Science

What are the 4 branches of Earth/Space Science?

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Branches of Earth/Space Science

Draw an illustration for each branch of Earth/Space. Geology Astronomy Oceanography Meteorology

Branches of Earth/Space Science

What are the 4 branches of Earth/Space Science?

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Geology: The study of the origin, processes, and structure of solid Earth. Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond Earth. Oceanography: The study of Earth’s oceans. (Covers ¾ of Earth’s surface). Meteorology: The study of Earth’s atmosphere.

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Geology Oceanography

Meteorology Astronomy

Astronomy

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Scientific study of the universe.

Astronomy

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What have astronomers discovered?

Universe Rank/connect the following components of the

universe from largest (1.) to smallest (3.) using a flow chart.

-Asteroids(3.)-Planets (3.)-Stars (2.)-Galaxies (1.)-Comets (3.)-Black Holes (2.)

Cosmology

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• Study of the origin, structure and

evolution of the universe.

Cosmology Debate

What is Earth’s place in the Universe?

Aristotle, Greek philosopher, proposed the Geocentric Model.

Copernicus was an earlyastronomer who hypothesized the Heliocentric Model.

(382-322 BC)

1473-1543

Cosmology Debate

What is Earth’s place in the Universe?

Aristotle, Greek philosopher, believed all things in the universerevolved around the Earth. Geocentric Model

Copernicus was an earlyastronomer who proposed the solarsystem model: planets revolvearound the sun. Heliocentric Model

(382-322 BC)

1473-1543

Cosmology Debate

Illustrate the difference between the Geocentric and Heliocentric Model .

Heliocentric Model• In 1609 Galileo used the first telescope to provide evidence of the Heliocentric Model.

• In 1610 he published the Starry Messenger which revealed his findings. He published more evidence later.

• Galileo and his publications were banned from the church.

Galileo Galilei

A Starry Night

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Why can we see stars in the sky at night?

A Starry Night

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Why can we see stars in the sky at night?• Stars produce and emit light that we can

see or can be gathered by a telescope.

• Other objects within our solar system reflect light from our sun to Earth.

Electromagnetic Radiation

All light particles emitted or reflected by objects in space.

mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov

The spectrum divides light particles into 7 regions based on their wave-like properties.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov

Wave-Like Properties Wave-length: Length of a wave. (meters)

Frequency: How many waves (cycles) can past a certain point in a given amount of time.

(waves per second= Hertz)

Wave-Like Properties Wave-length: Length of a wave.

Frequency: How many waves can past a certain point in a given amount of time.

Temperature of light particles is a measurement of energy they contain and can emit to their surroundings.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Analysis

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Electromagnetic Spectrum Analysis

mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov

What produces and emits these light particles toward Earth?What reflects these light particles to Earth?What are the only type of light particles that can pass through Earth’s atmosphere? Which light particle region has the smallest wavelength?Which light particle region has the smallest frequency?Which light particle region emits the smallest amount of energy?As wavelength increases for a light particle, what happens to its frequency? energy?In the visible region, (ROYGBIV), does red or blue light particles have a slightly larger wavelength?

Electromagnetic Spectrum Analysis

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Telescopes

What is a telescope?

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Telescopes

What is a telescope? An instrument that collects and focuses electromagnetic radiation from the sky for better observation.

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Types of TelescopesRefracting Telescope

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Reflecting Telescope

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Types of TelescopesRefracting Telescope

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Reflecting Telescope

universetoday.com Developed by Hans Lippershey. Uses only lenses to collect/focus light. Lens’ size is limited due to support only around the lens. Restricts amount of light collected and therefore objects observed.

Developed by Issac Newton. Uses mirrors to gather/focus light toward eyepiece. Mirrors can be bigger due to Additional support from back. Able to collect more light and observe more objects.

Telescopes What can limit the amount of light that

telescopes can collect from earth?

Telescopes What can limit the amount of light that

telescopes can collect from earth?

1. Light pollution: Artificial light from cities can block natural light from stars and planets. That is why stars are brighter in the country then in the city.

2. Earth’s atmosphere: It blocks a majority of the invisible light from reaching ground telescopes.

Space TelescopesHubble Telescope

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James Webb Telescope

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Spacecraft

Many spacecraft have left Earth’s orbit to explore the outer planets and their moons. Use the internet to learn more about these spacecrafts below. Spacecraft Launch Date Purpose

Voyager I and II )

Galileo

Cassini-Huygens

Twin Mars Rovers:Spirit and Opportunity

Universe: Measuring Distance

Light Year: The distance light travels in one year.

-Light particles travel at the same speed: 300,000 km/s

*How far (km) does light travel in one year?

Astronomical Units: Distance between the Earth and the sun. 500,000,000 km = 1 astronomical unit (AU)

How long does it take light from the sun to reach earth?

Galaxies

Galaxies are composed of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity.

Galaxies are the building blocks of the universe

There are approximately 100 billion galaxies in the universe.

Each galaxy contains 10 million to trillions of stars.

In between the stars are gas & dust particles.

Mr. Hubble

• Edwin Hubble is a famous astronomer who observed galaxies outside the Milky Way.

• Classified galaxies into 3 groups based on their shapes.

Elliptical

Spiral

IrregularSpiral

Barred Spiral

Elliptical Galaxies

These are round or oval in shape Look like the spiral galaxies without the

arms. Contain mostly older stars Have very little gas or dust between the

stars.

Centarus AMeisser87 in the Virgo constellation

Spiral Galaxies

Spiral Galaxies:has a nucleus or center of bright stars & flattened arms that spiral out around the center – entire galaxy is rotating around the center

Irregular Galaxies

Has no particular shape Tend to be smaller & fainter in color Younger stars

Cigar galaxy of Ursa Major

The Milky Way

1.What shape is our Milky Way? barred spiral

2. What holds the stars, gases, and dust together in our Milky Way? gravity

What is the Future of our Galaxy?

Andromeda Milky Way

They could collide with one another in about 4 billion yrs.

Galaxy Movement

Edwin Hubble provided evidence of galaxy movement.

If the wavelength of light collected from a telescope gets smaller then a galaxy is moving toward the Milky Way. (BLUE Shift)

If the wavelength of light collected from a telescope gets larger then the galaxy is moving away from the Milky Way. (RED Shift)

Doppler Effect

Universe: Bell Ringer

1. Identify the four branches of Earth and Space.

2. T or F: The sun reflects off the moon?3. Draw the difference in wavelength

between an ultraviolet and infrared light particle.

4. Identify and illustrate the three types of galaxies that make-up our universe.

5. Who discovered that galaxies are moving?

6. What are the two ways in which we measure distance?

Reflection: Doppler Effect Lab

How was the rubber band model useful in explaining the doppler effect?

What was a limitation to using the rubber band model to illustrate the doppler effect?

Explain the movement of the following stars:a. If you look through a telescope and observe

overtime the star’s wavelength becoming shorter.

b. You look at another star in the sky and overtime observe that the star’s wavelength increases.

Doppler Effect

Movement in the Universe

Edwin Hubble’s results on galaxy movement using the doppler effect provided evidence that the universe was expanding.

Inflationary ? (Deflationary) Steady-State?

Movement in the Universe

Edwin Hubble’s results on galaxy movement using the doppler effect provided evidence that the universe was expanding.

Inflationary Steady-State

Hubble Telescope: Ultra Deep Field

Expansion of Universe Lab

Movement in the Universe

Edwin Hubble used the Doppler Effect of light particles to prove that the universe was expanding.

He was also able to calculate the speed of different galaxies by observing the amount of light emitted by them. (Hubble’s Law)

His research provided evidence of the possible origin of the universe.

Big Bang Theory Proposed by a Belgian

cosmologist and priest in 1933. The Universe was once

compressed into a tiny object: “Cosmic Egg”.

Cosmic Egg exploded propelling matter into space and explaining why the universe is currently expanding.

Hubble’s research justified Lemaitre’s hypothesis.

Georges Lemaître1894-1966

Time-Line: Big Bang Theory

• As you watch the video clip, record important events that scientist hypothesized occurred after the big bang.

Big Bang Time Line

Cosmic Background Radiation

Why is cosmic background radiation important to scientists?

bbc.co.uk

Composition of the Universe

dailygalaxy.com

Universe: Measuring Distance

Light Year: The distance light travels in one year.

-Light particles travel at the same speed: 300,000 km/s

*How far (km) does light travel in one year?

Astronomical Units: Distance between the Earth and the sun. 500,000,000 km = 1 astronomical unit (AU)

How long does it take light from the sun to reach earth?

Big Bang Balloon Lab

Expanding Universe Article

How did the solar system form?

Expanding Universe Article

Why is the universe expanding at an accelerated rate?

Life Cycle of a Star

• Read section 30.2 (pg. 781) about the life cycle of a star.

• Identify and illustrate the stages of a star’s life cycle.