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CHAPTER 2
BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
The human circulatory system is a doublecirculatory system
Each complete circuit, the blood must flow through the heart twiceThe pulmonary circulation transports bloodbetween the heart and the lungs.
The systemic circulation transports bloodbetween the heart and other parts of the body
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
The HeartOrgan that pumps blood throughout thebody by its alternating contractions and
relaxations of the muscles
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
Wall of the heartCardiac musclesOxygen and nutrients aresupplied to the cardiacmuscles by coronary arteries
Can be divided to fourchambers
auricles/ atrium (upperchambers)ventricles (lowerchambers)
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
SeptumDivides the heart into theright and left halves
Walls of atrium is thinner than the ventricles
Tricuspid valveBetween right atrium andright ventricles
Mitral/ Bicuspid valveBetween left atrium and leftventricles
Semilunar valvesBeginning of aorta and
pulmonary artery
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
Blood vessels
Charateristics Artery Vein Capillary
Function Carries blood awayfrom heart
Carry blood to theheart
Connects artery tovein
Wall Thick muscular wall Thin muscular wall Very thin wall, onlyone cell thick
Lumen Narrow Fairly wide Very Narrow
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Charateristics Artery Vein Capillary
Valves Absent (except inpulmonary artery)
Present Absent
Rate of blood flow Quick rate, highpressure
Slow rate, lowpressure
High rate, highpressure
Oxygen content Oxygenated blood(except inpulmonary artery)
Deoxygenated blood(except inpulmonary veins)
Oxygenated blood to the tisseDeoxygented blood
from the tissue
THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
Blood vessels
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS
(CONTD)
Path of blood flow1. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs by
the pulmonary vein to the heart.
2. Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the aorta and arteries to the whole body.
3. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the wholebody by the vein and vena cava to the heart.
4. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)
Blood transport substances in our body
Substances Example Transport from Transport to
Respiratory gasesOxygen Lungs Tissues
Carbon dioxide Tissues Lungs
Excretory products Urea Liver Kidneys
End products of
digestion
Glucose Small intestine Liver and tissues
Amino acids Small intestine Liver and tissues
Mineral saltsCalcium Small intestine Bones and teeth
IronSmall intestine andliver
Bone marrow
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HUMAN BLOOD
Blood A mixture of liquid blood plasma, redblood cells, white bloodcells, blood platelets,and dissolvedsubstances.
55% is plasma and 45%is blood cells
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Plasma :Liquid pale yellow colour
Functions1. Transport digested food, mineral salts and vitamins to
the body cells
2. Transport waste substances like carbon dioxides,water, urea
3. Maintain the pH of the blood
4. Maintain body temp at 37C
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Blood CellsMade up of red blood cells, white blood cells andplatelets.
Produced in bone marrowOld red blood cells and platelet is destroyed in theliver or spleen.
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
Round, biconcave Irregular shape Irregular shape, fragmentsof cells
No nucleus Big nucleus No nucleus
Life span 120 days Life span 2 to 4 days Life span 4 days
Transport oxygen Protect body againstdiseases
Blood clotting
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Blood groupBased on ABO system
There are four main groups called A, B, AB, and O.
Blood transfusionDonors blood must be compatible with therecipient's blood.
If incompatible, agglutination will occur can causefatal blockages in the recipients blood vessels.
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)Donors blood
O A B AB
Re
pe
sbo
O
A
B
AB
Compatible Incompatible
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Blood O can safely donate blood to anyone.
Universal donors
Blood AB can safely receive blood from anyone
Universal recipents
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Blood type Population percentage (approx.)
O 40.77%
A 31.79%
B 21.98%
AB 5.51%
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Blood donation:Treatment for accidentcases, canser victims,
haemophiliacs,gastrointestinal bleeding,surgery, childbirth.
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Storage and handling of donated blood:Collected in sterilised container containedanticoagulant solution
Tested for ABO groupScreening for HIV, hepatitis and other sexually
transmitted diseases
Date of expiration should be added
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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)
Storage and handling of donated blood:Blood can be stored for 10 days at 5C longer if glucose is added
Blood can be stored for 42 days under refrigeration,or up to 10 years of frozen
Frozen plasma can be kept for up to one year
If frozen, plasma and red blood cells should be thawed in a water bath at a temperature notexceeding 38C
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Wilting Occurs in non-woody plants
Rate of loss of water is greater than
the intake of waterCells lose their turgidity (stiffness)and the plant droops
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
TranspirationEvaporation of water from the aerial partsof the plants
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
StomataPores in the epidermis of the leaves andstems
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
StomataA pair of bean- shaped guard cells boundeach stoma.
Most stomata open during the day andclose at night.
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
Function of stomata :Allow gases to diffuse in and out of theleaf.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxidediffuse into the leaf and oxygen diffuse out
to the atmosphere.
During transpiration, water vapour will
diffuse out when the stomata opens.
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
Factors affecting transpiration rate:Light Light stimulates the opening of stomata
increase transpiration.
Temperature Water molecules move faster in hot air when
temperature increase, transpiration rate increase
Humidity High relative humidity reduce rate if transpiration.
Wind Wind increase the rate of transpiration.
Wateravailability
Short supply of water will cause the stomata toclose reduce water loss
Altitude Increasing altitude cause pressure decrease,
rate of transpiration increase.
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
Roles of transpirationProduce pulling force whichenables to transport waterand minerals from roots toall parts of the plant
To cool the plant
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
Vascular tissues of aplant
Two types of vascular
tissues ;xylem and
phloem .
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
PhloemTransport synthesized food
Consist mainly of sieve
tubes.Sieve tubes living cellswithout nucleus.
Transverse walls areperforated by pores sieveplates.
Each sieve tubes has acompanion cell
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)
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