31
1 The Bureaucracy

1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

1

The Bureaucracy

Page 2: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

2

The United States Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

claybennett.com

Page 3: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

The United States Bureaucracy

Political authority over the bureaucracy is shared by president and Congress

Federal agencies share functions with related state and local government agencies

3

manhattanstrategy.com

Page 4: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

4

Growth of the Bureaucracy

Patronage in the 19th and early 20th centuries rewarded supporters, induced congressional support, and built party organizations history.com

Page 5: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Growth of the Bureaucracy

The Civil War showed the administrative weakness of the federal government and increased demands for civil service reform

5

etc.usf.edu

Page 6: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

6

Role of Government

Laissez-faire – limited government interference in commerce

The proper role of government was to promote not regulate the economy

flickr.com

Page 7: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Role of Government

The Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states

It took a long time for people to accept agencies and commissions making regulatory decisions

7

stus.com

Gibbons v. Ogden

Page 8: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

8

Growth of the Bureaucracy

The post-Civil War period saw industrialization and the emergence of a national economy

The power of national government to regulate interstate commerce became necessary and controversial

jthgroup1.wikispaces.com

Page 9: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

9

Expansion of the Bureaucracy

The Depression and World War II led to government activism

The Supreme Court upheld laws that granted discretion to administrative agencies

Heavy use of income taxes supported war effort and a large bureaucracy

thegreatdepression.co.uk

berkeley.edu

Page 10: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

10

Growth of the Bureaucracy Today Modest increase in

the number of government employees

Significant indirect increase in number of employees through use of private contractors, state and local government employees

Although there are two million civilian employees in the Federal government, most people are shocked to learn that there are over 10 million contractors working for the Federal government—over five times as many contractors as there are civil servants. This brings the actual size of the Federal workforce to nearly 13 million workers, which is nearly 10 percent of the entire U.S. workforce.

Page 11: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Growth of the Bureaucracy Today

Growth in discretionary authority – the extent to which bureaucrats can make policies and take actions not spelled out in advance by laws

11

pollsb.com

Endangered Species

Page 12: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

12

Power of the BureaucracyDelegated Authority by Congress Pay subsidies to groups and organizations in society – farmers, schools, veterans

Transfer money from the federal government to the state and local governments – grant-in-aids, block grants

blackfive.net

Page 13: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Power of the BureaucracyDelegated Authority by Congress Devising and

enforcing regulations for various sectors of society – safety features on automobiles, scientific research, pollution controls

13

johnstonpineygrove.org

Page 14: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

14

Federal Government: Increase in Regulations

Expenditures and employment: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 483 and 582; regulations; Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Miemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics (Washington D.C>: Congressional

Quarterly Press, 1998), tables 6-12, 6-14. Post-2000 data updated by Marc Siegal.

Page 15: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Pigs is Pigs

15

Page 16: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

16

Recruitment and Retention Competitive service: bureaucrats compete for jobs through Office of Personnel Management

Appointment by merit based on written exam or through selection criteria

24newsus.com

Page 17: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Recruitment and Retention

Increased decentralization has increasingly allowed agencies to make their own hires and bypass the OPM

Driven by the need to hire people with specialized services

17

gizmodo.com

Page 18: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

18

Characteristics of Federal Civilian Employees, 1960 and 1999

Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1961, 392-394; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Nos. 450, 482, 500, 595, 1118.

Page 19: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

19

Carrying Out Policy Most bureaucrats try to

carry out policy, even those they disagree with

But bureaucrats do have obstructive powers—Whistleblower Protection Act (1989)

Most civil servants have highly structured jobs that make their personal attitudes irrelevant

whistleblowersblog.org

eyespypro.com

Page 20: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

20

Constraints on the Bureaucracy

Constraints are much greater on government agencies than on private bureaucracies

Hiring, firing, pay, and other procedures are established by law, not by the market

Constraints come from citizens: agencies try to respond to citizen demands for openness, honesty, and fairness

Page 21: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

21

Agency Allies

Agencies often seek alliances with congressional committees and interest groups

Iron Triangles – Agency – Congressional Committee – Interest Groups

roselawgroup.com

Page 22: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

22

absoluteastronomy.com

Page 23: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Agency Allies

These alliances are far less common today—politics has become too complicated

Replaced by - Issue networks: groups that regularly debate government policy on certain issues – interest groups, media, congressional staffs, universities, and think tanks

23

c-span.org

onedayonejob.com

Page 24: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

24

Diminishing Role of the Iron Triangle

Increase in the amount of interest groups has subjected Congress to a variety of competing interests

The growth of subcommittees has required agencies to respond to different legislative groups that may have different priorities

Page 25: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

25

healthcaremusings.com

Page 26: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Financial resources - America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) and Centers for Medicaid and State Operations (CMS)

Delivery system - American Hospital Association, Federation of American Hospitals (FAH), and American Psychological Association (APA)

Consumers - AARP, Families USA, Business Roundtable, AFL-CIO, and National Federation of Independent Business

Nonfinancial resources - Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Physicians for a National Health Program, and American Medical Association (AMA)

Government - U.S. Chamber of Commerce and U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS)

26

Page 27: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Diminishing Role of the Iron Triangle The courts have

made it easier for interest groups and individuals to directly intervene in agency affairs without going through Congress

27

123rf.com

Page 28: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

28

Congressional Oversight Congress creates agencies Congress authorizes funds for

programs Congressional appropriations provide

funds for the agency to spend on its programs

Congressional investigations

Page 29: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

29

Bureaucratic Pathologies Red tape: complex,

sometimes conflicting rules

Conflict: agencies work at cross-purposes

Duplication: two or more agencies seem to do the same thing

rebmordechaiwrites.blogspot.com

Page 30: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

Bureaucratic Pathologies

Imperialism: tendency of agencies to grow, irrespective of programs’ benefits and costs

Waste: spending more than is necessary to buy some product or service

30

deathby1000papercuts.com

Page 31: 1 The Bureaucracy. 2 The United States Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials claybennett.com

31

Reforming the Bureaucracy

Most rules and red tape are due to struggles between the president and Congress or to agencies’ efforts to avoid alienating influential voters

Periods of divided government worsen matters, especially in implementing policy