Chapter 19, Section 1

CHAPTER 19, SECTION 1

Metals

Metals USUALLY HAVE COMMON PROPERTIES...

Good conductors of heat Good conductors of electricity All but one (mercury) are Solid at

room temperature Have Luster (reflect light) Are Malleable (can be hammered or

rolled into sheets) Are Ductile (can be drawn into wires) Most have 1-3 electrons in their outer

energy level and typically form Ionic Bonds

METALLIC BONDINGPositively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The electrons move freely among many positively charged ions.

THE ALKALI METALS

Group 1 of the periodic tableAre softer than most other metalsMost REACTIVE of all the metalsThey react rapidly with water and

oxygenHave one electron in outer shellFrancium is extremely rare and

radioactiveRadioactive element: is one in

which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy

The Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2 of the periodic tableHave 2 electrons in their outer shell

Used in fireworks!Magnesium-bright whiteStrontium-Red

TRANSITION ELEMENTS

•Groups 3-12•Transition elements are the most familiar because they are found in nature as uncombined elements, unlike Group 1 & 2 elements which are less stable

IRON TRIADIron, Cobalt, & NickelAll three of these elements are used in the process to create steel and other metal mixtures.Iron is the most widely used of all metals

COINAGE METALS

Copper, Silver, & GoldGroup 11Were once used to make coins…why not anymore?Were used to make coins because they are so stable and malleableMost coins now are made of nickel and copper

INNER TRANSITION METALS

Atomic numbers 58-71 Are called lanthanides

because they follow the element lanthanum

Some of the lanthanides are used by the movie industry and to produce the colors you see on your tv screen!

Atomic numbers 90-103

Are called actinide series because they follow the element actinium

All of the actinides are radioactive & unstable

Lanthanides Actinides

METALS IN THE CRUSTThe crust is the Earth’s hardened outer layer

Contains metals such as gold and copper

Metals in the Earth’s crust that combined with other elements are found as ores.After an ore is mined from Earth’s crust, the rock is separated from the mineral.

NONMETALS

Ch.19, Section

2

NO

NM

ETALS

Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature

Right of the metalloid line (staircase)

Not malleableNot ductileDo not conduct

electricityDo not conduct heatTypically not shiny (have

no…..) Luster

IF YOU COULD COUNT ALL OF THE ATOMS ON EARTH, WHICH ELEMENT DO YOU THINK YOU WOULD FIND 90% OF THE TIME?

HYDROGEN

HYDROGENMost is found in the compound water

The word hydrogen is derived from the Greek term for “water forming”When water is broken down into its elements, hydrogen becomes a gas made up of diatomic molecules

DIATOMIC

MOLECULEConsists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond. Many elements exist in this way because they are too reactive to exist alone in nature.

Other examples:Chlorine, NitrogenFluorine, OxygenBromine, Hydrogenand Iodine

Group 17Very reactiveHave 7 valence electrons If a halogen gains an electron from a

metal….it forms a “salt”.Fluorine is the MOST chemically active

of all elements!Have many uses….pg. 580 & 581…you

list 3 in your notes…

Halogens

SublimationWhen a solid

changes straight from a solid to a gas without first being a

liquid!

THE N

OBLE

GASES

The noble gases exist as isolated atoms.

They are stable because…..why?

Their outermost energy level is full (with 8 electrons)

The stability of noble gases is what makes them useful…..Helium’s light weight is

what makes it useful in blimps and balloons

Neon and Argon are used in “neon lights” for advertising

Krypton is used in electric light bulbs to produce light in lasers for laser light shows

MIXED GROUPSCh.19, Section 3

METALLOIDSCan form ionic or covalent bonds

Have metallic AND nonmetallic characteristics

Touch the stair step lineAre semiconductors

Conduct an electric current under certain conditions, not all of the time or never!

OTHER GROUPS:Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

ALLOTROPES(DON’T CONFUSE WITH ISOTOPES!)

Different forms of the same element and have different molecular structures.

Read Page 586 and be able to talk about the allotropes of carbon…

SYNTHETIC ELEMENTSCreated elements by a scientist usually in a labBesides technetium 43 and promethium 61, each synthetic element has more than 92 protons.We call these elements having more than 92 protons Transuranium elements

These do not belong to metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; they are their own section of the table

All transuranium elements are synthetic and unstable, and many disintegrate quickly