Earth/Space:Beginning with

Science

Lesson 1:Welcome to ESS

What are the different “spheres”

of the Earth?

The spheres of the Earth are:1.) Exosphere - Everything located outside the Earth, in space; stars, galaxies, and the sun

2.) Atmosphere - The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

3.) Cryosphere - All the ice on Earth

4.) Biosphere - Every living thing on Earth

5.) Hydrosphere - All the water in oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, and underground

6.) Geosphere - The land surfaces and interior of Earth

Scientific Method:

Purpose/Question: What you’re trying to “find out”.

Research: Find out what other scientists have discovered.

Hypothesis: Make a prediction as to what you think will happen (or what the “answer” is).

Experiment: Design and carry out your experiment; use variables.

Analysis: Look over (review) the data from your experiment.

Conclusion: Was your hypothesis correct?

What is the difference between Pseudo Science and Good Science?

Pseudo Science vs. Good Science

Has it been tested and observed numerous times by more than one group of scientists? Is the study or data documented completely, and does it follow the scientific method? Does the information contain just the facts and avoid mixing in opinion and assumption? Is the information presented purely for public knowledge, avoiding being connected with a new product that is for sale? Does the information come from a third party that is not profiting from the results of the study? Is this information supported by any other studies that have been conducted by other companies or agencies?

Ask yourself this…

Pseudo-science cannot be answered by the scientific method. The answers to these questions often involve opinion or beliefs. To be considered science, information must be testable and the results must be reproducible. The scientific method must be followed.

Theories vs. Laws!

Metric vs. US system of Measurement

Metric system of measurement is accepted worldwide. We start with “base” units.

MEASURING MASS!

Tools that we use are:

Base metric unit = Gram (g)

TemperatureTools that we use are: Thermometers

Base metric unit = Kalvin (K)

VolumeTool used could be a

graduated cylinders.

Base metric unit = Liter (l)

LengthTools used can be: Rulers, Meter sticks, Meter tapes, etc

Base metric unit = Meter (m)

Graphs: (Please see Lesson 4 for additional types of graphs.)

Review: Parts of an atomWhat are the three sub atomic particles in an atom?

1. 2. 3.

What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral)1. 2. 3.

Where are they located?1. 2. 3.

Review: Parts of an atomWhat are the three sub atomic particles in an atom?

1. Protons2. Neutrons3. Electrons

What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral)1. Proton = Positive (+)2. Neutron = Neutral (0)3. Electron = Negative (-)

Where are they located?1. Proton = Inside the nucleus2. Neutron = Inside the nucleus3. Electron = Outside the nucleus

Review!!!!Models for the Atomic Theory

Strong/Weak nuclear forces:

Weak Nuclear force:

Strong Nuclear force:

What does the Atomic Number tell us?(what information)

Atomic Number– The number of protons in an

atom.

Atomic number:How many protons are in this atom.

The number of protons also equals the number of electrons in an atom!

What does the Mass Number tell us?

Mass Number

– The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Mass number (or atomic mass): total number of the protons + the neutrons.

If we take the MASS number – ATOMIC number = # of neutrons

Protons + Neutrons Protons only

• Number of protons changes the identity of an atom.

• Number of electrons changes the properties of an atom.

• Number of neutrons can affect the properties of an atom also.

What happens in an Ionic Bond?

Ionic Bond

Atoms give up an electron or receiving an electron; becoming “ions”. Elements that are involved in ionic bonds are “I, I, I” elements.

What happens in a Covalent Bond?

Covalent BondCovalent like CO-operate (sharing).

A bond that forms by atoms sharing electrons.

Four basic forces:

What are the four states of matter?

The four states of matter are:1.) Solid

2.) Liquid

3.) Gas

4.) Plasma

Properties of Matter

1. 2.

What are the two different types of properties used to describe matter?

Properties of Matter

1. 2.

Physical properties

Chemical properties

What are the two different types of properties used to describe matter?

List 2 examples of physical properties:

Physical properties

Appearance (Like: color or shape) Odor (smell)Melting point and boiling point Density Hardness Ductility and Malleability (ability to change shape) Solubility Electrical and thermal conductivity Magnetism

Examples:

Characteristics of a substance that can be measured without changing the identity of the substance.

Chemical properties

Characteristics of a substance that describe the ways it can react to form new materials.

Examples:Flammability (reacts with oxygen)Reaction with acids and bases Reacts to water Decomposition (break down) caused by light or heat Tendency to corrode (rust)

Physical ChangesA change that does not create a new substance. The shape, form, or appearance of a substance may have changed, but the substance is still the same.

PaperNow I’ve torn (ripped)

paper

It’s changed… but not into anything new. It’s still paper.

CHEMICAL CHANGE:How do we know something goes through it?

CHEMICAL CHANGE:How do we know something goes through it?

When something changes into something different, and we can’t get it back the way it was.

The wood has changed into something “new” (ash) and you can’t get it back the way it was.

Chemical Changes

What are some things we can “observe” that tell us a chemical change occurred?

Things we can “observe” that tell us a chemical change occurred:

1. Change in color2. Produces a gas3. Heat4. Light

A new substance being formed, is an example of what type of change?

Physicalor

Chemical?

The statement: “A bike will rust if left outside”

is an example of what type of property?

What are the three ways that heat is transferred?

Heat is transferred to the environment in three basic ways:

radiation conduction convection

What is theLaw of Conservation of Mass?

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed. When something goes through a physical or chemical change at the end of the change there is still the same amount of matter as you started with. (It might be different, but the total amount is still the same.)

Law of Conservation of Energy

Any form of energy can be transformed to any other form of energy without a loss of net energy.

Energy is added to the water… particles move around more… the water changes to a different state of matter.