CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTSChapter 19Section 2

Key Terms

Ming Dynasty Hongwu Yonglo Zheng He Manchus Qing Dynasty Kangxi

The Rise of the Ming

China became a dominant power

Vassals states in Korea paid the Ming tribute

China expected the same from Europeans

Was not going to let outsiders threaten peace and prosperity

The Rise of the Ming

• Ming had ended Mongol rule

• Hongwu- a peasant’s son who drove the Mongols out

• Ruled from Yuan capital

• Restored destroyed fields

• Erased all traces of the Mongol past

The Rise of the Ming

Hongwu’s agriculture reforms increased rice production and irrigation

Encouraged fish farming, growing crops (cotton, sugar cane)

Brought stability to China

The Rise of the Ming

Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards

Improved on restoring merit based civil service

Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant Purged the

government Killed thousands of

officials

The Rise of the Ming

• Hongwu’s death in n1398 led to a power struggle

• Yonglo his son emerged victorious

• Moved the royal Court to Beijing

• Yonglo had a curiosity of the outside world

• Launched 7 voyages of exploration

The Voyages of Zeng He

• Chinese admiral who led all seven voyages

• Large distances, large fleet, large ships

• Went from Southeast Asia to Africa

• Fighting ships, storage vessels

• Treasure ships measuring over 400 feet

The Voyages of Zeng He

• 27,000 people in the crew

• Sailors, soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors and religious leaders

• Distributed gifts of silks and silver to show superiority

• 156 countries sent tribute to the Ming court

• After 7th voyage China withdrew in isolation

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Trade policies in

the 1500’s isolation

Only government could conduct foreign trade

Only trade through three ports Canton Macao Ningbo

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries• Profited minded

merchants smuggled goods

• Europeans paid with silver from American mines

• Silk-making and ceramics grew rapidly

• Manufacturing and commerce grew rapidly

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries• Idea of commerce

offended Confucian beliefs

• Money supported foreigners who were robbers

• Chinese policies favored agriculture

• Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture stayed low

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Missionaries

accompanied traders to China

Brought Christianity, knowledge of European science and technology (clock)

Matteo Ricci- first Jesuit to have an impact

Manchus Found Qing Dynasty Higher taxes and bad

harvest pushed peasants to starvation

1644 Manchus people invade China

Seized Beijing and became the leader

Upheld Confucian beliefs

Qing Dynasty will rule for 260 years

China Under Qing

Resisted the rule of non-Chinese Manchus

Reduced government expenses and reduced taxes

Scholar and patron of the arts

Company of Jesuits in his court

China under Qing

Jesuits taught him mathematics, science and medicine

Qian-long (grandson) ruled from 1736-1795

China reached its greatest size and prosperity

Expanded European missionaries in China

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Middle kingdom was

the center of the universe fro 2,000 years

Foreign states wanted to trade they had to follow Chinese rules

Use only special ports and pay tribute

Dutch accepted Chinese restrictions

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Kowtow ritual-

kneeling in front of the emperor and touching your head nine times

Dutch sold tea, silk and porcelain

1800 tea was 80% of the shipments

Great Britain did not like Chinese restrictions

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Britain refused to

kowtow and China declined the invite to trade

China was self sufficient and did not need the British

Korea Under Manchus

Manchus had conquered Korea

Korea organized their government under Confucian ideas

They adopted Chinese technology

Chinese invasion and Japanese attacks provoked strong feelings of nationalism

Korea Under Manchus

Sentiment was evident in their art

Many artists showed popular Korean scenes

Life in Ming and Qing China

Most families farmed the land

Farmers grew more than rice (sweet potatoes, corn)

Food production increased, population followed

Families favored sons over daughters

Life in Ming and Qing China

Only sons could perform vital religious rituals

Females were not valued

Many female infants were killed

Men dominated the households

Life in Ming and Qing China

Women had a lot of responsibilities Supervised

children’s education

Worked the fields Managed the

family finances Women force to

remain secluded in their homes

Worked as midwives or textiles

Cultural Developments

Chinese fiction written during this period

Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan

Examines upper class society in the 1700’s

Valued techniques over creativity

Pottery needed technical skill

Cultural Developments

Experimentation led to production of high quality ceramics and porcelain

Drama was popular entertainment

Plays presented Chinese history and heroes

Helped to unify and Chinese society by creating a national culture