Chapter 19, Section 2Reaction and Revolution

BIG Idea:

Self-Determination

In 1848, liberals and nationals rebelled against many of the conservative

governments of Europe.

Focus Question:

Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of large

territories?

• After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore the former monarchs to ensure peace and balance in Europe.

• The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability.

• The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion.

• The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions.

• The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations.

• While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading.

• Liberals wanted to be as free as possible from government restraints and to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution.

• Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights.

• Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs.

• Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.

• Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.

FRANCE

• Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage.

• In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.

FRANCE

• The first elected

president was

Charles

Louis-Napoleon

Bonaparte.

GERMAN STATES

• The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However, the Frankfurt Assembly, an all German parliament, failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia, leader of one of the largest independent German states.

CENTRAL EUROPE

• Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukrainians.

• Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.

• Revolts in northern

Italian states of

Lombardy and Venetia

were also put down by

Austrian authorities

in 1849.

ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTION:

Why might growing nationalism have posed a

threat to rulers of large territories?

Chapter 19, Section 3National Unification and Nationalism

BIG Idea:Self-Determination

In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians created their own

nations. However, not all national groups were able to reach that

goal.

Focus Question:Why might groups want self rule?

• Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia.

• The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia.

• Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control.

• The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies.

• Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying.

• In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.

• Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy.

• In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont.

• Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

• Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism.

• In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark.

• Bismark is often considered the foremost 19th C. practitioner of realpolitik.– The “politics of reality,” politics based on practical

matters rather than on theory or ethics.

• In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia.

• In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.

• The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established.

• England– Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of

Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country.

– Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling.

– The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity.

– Queen Victoria, who ruled

– from 1837 to 1901, reflected

– the nationalistic pride of

– British citizens.

• In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride.

• In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems.

• Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life.

• With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America.

• The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865 creating one nation again.

• The Emancipation Proclamation declared most of the nation’s enslaved people “forever free.”

ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTION:

Why might groups want self rule?

In addition to your 19.4 homework, if I were you I

would also answer Question #3 on page 629!