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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
ASPECTS OF CONNECTEDSPEECH
Pramod l Suraya l Laily l Hafizah l Syafiqa
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RYTHM
Rhythm - The notion of rhythm involves somenoticeable event happening at regularintervals of time.
English speech rhythmical. Rhythm is detectable in the regular
occurrence of stressed syllables.
The theory that English has stress- timedrhythm implies that stress syllables will tendto occur at relatively regular intervals.
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It is whether they are separated by unstressed
syllables or not, it would not be the case in
mechanical speech.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
Walk down the path to the end of the canal
The stress-timed rhythm theory states that the
times from each stresses syllable to the next
will tend to be the same
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Rhythmical structure diagram
s w
twen ty
S = strong
W = weak
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s w
pla ces
S = strong
W = weak
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twenty places
w s
s w s wtwen ty pla ces
: consider the phrase twenty places whereplaces normally carries strong stress thantwenty. (rhythmically stronger)
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If we look at this phrase in the context of
longer phrase twenty places further back,
and build up the further back part in similar
way, we would end up with more elaborate
structure
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w s
w s w s
S w s w s w s
Twen ty pla ces fur ther back
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The strength of the syllable can be measured
by counting up the number of s symbol
occurs on it.
s s s s
s s s
s
------------------------------------------------twen ty pla ces fur ther back
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The grid above may be correct for very low
speech.
Many English speakers feel that even though
in twenty places the right hand foot is the
stronger, the word twenty is stronger than
places in twenty places further back when
spoken in conversational style.
This is because English speech tends towards a
regular alternation between stronger and
weaker.
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Example:
Compact (adjective) : kmpkt
compact disk (noun) : kmpktdsk
stresses are altered according to context.
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ASSIMILATION
The different realization of a phoneme as a resultof being near some other phoneme belonging toa neighbouring word.
Every consonant and every vowel is affected byits neighbouring consonants and vowels. Thisadaptation of segments to each other issometimes referred to as assimilation.
Assimilation is something which varies in extentaccording to speaking rate and style; it is morelikely to be found in rapid, casual speech and lesslikely in slow, careful speech.
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Example:
consider a case where two words are combined, the
first of which ends with a final consonant (which wewill call Cf) and second of which starts with a single
initial consonant (which we will call Ci); we can
construct a diagram like this:
If Cfchanges to become like Ci in some way, theassimilation is called regresive (the phoneme that
comes first is affected by the one that comes after
it); if Cichanges to become like Cf in some way, the
assimilation is called progressive.
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Main Differences Between
Consonants
i) differences in place of articulation
ii) differences in manner of articulation
iii) differences in voicing.
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Assimilation of Places
Assimilation of places is most clearly
observable in some cases where a final
consonant (C
f
) with alveolar place ofarticulation is followed by an initial consonant
(Ci) with a place of articulation that
is not alveolar.
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Example:
the final consonant in that t is alveolar t.
In rapid, casual speech the t will
become pbefore bilabial consonant, as in:
that person p psn Before a dental consonant, t will change to a
dental plosive, for which the symbol is t, as in:
that thing t ; get those etz
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However, the same is not true of the other
alveolar consonants: s and z behave
differently, the only noticeable change being
that s becomes, and z becomes, when
followed byor j, as in: this shoe u;
those years jz.
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Assimilation of Manner
Assimilation of manner is much less noticeable,and is only found in the most rapid and casualspeech; generally speaking, the tendency is againfor regressive assimilation and the change in the
manner is most likely to be towards an easierconsonantone which makes less obstruction tothe airflow.
It is thus possible to find cases where a final
plosive becomes a fricative or nasal (e.g. thatside s sad, good night nnat), but mostunlikely that a final fricative or nasal wouldbecome a plosive.
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In one particular case we find progressive
assimilation of manner, when a word-initial follows a plosive or nasal at the end of
a preceding word: it is very common to find
that the Ci becomes identical in manner to the
Cf but with dental place of articulation.
For example:
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Assimilation of Voice
Assimilation of voice is also found, but again
only in a limited way. Only regressive
assimilation of voice is found across word
boundaries, and then only of one type.
If Cf is a lenis (i.e. voiced) consonant and
Ci is fortis (i.e. voiceless) we often find that
the lenis consonant has no voicing; this is nota very noticeable case of assimilation.
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When Cf is fortis (voiceless) and Ci lenis
(voiced), a context in which many languagesCf would become voiced, assimilation ofvoice nevertakes place.
example: I like that black dog alakt blk d. It is
typical of many foreign learners of English toallow regressive assimilation of voicing to
change the final k of like to g , the final t ofthat to d and the final k of black to g.
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The nature of elision may be stated quitesimply: under circumstances sounds disappear.
In certain circumstances a phoneme may be
realized as zero, or have zero realization or be
deleted.
Elision is the omission of certain sounds in
certain contexts.
Elision is typical of rapid, casual speech. When native speakers speak, quite number of
phonemes that the foreigner might expect to
hear are not actually pronounced.
ELISION
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Loss of weak vowel after p,t,k
In words like potato, tomato, perhaps,
today, the vowel in the first syllable may
dissappear. The aspiration of the initial plosive takes up
the whole of the middle portion of the
syllable.
/pte.t/ , /tm.t/ , /phps/ , /tde/
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Weak vowel + n, l, r become syllabic
consonant
tonight (tnat)
police (plis)
correct (krekt)
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Avoidance of complex consonants clusters
No normal English speaker would everpronounce all the consonants between the last
two words of the following
George the Sixths Throne /dd skss rn/
Something like sksrnor sksrnis more
likely pronounced for the last two words
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In clusters of three plosives or twoplosives plus a fricative, the middle
plossive may dissappear, so that the
following pronunciation results:
acts /ks/
lookedback /lkbk/scripts/skrps/
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Loss of final v in of before consonants,
for example:
Lots of them /lts m/ Waste of money/west mni/
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It is difficult to know whether contractions of
grammatical words should be regarded as
examples of elision or not. The best known
cases are:
had, would: spelt d, pronounced d (after
vowels), d(after consonants)is, has: spelt s, pronounces s (after fortis
consonants), z (after lenis consonants)
will: spelt ll
have: spelt ve,pronounced v (after vowels),
v(after consonants)
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LINKING r
The most familiar case is the use of linking
'r' : the phoneme rdoes not occur in syllable-
final position in the BBC accent but when the
spelling of a word suggests a final r and aword beginning with a vowel follows, the
usual pronunciation is to pronuounce with r.
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Intrusive 'r'
It is a sound inserted between two vowels
where no '-r-' is written.
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THE END
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