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• Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy
1 A bureaucracy is "a body of nonelective government officials" and/or "an administrative policy-
making group." Historically, bureaucracy referred to government
administration managed by departments staffed with nonelected
officials. In modern parlance, bureaucracy refers to the
administrative system governing any large institution.
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Bureaucracy
1 Since being coined, the word "bureaucracy" has developed negative connotations for
some. Bureaucracies are criticized for their complexity, their inefficiency, and their inflexibility. The dehumanizing effects of
excessive bureaucracy were a major theme in the work of Franz Kafka, and were central to his masterpiece The Trial. The elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy is a key concept in modern managerial theory, and has been a
central issue in numerous political campaigns.
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Bureaucracy
1 But even Weber saw bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, in
which the increasing bureaucratization of human life traps individuals in an "iron cage" of rule-
based, rational control.
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Bureaucracy Word origin and usage
1 The term "bureaucracy" is French in origin, and combines the French word bureau –
desk or office – with the Greek word κράτος kratos – rule or political power. It
was coined sometime in the mid-1700s by the French economist Jacques Claude Marie
Vincent de Gournay, and was a satirical pejorative from the outset. Gournay never wrote the term down, but was later quoted at length in a letter from a contemporary:
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Bureaucracy Word origin and usage
1 The late M. de Gournay...sometimes used to say: "We have an illness in France which bids fair to play havoc
with us; this illness is called bureaumania." Sometimes he used
to invent a fourth or fifth form of government under the heading of
"bureaucracy."
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Bureaucracy Word origin and usage
1 Weber saw the bureaucracy as a relatively positive development; however by 1944, the Austrian
economist Ludwig von Mises noted that the term bureaucracy was
"always applied with an opprobrious connotation," and by 1957 the
American sociologist Robert Merton noted that the term "bureaucrat" had
become an epithet.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Bureaucracy History
1 Ancient Egypt also had a hereditary class of scribes that administered the
civil service bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy History
1 After the Empire split, the Byzantine Empire became notorious for its inscrutable bureaucracy, and the term "byzantine" came to refer to highly-complicated bureaucratic
structures.
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Bureaucracy History
1 Within the bureaucracy, the positions were of a "graded civil service" and
competitive exams were held to determine who held positions
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Bureaucracy History
1 But paradoxically, this led to even further growth of the
bureaucracy.
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Bureaucracy History
1 By the early 19th century, bureaucratic forms of administration were firmly in place across
continental Europe, North America and much of Asia. Thinkers like John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx began to theorize about the economic functions
and power-structures of bureaucracy in contemporary life. Max Weber was the first to endorse bureaucracy as a necessary feature of
modernity, and by the late 19th century bureaucratic forms had begun their spread from
government to other large-scale institutions.
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Bureaucracy History
1 The trend toward increased bureaucratization continued in the
20th century, and, in the modern era, practically all organized institutions
rely on bureaucracy to organize tasks. They do this by processing and controlling records and information
("the files"), and administer complex systems of rules.
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Bureaucracy Karl Marx
1 He wrote that "The Corporation is civil society's attempt to become state; but the bureaucracy is the state which has really made itself
into civil society."
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Bureaucracy John Stuart Mill
1 Mill wrote that ultimately the bureaucracy stifles the mind, and
that "A bureaucracy always tends to become a pedantocracy."
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Bureaucracy Max Weber
1 Although he is not necessarily a fan of bureaucracy, Weber does argue that bureaucracy constitutes the
most efficient and (formally) rational way in which human activity can be
organized, and that thus is indispensable to the modern world.
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Bureaucracy Max Weber
1 Bureaucratic administration
means fundamentally domination through
knowledgehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Bureaucracy Max Weber
1 Weber listed several precondititions for the emergence of
bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy Max Weber
1 Weber's ideal-typical bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchical
organization, delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, action taken on the basis of and recorded in written rules,
bureaucratic officials need expert training, rules are implemented by
neutral officials, career advancement depends on technical qualifications
judged by organization, not individuals.
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Bureaucracy Max Weber
1 While recognizing bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organization, and
even indispensable for the modern state, Weber also saw it as a threat to individual
freedoms, and the ongoing bureaucratization as leading to a "polar
night of icy darkness", in which increasing rationalization of human life traps
individuals in a soulless "iron cage" of bureaucratic, rule-based, rational control.
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Bureaucracy Ludwig von Mises
1 He believed that bureaucracy should be the target of universal
opprobrium, and noticed that in the political sphere it had few defenders,
even among progressives
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Bureaucracy Robert K. Merton
1 While Merton agreed with certain aspects of Weber's analysis, he also considered the dysfunctional aspects of bureaucracy, which he attributed to a "trained incapacity" resulting
from "overconformity." He saw bureaucrats as more likely to defend their own entrenched interests than
to act to benefit the organization as a whole
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Albrow, Martin. Bureaucracy. London: Macmillan, 1970.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 On Karl Marx: Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume 1:
State and Bureaucracy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Marx comments on the state bureaucracy in his Critique of Hegel's
Philosophy of Right and Engels discusses the origins of the state in
Origins of the Family.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Ernest Mandel, Power and Money: A Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy. London: Verso, 1992.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 On Weber: Watson, Tony J. (1980). Sociology, Work and Industry. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-
32165-4.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Neil Garston (ed.), Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms. Boston:
Kluwer, 1993.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (2006), Corrupt Bureaucracy and
Privatization of Tax Enforcement. Dhaka: Pathak Samabesh, ISBN 984-
8120-62-9.
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Ludwig von Mises, Bureaucracy, Yale University Press, 1962. Liberty Fund
(2007), ISBN 978-0-86597-663-4
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Bureaucracy Further reading
1 Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization.
Translated by A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. London: Collier
Macmillan Publishers, 1947.
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Jerry Pournelle - Iron Law of Bureaucracy
1 Pournelle has suggested several "laws". His first use of the term
"Pournelle's law" appears to be for the expression "one user, one CPU." He has also used "Pournelle's law" to apply to the importance of checking cables connections when diagnosing computer problems. His best-known
"law" is "Pournelle's Iron Law of Bureaucracy":
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Jerry Pournelle - Iron Law of Bureaucracy
1 In any bureaucracy, the people devoted to the benefit of the
bureaucracy itself always get in control and those dedicated to the
goals the bureaucracy is supposed to accomplish have less and less influence, and sometimes are
eliminated entirely.
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Jerry Pournelle - Iron Law of Bureaucracy
1 ...in any bureaucratic organization there will be two kinds of people:
those who work to further the actual goals of the organization, and those who work for the organization itself
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Jerry Pournelle - Iron Law of Bureaucracy
1 Some of Pournelle's standard themes that recur in the stories are: Welfare
States become self-perpetuating, building a technological society
requires a strong defense and the rule of law, and "Those who forget
history are condemned to repeat it."
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Anarcho-primitivism - Hierarchical organizations, division of labor, and bureaucracy
1 Green and black flag of green anarchism,
also used for anarcho-primitivism
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Anarcho-primitivism - Hierarchical organizations, division of labor, and bureaucracy
1 Anarcho-primitivists tend to see division of labor and specialization as fundamental and
irreconcilable problems, decisive to social relationship within civilization. They see this
disconnecting of the ability to care for ourselves and provide for our own needs as a
technique of separation and dis-empowerment perpetuated by civilization.
Specialization is seen as leading to inevitable inequalities of influence and undermining
egalitarian relationships.
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Anarcho-primitivism - Hierarchical organizations, division of labor, and bureaucracy
1 Primitivists state that organizational models only provide us with more of the same
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Anarcho-primitivism - Hierarchical organizations, division of labor, and bureaucracy
1 Rather than the familiar organizational model, primitivists
advocate the use of informal, affinity-based associations that they claim tend to minimize alienation from decision-making processes, and reduce mediation between our
desires and our actions.
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Organization studies - Bureaucracy
1 Perrow argues that all organizations can be understood in terms of
bureaucracy and that organizational failures are more often a result of
insufficient application of bureaucratic principals.Perrow,
Charles (1972)
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Organization studies - Bureaucracy
1 Weber's principals of bureaucratic organisation:
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Organization studies - Bureaucracy
1 * Organization by functional speciality and selecting people based
on their skills and technical qualifications
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Organization studies - Bureaucracy
1 * An up-focused (to organization's board or shareholders) or in-focused (to the organization itself) mission
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Organization studies - Bureaucracy
1 * Purposefully impersonal to apply the same rules and structures to all people
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Public choice theory - Bureaucracy
1 William Niskanen is generally considered the founder of public
choice literature on the bureaucracy.
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Law - Bureaucracy
1 The etymology of bureaucracy derives from the French word for office (bureau) and the Ancient Greek for word power
(kratos).[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracysearchmode
Bureaucracy], Online Etymology Dictionary Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and
bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive
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Law - Bureaucracy
1 The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late
Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices,
clerks, secretaries, inspectors and intendants are not appointed to
benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have
been established so that offices might exist.Albrow, Bureaucracy, 16
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Law - Bureaucracy
1 Cynicism over officialdom is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to
private enterprise motivated by Maximization (economics)|profit.Mises, Bureaucracy, II,
[http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp Bureaucratic Management] In fact private
companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies.Kettl, Public Bureaucracies, 367 Negative perceptions of red tape aside, public
services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state
function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power.
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Law - Bureaucracy
1 Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive
feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic
support.Weber, Economy and Society, I, 393 Weber wrote that the
typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define
its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, and management is
composed of career experts who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public
servants' discretion with rules.Kettl, Public Bureaucracies, 371
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Private finance initiative - Bureaucracy
1 The National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office has
accused the government's PFI dogma of ruining a £10bn Ministry of
Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence project
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Organizational theory - Efficiency and teleological arguments in Weberian bureaucracy
1 There are certainly both positive and negative consequences to
bureaucracy, and strong arguments for both the efficiency and
inefficiency of bureaucracies.
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Organizational theory - Efficiency and teleological arguments in Weberian bureaucracy
1 Not only does bureaucracy make it much more difficult for arbitrary and unfair personal favors to be carried out, it also means that promotions and hiring will generally be done
completely by merit.
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Organizational theory - Efficiency and teleological arguments in Weberian bureaucracy
1 His rationale comes from the knowledge that the strict methods of administration and legitimate forms
of authority associated with bureaucracy act to eliminate human
freedom.
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Organizational theory - Efficiency and teleological arguments in Weberian bureaucracy
1 149.ISBN 978-0-324-59455-3 The teleological view of Weberian
bureaucracy postulates that all actors in an organization have
various ends or goals, and attempt to find the most efficient way to achieve
these goals.
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 Weber’s theories were purposed to set a stage for other organizations to follow, and the characteristics are so ideal that they may be impossible for any actual organization to succeed
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 “There is dangerous risk of oversimplification in making Weber seem cold and heartless to such a degree that an efficiently-run Nazi
death camp might appear admirable” (Bureaucracy Theory)
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 Put all of them together, and we have the ideal organization, but since
a pure bureaucracy is nearly impossible to obtain, efficiency takes
the back seat in his beliefs
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 “Think of the concept as a bureau or desk with drawers in it, which seems
to call out to you, demanding that everything must fit in its place”
(Bureaucracy Theory)
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 Open communication is a very important part of Weber’s ideal bureaucracy, and is practiced
today
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 It is hard to critique Weber’s theories strictly because of the fact that they
are theories; they are nearly impossible to perform in real life,
therefore how can we know if they work or not? They are merely a set of
guidelines that make up bureaucracy, which today many believe is the best way to run organizations in all aspects.
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Organizational theory - Criticism of the Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
1 '[http://www.drtomoconnor.com/4090/4090lect02.htm Bureaucracy
Theory]. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.[http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/encyclop/bureaucracy.html Bureaucracy (Weber)]. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.
[http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/encyclop/weber_crit.html Criticism of
Weberian Bureaucratic Theory]. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.'
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Organization theory - Efficiency and teleological arguments in Weberian bureaucracy
1 There are certainly both positive and negative consequences to
bureaucracy, and strong arguments for both the efficiency and
inefficiency of bureaucracies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Constitutional democracy - Bureaucracy
1 Supporters of democracy point to the complex bureaucracy and regulations
that has occurred in dictatorships, like many of the former Communist
states.
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Constitutional democracy - Bureaucracy
1 The bureaucracy in Liberal democracies is often criticised for a claimed slowness and complexity of their decision-making. The term Red
tape is a synonym of slow bureaucratic functioning that hinders quick results in a liberal democracy.
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Bureaucratic - Ancient Bureaucracy
1 Ancient Egypt also had a hereditary class of scribes that administered the
civil service bureaucracy
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Bureaucratic - Ancient Bureaucracy
1 The reforms of Diocletian doubled the number of administrative
districts and led to a large-scale expansion in Roman bureaucracy.As taken from the Laterculus Veronensis or Verona List, reproduced in Barnes,
New Empire, chs
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Bureaucratic - Ancient Bureaucracy
1 Within the bureaucracy, the positions were of a graded civil service and competitive exams were held to
determine who held positions
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 According to Niall Ferguson, the bureaucracy was based on
recruitment by examination, training, promotion on merit, regular salaries
and pensions, and standardized procedures
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 The implementation of Her Majesty's Civil Service as a systematic,
meritocratic civil service bureaucracy, followed the Northcote-
Trevelyan Report of 1854, which recommended that recruitment
should be on the basis of merit and promotion should be won through
achievement.
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 France also saw a rapid and dramatic expansion of government in the
18th-century, accompanied by the rise of the French civil service; a
phenomenon that became known as bureaumania, in which complex
systems of bureaucracy emerged. In the early 19th century, Napoleon
attempted to reform the bureaucracies of France and other territories under his control by the
imposition of the standardized Napoleonic Code. But paradoxically, this led to even further growth of the
bureaucracy.
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 By the mid-19th century, bureaucratic forms of administration were firmly in place across the industrialized world. Thinkers like John Stuart
Mill and Karl Marx began to theorize about the economic functions and power-structures of
bureaucracy in contemporary life. Max Weber was the first to endorse bureaucracy as a
necessary feature of modernity, and by the late 19th century bureaucratic forms had
begun their spread from government to other large-scale institutions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 The trend toward increased bureaucratization continued in the 20th century, with the public sector employing over 5% of the workforce
in many Western countries
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 The 1980s brought a backlash against bureaucratic forms of rule.
Politicians like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan gained power by
promising to eliminate government regulatory bureaucracies, which they
saw as overbearing, and return economic production to a more
purely capitalistic mode, which they saw as more efficient. In the business
world, managers like Jack Welch gained fortune and renown by
eliminating bureaucratic structures inside the corporations themselves.
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Bureaucratic - Modern bureaucracy
1 Still, in the modern world practically all organized institutions rely on bureaucratic systems to manage information, process and control records, and administer complex systems of rules, although the
elimination of paperwork and the widespread use of electronic
databases is transforming the way bureaucracies function.
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Legal act - Bureaucracy
1 Cynicism over officialdom is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to
private enterprise motivated by Maximization (economics)|profit.Mises, Bureaucracy, II,
[https://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp Bureaucratic Management] In fact private
companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies.Kettl, Public Bureaucracies, 367 Negative perceptions of red tape aside, public
services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state
function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 'Bureaucracy' is an organizational structure with the task of
implementing the decisions and policies of its governing body.
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Automated Bureaucracy, an organizational
structure
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Bureaucracy, one of the five seasons of the
Discordian calendar
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Bureaucracy (book)|Bureaucracy (book), a 1945 political treatise by Ludwig von Mises
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Bureaucracy (video game)|Bureaucracy (video game), a 1987 Infocom game by
Douglas Adams
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It, a 1989 book by
James Q. Wilson
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Celestial bureaucracy, the pantheon of Chinese
mythology
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Red tape, excessive regulation or adherence to
standardized procedure
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Bureaucracy (disambiguation)
1 * Street-level bureaucracy, individuals who implement laws and public policies
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Iron cage - Rationalization and bureaucracy
1 Weber states, “the course of development involves… the bringing in of calculation into the traditional
brotherhood, displacing the old religious relationship.”Weber, Max. General Economic History. Dover
Publications, 2003. 356.
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Iron cage - Rationalization and bureaucracy
1 According to Weber, the shift from the old form of mobility in terms of kinship to a new form in terms of a strict set of rules was a direct result
of growth in bureaucracy and capitalism.Weber, Max, Talcott
Parsons, and Rh Tawney
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 Bureaucracy puts us in an iron cage, which limits individual human
freedom and potential instead of a “technological utopia” that should
set us free.[http://google.com/search?
q=cache:25ERckNMKK0J:www.faculty.rsu.edu/~felwell/Theorists/Four/
Presentations/Weber/Weber.ppt+weber+Bureaucracy+limits+individual+human+freedom+and+potentialhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=us]B
enhabib, Seyla, and Fred R
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 Laws of bureaucracies:Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. University of
California Press, 1978. 220-221.
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # The official is subject to authority only with respect to their official obligation
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # The official has a free contractual relationship; free
selection
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # Officials are selected through technical
qualification
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # The office is the primary occupation of
the official
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # Promotion is based on an achievement which is granted by the judgment of superiors
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Iron cage - Iron cage of bureaucracy
1 # The official is subject to strict and systematic discipline within the office
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Street-level bureaucracy
1 'Street-level bureaucracy' is the subset of a public agency or
government institution containing the individuals who carry out and
enforce the actions required by laws and public policies. Street-level
bureaucracy is accompanied by the idea that these individuals vary the extents to which they enforce the rules and laws assigned to them.
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Street-level bureaucracy - Street-level bureaucrats
1 The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1980, who argued that policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement
it.Lipsky, M., Street-level Bureaucracy; Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services, 1980,
[http://www.odi.org.uk/Rapid/Projects/R0163/Communications/Comms_Abs_47.html view summary]
He argued that state employees such as police and social workers should be seen as part of the policy-making community and as exercisers of
political power
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Street-level bureaucracy - Examples of street-level bureaucrats
1 Street-level bureaucrats include police|police officers, firefighters, and
other individuals, who on a daily basis interact with regular citizens and provide the force behind the
given rules and laws in their areas of expertise.
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Street-level bureaucracy - Problems with street-level bureaucracy
1 Tony Evans and John Harris.Evans, T and Harris, J, Street-Level
Bureaucracy, Social Work and the (Exaggerated) Death of Discretion,
British Journal of Social Work, vol.34, no.6, September 2004,
[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/social/2004/00000034/00000
006/art00871 view abstract] argue that the proliferation of rules and
regulations should not automatically be equated with greater control over professional discretion; paradoxically,
more rules may create more discretion
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Street-level bureaucracy - Problems with street-level bureaucracy
1 A 2003 United States|American study, conducted by Steven Maynard
Moody of the University of Kansas, reiterated the significance of street-
level bureaucrats in the political process, asserting that street-level
workers actually make policy choices rather than simply implement the
decisions of elected officials.Maynard-Moody, S and Musheno, M, Cops, Teachers,
Counselors: Stories from the Front Lines of Public Service, University of
Michigan Press, 2003, [http://www.politicalreviewnet.com/polrev/reviews/PUAR/R_0033_3352_214_1005289.asp view summary] They
also claim, based on a study of 48 street-level state employees in two states, that workers' beliefs about
the people they interact with continually rub against policies and rules and that the prejudices of the street-level bureaucrats influence
their treatment of citizens.Also see Norma M
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Street-level bureaucracy - Problems with street-level bureaucracy
1 In 2007, Emil Mackey confirmed that even the Resident Assistants in campus housing exercise
their discretion to change policy at the implementation level. Furthermore, these policy implementation changes reflected the individual
values of each street-level bureaucrat rather than the will of policymakers. Therefore, this research not only confirmed previous street-level bureaucrat research and literature, but
also expanded it to include the Higher Education policy environment.
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Business agility - Agile enterprise versus bureaucracy
1 There are several key distinctions between the agile enterprise and the traditional bureaucratic organization.
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Business agility - Agile enterprise versus bureaucracy
1 The most notable is the agile enterprise’s use of fluid role
definitions that allow for dynamic decision making structures
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Business agility - Agile enterprise versus bureaucracy
1 Similarly, agile enterprises do not adhere to the concept of sustained competitive advantage that typifies
the bureaucratic organization
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Business agility - Agile enterprise versus bureaucracy
1 Lastly, the agile enterprise is populated with individuals pursuing serial incompetenceGodin, S. (2000). In the Face of Change the Competent are Helpless. Fast Company, January–February: 230–234.—they work hard to obtain a certain
level of proficiency in one area but are driven to move on to the next “new” area to develop
expertise. There are no “subject-matter experts” specializing for years in one topical
area, as found typically in a traditional bureaucracy.
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Organisational theory - Bureaucracy
1 Charles Perrow extended Weber's work, arguing that all organizations
can be understood in terms of bureaucracy and that organizational
failures are more often a result of insufficient application of
bureaucratic principles.Perrow, C
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Organisational theory - Bureaucracy
1 Weber's principles of bureaucratic organization:
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Organisational theory - Bureaucracy
1 * Organization by functional specialty and selecting people based on their
skills and technical qualifications
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Organisational theory - Bureaucracy
1 * Purposefully impersonal, applying the same rules and structures to all
members of the organization
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
1 The Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and
bureaucracy, which was inherited from the Roman Empire
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
1 Over the more than 1000 years of the Empire's existence, different
titles were adopted and discarded, and many lost or gained prestige
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Background history
1 In the early Byzantine period (4th to early 7th century) the system of government followed the model established in late Roman times
under Diocletian and Constantine the Great, with a strict separation
between civil and military offices and a scale of titles corresponding to
office, where membership or not in the Byzantine Senate|Senate was the
major distinguishing characteristic.Kazhdan (1991), p
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Background history
1 The 10th and 11th centuries saw a rise in importance of the aristocracy,
and an increased number of new families entering it
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles
1 These were the highest titles, usually limited to members of the imperial
family or to a few very select foreign rulers, whose friendship the Emperor
desired.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the emperors
1 * 'Basileus' (βασιλεύς): the Greek language|Greek word for Monarch|
sovereign which originally referred to any king in the Greek-speaking areas
of the Roman Empire
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the emperors
1 * 'Porphyrogennetos|Porphyrogennētos'
(πορφυρογέννητος) — born in the purple: Emperors wanting to
emphasize the legitimacy of their ascent to the throne appended this title to their names, meaning they
were born in the delivery room of the imperial palace (called the Porphyra because it was paneled with slabs of
purple marble), to a reigning emperor, and were therefore
legitimate beyond any claim to the contrary whatsoever.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the emperors
1 * 'Autokrator|Autokratōr' (αὐτοκράτωρ) — self-ruler: this title
was originally equivalent to imperator, and was used by the
emperors.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Despotes|Despotēs' (δεσπότης) – Lord: This title was used by the
emperors themselves since the time of Justinian I, and was an honorific
address for the sons of reigning emperors
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Sebastokrator|Sebastokratōr' (σεβαστοκράτωρ) – Venerable Ruler: a title created by Alexios I Komnenos as a combination of autokratōr and
sebastos (see below)
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Caesar (title)|Kaisar' () – Caesar: originally, as in the late Roman
Empire, it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and
was first among the awarded dignities
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Nobelissimos' (νωβελίσσιμος) – from the Latin Nobilissimus (most
noble): originally a title given to close relatives of the Emperor, subordinate
only to the kaisar
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Curopalates|Kouropalatēs' (κουροπαλάτης) – from the Latin cura
palatii, charge of the palace: First attested in the time of Justinian I, it
was the official in charge of the running of the imperial palace
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles used by the imperial family
1 * 'Sebastos' (σεβαστός) – August One this title is the literal Greek translation of the Latin term Augustus or Augoustos, was
sometimes used by the emperors
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court titles from the 8th to 11th centuries
1 In the 8th–11th centuries, according to information provided by the Taktikon Uspensky,
the Kletorologion|Klētorologion of Philotheos (899) and the writings of Constantine
Porphyrogennetos, below the imperial titles, the Byzantines distinguished two distinct categories of dignities (): the dignities by award (), which
were purely honorific court titles and were conferred by the award of a symbol of rank, and
the dignities by proclamation (), which were offices of the state and were conferred by
imperial pronouncement
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Proedros' () – president: Originally reserved for eunuchs (see below), it
was opened up in the mid-11th century to Bearded Ones as well,
especially military officials.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Magistros' () – in the early Byzantine state, the magister
officiorum was one of the most senior officials, but as his duties were
gradually relegated to other officials, by the 8th century, only the title was
left
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Vestarches' () – head of the vestai, adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking eunuchs, it
was awarded to bearded senior military officers and judicial officials of Constantinople from ca. 1050 on.
It disappeared in the early 12th century.Kazhdan (1991), p. 2162
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Vestes' () – senior honorific title, first attested under John I Tzimiskes. Awarded to both eunuchs and non-eunuchs, it survived until the early
12th century. The term is etymologically connected to the
vestiarion, the imperial wardrobe, but despite earlier attempts to
connect the vestai and the related title of vestarchēs, the head of the
class of the vestai (see above), with the officials of the vestiarion (see
below), no such relation appears to have existed.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Anthypatos' () – proconsul: Originally the highest rank for
provincial governors, it survived the creation of the Theme system, until, in the 9th century, it too became a purely honorific title. The variant
'prōtanthypatos' was created in the 11th century to counter its decline in importance, but both disappeared by
the end of the 12th century.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Patrikios' () – patrician: Established as the highest title of nobility by
Constantine the Great, it remained one of the highest dignities until its
disappearance in the Komnenian period, awarded to high-ranking officials, including eunuchs, and foreign rulers. The spouses of
patricians bore the title patrikia (not to be confused with zostē patrikia,
see below).Kazhdan (1991), p. 1600https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Protospatharios|Prōtospatharios' () – first
spatharios
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Dishypatos' () – twice consul. A very rare dignity, which originated
possibly in the 8th century.Bury (1911), p. 27
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Spatharokandidatos' () – a portmanteau of the titles spatharios and kandidatos, both of which were
types of palace guards in the 4th–6th centuries. The earliest references to the title occur in early 8th century
and the title is clearly attested only from the early 9th century on. Its distinctive badge (brabeion) was a
golden chain (maniakion) worn around the chest.[1][3]
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Spatharios' () – spatha-bearer: As their name signifies, the spatharioi
were initially a special corps of imperial guards (A spatha is a kind of
sword.) They performed specific duties inside the imperial palace. The
title survived until the early 12th century.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Hypatos' () – Roman consul|consul: As in the Roman Republic and
Empire, the title was initially given each year to two distinguished
citizens (the ordinary consuls), until Justinian I halted the practice due to
the extraordinary expenditure it involved
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Kandidatos' () – from the Latin candidatus, so named because of
their white tunics. They were originally a select group of guards, drawn from the Scholae Palatinae.
The title disappeared in the Komnenian period.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Vestitor|Vestētōr' (), were officers of the imperial wardrobe (Latin vestiarium).Bury (1911), p. 25
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Silentiarios' (), originally a group of courtiers responsible for the
maintenance of order (including respectful silence) in the palace.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the Bearded Ones
1 * 'Stratelates|Stratēlatēs' (), a translation of the Latin magister
militum, and 'apoeparchōn' ( or ), a translation of the Latin ex praefectis. These two titles are listed as equal by Philotheos. Both were still high
dignities in the 6th century, but were devalued afterwards.Bury (1911), pp.
21, 23–24
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 By descending order of precedence, the by award titles for the
eunuchs were:
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Proedros' () – president: This was an entirely new rank introduced in
the 960s by Nikephoros II Phokas and first awarded to Basil Lekapenos, the
eunuch parakoimōmenos
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Vestarches' () – adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for
high-ranking eunuchs, it was awarded to bearded senior military
officers and judicial officials of Constantinople from ca. 1050 on. It
disappeared in the early 12th century.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Praipositos' () – from the Latin
praepositus, placed before.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Primikerios|Primikērios' () – from the Latin primicerius, first in the list.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Ostiarios' (ὁστιάριος) – from the Latin ostiarius, doorkeeper, usher
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Koubikoularios' () – from the Latin
cubicularius, chamberlain.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 * 'Nipsistiarios' () – from Greek νίπτειν, to wash hands), the
nipsistiarios was tasked with holding a gold, gem-encrusted water basin
and assisting the emperor in performing the ritual ablutions before
he exited the imperial palace or performed ceremonies.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Titles for the eunuchs
1 There is also a single special title reserved for women, that of 'zoste patrikia|zostē patrikia' (, Girded patrikia). This title was given to the empress' ladies of honour, and, according to
Philotheos, ranked very high in hierarchy, above even the magistros and proedros and
just below the kouropalates. The title is known from the early 9th century, and
disappeared in the 11th century.Kazhdan (1991), p. 2231 Otherwise women bore the
female forms of their husbands' titles.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Palace offices
1 *'Parakoimomenos' – literally, one who sleeps nearby, was the High Chamberlain who sleeps in the
Emperor's bedchamber. Usually a eunuch, during the 9th–10th
centuries, the holders of this office often functioned as de facto chief
ministers of the Empire.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Palace offices
1 *'Protovestiarios' – usually a minor relative of the emperor, who took
care of the emperor’s personal wardrobe, especially on military
campaigns
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Palace offices
1 *'Pinkernes' – originally the emperor's cupbearer, later a senior honorific title.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Palace offices
1 *'Epi tes trapezes' – Greek: ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης, the one in charge of the
table, official responsible for attending to the imperial table during
banquets.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Exarchos' – The exarchs were governors of remote parts of the
empire such as Italy or Africa. They enjoyed a greater degree of
independence than other provincial governors, combining both civil and military authority, practically acting
as viceroys.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Domestikos' – the domestikoi were originally imperial guards, who later functioned as senior staff officers in
the Late Roman army. In the Byzantine period, they were among
the highest military offices, and included:
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 **'Domestikos ton scholon|Domestikos tōn scholōn' (Domestic of the Schools) – the commander of the
Scholai, originally a number of guards units, later a tagma (military)|
Tagma. This was a very prestigious title, and by the late 9th century, its holder functioned as commander in
chief of the army. In ca. 959, the post was divided, with one domestic for
the East and one for the West.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 **'Domestikos tou thematos' (Domestic of the Themes) – the
commander and organizer of the military themes; there was one for the European themes and one for
Asian themes.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Katepano|Katepanō' – The governor of a greater area combining two or
more themes, such as the Catepanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy, a title developed in the 9th century.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Strategos#Byzantine use|Stratēgos' – a military and later also civil
commander of a theme, who often also had the title of Dux|doux. The
term is basically equivalent to general or admiral, as it was used in
both branches of service.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Tourmarches|Tourmarchēs' – the commander of a tourma, a military unit of battalion size.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Protostrator|Prōtostratōr' – initially the Emperor's Stable Master|stable master, under the Komnenian and Palaiologan emperors the term was
used for the second-ranking commander of the army.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Stratopedarches|Stratopedarchēs' (Master of the Camp) – This official was in charge of making sure the army was stocked with food and
arms.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Hoplitarchēs' or 'archēgētēs' – commander of all infantry in a large army, the title first appears in the
mid-10th century, when the infantry is reorganized and gains in
importance.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Prōtokentarchos' and 'kentarchos' – commanders of a smaller division of the army in the field. The name was
derived from the Latin centurion.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 *'Merarches|Merarchēs' – commander of a division (meros) of the army. Usually, each army was
divided into two to three such commands.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
1 * 'Kavallarios' – A title borrowed from the Latin caballarius, it originally
meant a cavalry soldier. During the Palaiologan period, it became a
minor court title.Mark C. Bartusis, The Kavallarioi of Byzantium in
Speculum, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 343–350
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
1 *'Megas doux' – The Megaduke or Grand Duke, was the basic
equivalent of the modern Admiralty|Lord High Admiral. The office was
created by Alexios I Komnenos, when he amalgamated the remnants of the
imperial and thematic fleets into a single imperial fleet. By the end of
the Palaiologos dynasty the megaduke was head of the
government and bureaucracy, not just the navy.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
1 *'Amirales' – The Greek version of Admiral, introduced via Sicilian
practice. An office founded in the late Palaiologan era for Western
mercenary leaders and rarely held, the amirales was the deputy of the
megas doux.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
1 *'Droungarios#Byzantine navy|Megas droungarios' – Initially the
commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy, after the creation of the megas doux his lieutenant, in charge of the
naval officers.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
1 *'Droungarios' – The title existed both in the army and the navy. In the
navy of the 8th–11th centuries, a droungarios headed a fleet, either the central imperial fleet or one of the thematic fleets; in the army he
headed a Droungos, roughly a battalion-sized grouping.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
1 *'Kentarchos' or 'Navarch|nauarchos' – the captain of a
ship.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
1 *'Konostaulos' – Greek form of Latin Comes stabuli 'count of the stable' and various European feudal titles
such as English constable – the chief of the Franks|Frankish mercenary|
mercenaries.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
1 *'Hetaireiarches|Hetaireiarchēs' – the chief of the barbarian mercenaries,
the Hetaireia, successor to the Foederati. Initially subdivided into
Greater (Megalē), Middle (Mesē) and Little (Mikra) Hetaireia.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
1 *'Akolouthos' – Acolyte, the chief of the Varangian Guard from the Komnenian era
onwards.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
1 *'Manglavitai' – A category of palace guards, armed with sword and cudgel (manglavion). Under the command of
a Prōtomanglavitēs.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
1 *'Topoteretes|Topotērētēs' – meaning place-holder, lieutenant. Found at various levels of the hierarchy, as deputies to commanders of the imperial tagmata, deputy to a
drungarios.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 The vast Byzantine bureaucracy had many titles, and varied more than aristocratic and military titles. In
Constantinople there were normally hundreds, if not thousands, of
bureaucrats at any time. Like the Church and the military, they wore elaborately differentiated Byzantine
dress|dress, often including huge hats. These are some of the more
common ones, including non-nobles who also directly served the emperor.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Praetorian prefect' – The Praetorian prefect was originally an old Roman
office used for the commander of the army in the Eastern and Western
portions of the Empire
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 * 'Basileopator|Basileopatōr' (βασιλεοπάτωρ)– Father of the Emperor: an exceptional title,
granted only twice in Byzantine history
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Protasekretis' – First Secretary an earlier title for the head of the
wikt:chancery|chancery, responsible for keeping official government records and head of the class of
senior secretaries known as asekretis. Other subordinates
included the chartoularios (in charge of imperial documents), the
kastrensios (a chamberlain in the palace), the mystikos (a private secretary), and the eidikos (a
treasury official).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Logothetes' – one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates, literally
one who sets the word; a secretary in the extensive bureaucracy, who did various jobs depending on the exact position. Logothetes were some of the most important bureaucrats.
They included:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 **'Megas logothetes' (Grand Logothete) – the head of the
logothetes, personally responsible for the legal system and treasury, somewhat like a chancellor in
western Europe.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 **'Logothetes tou dromou' (Drome Logothete) – the head of diplomacy and the mail|postal
service.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 **'Logothetes tou genikou' (General Logothete) – responsible for taxation.
Also acts as a secretary in later cases.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 **'Logothetes tou stratiotikou' (Military Logothete) – a civilian, in charge of distributing pay to the
army.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Chartoularios tou vestiariou' Literally keeper of documents for the
Public Wardrobe (see Vestiarion); responsible for minting gold and
silver coins and equipping the fleet.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 Logothetes originally had some influence on the emperor, but they eventually became honorary posts.
In the later empire the Grand Logothete was replaced by the mesazon|mesazōn (mediator).
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 Other administrators included:
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Eparch of Constantinople' – Governor of the urban prefect of Constantinople.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Quaestor sacri palatii|Quaestor' – Originally an accountant or auditor,
the office eventually became a judicial one for Constantinople.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Tribounos' – translation of Latin tribune; responsible for maintenance of roads, monuments, and buildings in Constantinople (which were the responsibility of the Aedile, not the Tribunes in earlier Latin speaking
times.)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Magister' (magister officiorum, magister militum, maistor in Greek) – an old Roman term, master of offices and master of the army; by the time of Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III, these
had become honorary titles and were eventually discarded.Bury (1911), p.
32
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Sakellarios' – Treasurer; purse-bearer. Under Heraclius, an honorary
supervisor of the other palace administrators, logothetes, etc.
Later, the chief financial comptroller of the Empire.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Praetor' – Latin for Man who goes before; first man. One of the oldest
of Roman titles, predating the Roman Republic, the title's use morphed
considerably through the years. By the time of Theodosius I (379-395) it
meant the leading municipal magistrate (like a modern Mayor) but from late 10th century until 1204, a
civil governor of a theme.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Kephale (Byzantine Empire)|Kephale' – head, the governor of a
small province, usually a town and its surrounding territory, in the
Palaiologan period
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 *'Horeiarios' – in charge of distributing food from
the state granaries.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative offices
1 The protasekretis, logothetes, prefect, praetor, quaestor, magister, and sakellarios, among others, were members of the Byzantine Senate|
senate.
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court life
1 At the peaceful height of Middle Byzantium, court life passed in a sort of ballet,Steven Runciman, Byzantine Style and Civilization, 1975, Penguin with precise ceremonies prescribed
for every occasion, to show that Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order, and the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the
Universe as it was made by the Creator, according to the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who
wrote a Book of Ceremonies describing in enormous detail the
annual round of the Court
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Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court life
1 However, even by the time of Anna Comnena, with the Emperor away on military campaigns for much of the time, this way of life had changed considerably, and after the Crusader occupation it virtually vanished. A
French visitor was shocked to see the Empress going to church far less well
attended than the Queen of France would have been. The Imperial family largely
abandoned the Great Palace for the relatively compact Palace of Blachernae.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 The Spanish received a large but short lived influx of gold from the
colonies in the New World as plunder when they were conquered, much of which Charles used to prosecute his
wars in Europe
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Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 Inflation - both in Spain and in the rest of Europe - was primarily caused
by debt, but a level of debt made possible later by the rising silver
imports; Charles had conducted most of his wars on credit, and in 1557, a year after he abdicated, Spain was
forced into its first debt moratorium, setting a pattern that would be
repeated with ever more disruptive economic consequences.
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Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 Few Spaniards initially gave a thought to the wholesale slaughter, enslavement, and forced conversion of Native Americans either, although some men such as Bartolomé de las
Casas argued for more humane treatment of them
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Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 Faced with the growing threat of piracy, in 1564 the Spanish adopted
a convoy system far ahead of its time, with Spanish treasure fleet|
treasure fleets leaving the Americas in April and August
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Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 The growth of Spain's empire in the New World was accomplished from
Seville, without the close direction of the leadership in Madrid
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 The patchy empire, held together by a determined king keeping the bloated bureaucracy together,
unraveled when a weak ruler came to the throne
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Habsburg Spain - Administration and bureaucracy
1 Without the firm hand and diligence of Charles I and Philip II, the
bureaucracy became increasingly bloated and corrupt that, by
Olivares's dismissal in 1643, its deterioration had rendered it largely
ineffective.
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Majeerteen Sultanate - Bureaucracy
1 As with the Sultanate of Hobyo, the Majeerteen Sultanate exerted a
strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of
the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a
functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state
flag, as well as a professional army.Horn of Africa, Volume 15,
Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.Michigan State
University
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Majeerteen Sultanate - Bureaucracy
1 The Majeerteen Sultanate's ruler, however, commanded more power
than was typical of other Somali leaders during the period
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Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 During his daily administration, the king is assisted by bureaucratic state officials that also included the close
relatives of the kings that hold certain esteemed titles. The royal order or edict usually transmitted from the king to the high officials
well to their subordinates. The officials in Majapahit courts are:
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Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 :* Rakryan Mahamantri Katrini, usually reserved for the king's
heir
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 :* Rakryan Mantri ri Pakira-kiran, the board of Minister (government)|ministers that conduct the daily
administration
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Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 :* Dharmmadhyaksa, the officials of laws, state laws as well as religious laws
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 :* Dharmma-upapatti, the
officials concerning religious affairs
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Majapahit - Bureaucracy officials
1 Within the ministers of Rakryan Mantri ri Pakira-kiran there is the most important and the highest
minister titled Rakryan Mapatih or Patih Hamangkubhumi
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Empress Dowager Cixi - Cleaning up the bureaucracy
1 Internally, both the national bureaucracy and regional authorities were infested with
corruption
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Empress Dowager Cixi - Cleaning up the bureaucracy
1 Another significant challenge Cixi faced was the increasingly decrepit state of the country's Manchu elite
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Bureaucracies - Ancient Bureaucracy
1 Ancient Egypt also had a hereditary class of scribes that administered the
civil service bureaucracy
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Bureaucracies - Modern bureaucracy
1 Still, in the modern world practically all organized institutions rely on bureaucratic systems to manage information, process and manage records, and administer complex
systems and interrelationships in an increasingly globalized world,
although the decline of paperwork and the widespread use of electronic databases is transforming the way
bureaucracies function.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Byzantinism - Aristocracy and bureaucracy
1 The Byzantine Empire is a modern term applied by Westerners to the medieval Roman Empire and thus
had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy which was derived from earlier Roman Empire|Roman
systems
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Byzantinism - Aristocracy and bureaucracy
1 Over the nearly fifteen hundred years of the empire's existence, different titles were adopted and discarded, and many lost or gained prestige
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Byzantinism - Aristocracy and bureaucracy
1 Among important qualities of the Empire was also the caesaropapism,
the subjugation of church to the state.Angelov 2003,
[http://books.google.com/books?id=XucseZUlNxYCpg=PA5vq=byzantinismdq=byzantinism+Leontievlr=as_brr=3hl=plsource=gbs_search_scad
=0 pp.4–5]
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Politics of Canada - The Political Executive, Legislature and Bureaucracy
1 While Canada originally adopted a Cabinet Government style from
British tradition, it has evolved into a style dominated by the Prime
Minister, and the exertion of his or her special powers and privileges
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
List of landmark African-American legislation - Federal bureaucracy
1 *United States Commission on Civil Rights|Civil Rights Commission (created 1957)
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List of landmark African-American legislation - Federal bureaucracy
1 *United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Civil Rights
Division in the Department of Justice (created 1957)
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List of landmark African-American legislation - Federal bureaucracy
1 *Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(created 1964)
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Chilean passport - Bureaucracy
1 All passports are issued exclusively by the Registro Civil e Identificación. Within Chile, passport applications
are made in person at most offices of the Registro Civil e Identificación. For
applicants outside of Chile, applications are accepted by all
Consulate Generals. A photograph of the applicant is taken on site, as well as a fingerprint of the right thumb if
the applicant also requires an Identity Card, Cédula de Identidad.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Chilean passport - Bureaucracy
1 Passports applications in Chile have a turn-around time of 7 business days and must
be picked up at the office where the application was made, unless the applicant
requires the passport to be delivered for pick-up at in Santiago. The expected time of delivery for passport applications made outside of Chile is of about 6 weeks, unless the applicant requires an expedite service
for an additional cost.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Argentine passport - Bureaucracy
1 In accordance with President of Argentina|Presidential Decree
2015/66, in order to get an Argentine passport, a person must go to the nearest Civil Registry and present
his/her National Identity Document, birth certificate and a proof of marital
status (unless single)
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Argentine passport - Bureaucracy
1 Regular Passport price is 400 Argentine peso|ARS
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Argentine passport - Bureaucracy
1 Since January 2011, in all cases, Argentine passports are valid for 10 years. Beforehand, they were only
given in 5-year-periods.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Argentine passport - Bureaucracy
1 Passports are not issued to persons who are under arrest because of
criminal offenses, or to those who appear as 'dangerous' in accordance
with the South American Police Agreement of 1920.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Corruption in Pakistan - Bureaucracy and secession of East Pakistan: 1954–1971
1 The bureaucratic influence was strong in the Administrative units of
Pakistan|western provinces of Pakistan while the East Pakistan|
eastern province retained a majority of the population
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Corruption in India - Bureaucracy
1 A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the people had firsthand
experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. Taxes and bribes
are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually 222billion
( 4.5 billion) in bribes.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Corruption in India - Bureaucracy
1 Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and
45% respectively
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Corruption in India - Bureaucracy
1 A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed Indian bureaucracy to be not only the
least efficient out of Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia, but
also that working with India's civil servants was a slow and painful
process.[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/
articleshow/4612918.cms Indian bureaucracy ranked worst in Asia: Survey] The Times of India,
3 June 2009.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Corruption and bureaucracy
1 Political corruption is one of the more acute problems in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and the main one that accounts for low amount of tax
money used for the population, due to government inefficiency and
corruption, especially at the lowest levels.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-bureaucracy-toolkit.html
Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Corruption and bureaucracy
1 Bosnia-Herzegovina is also lacking a good E-governance structure to allow
easier investment and business climate. Today it takes between 3–5 weeks to register a company in the
country.
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