TSL3104 Aspects of Connected Speech

8/11/2019 TSL3104 Aspects of Connected Speech

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Features of Connected SpeechMRA2011


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Features of Connected Speech1. Assimilation

Place assimilation

Voicing assimilation2. ElisionOmissionDeletion

3. Linking Word-ending consonants attract word-initial vowels


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Assimilation Assimilation is a process in spoken or connected speechin which a particular sound or phoneme changes to

become more like an adjacent sounde.g. Slow speech Casual speechi. not yet n t jet nt etii. Could you kud ju kudu

a. Progressive asssimilationb. Regressive assimilation


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AssimilationTwo types:a. Progressive assimilation

Sound change to match preceding sounde.g. get m - ge t tm

b. Regressive assimilationSound changes to match a following phonemee.g. mi:t pai - mi:p pai


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Assimilation Assimilation can be identified in:

i. place of articulation

ii. manner of articulationiii. phonation (voicing)


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Assimilation1. Place assimilation

a. Bilabalisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [t] changes to bilabial [p]

Others : [d] to [b] bad pain, blood bank, good morning[n] to[m] iron man, question mark, action plan,

green pot, brown bag, fan belt

Utterance Description

that person [t p:sn] [ p p:sn]put back [p t bk] [pp bk]Test paper [test peip] [tes p peip]Meat pie [mi:t pai] [mi:p pai]


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Assimilationb. Velarisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [t] changes to velar [k]

Others : [d] to [g] good cook, hard copy, good girl, red guitar[n] to[] human capital, golden gate, tin can, town clerk, ground control,


credit card [kredit ka:d] [kredi k ka:d]smart card [sma:t ka:d ] [sma: k ka:d that case [t keis] [ k keis]bright colour [brait kl] [brai k kl]


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Assimilationc. Palatalisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [s] & [z] changes to palatal [ ] & [] before [ ] & [j]

Others : [z] to [] before [j] this young man


bus shelter [b s elt] [b elt]dress shop [dres p] [dre p]space shuttle [speis tl] [spei tl]this year [iz ji] [i ji]


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Assimilation2. Manner assimilation (very few)

e.g. Final plosive becomes a fricative or nasalthat side [ s saId]good night [g n naIt]


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Assimilation3. Voicing assimilation

A phoneme changes to match the phonation of aprevious or following sound.

a. Plural morpheme realised as voiceless [s] or voiced[z] according to preceding sound (progressiveassimilation)

[s] [z]

cats [k ts] pads [p dz]packs [p ks] bags [b gz]

taps [t ps] labs [l bz]


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Assimilation3. Voicing assimilation

b. Past tense morphemes realised asvoiceless [t] or voiced [d] (progressiveassimilation)

[t] [d]

washed [w t] pulled [p ld]

missed [mi st] robbed [r bd]

sipped [si pt] lived [li v d]


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ElisionElision occurs when a sound is omitted and it is atypical feature of connected speech.

This kind of reduction occurs mainly in words ending with /t/ and /d/ and particularly when they arebetween two other consonants:(a) omission of /t/:

next please /neks pli:z/I dont know /a dn n /post the letter /p s let/


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Elision(b) omission of /d/:old man / l mn/

you and me /ju: n mi:/sandwich /snw t /stand there /stn e /


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Linking /r/In connected speech, the sound r at the end of a word may be pronounced if the following word begins with a vowel.Example:

her English /h r gl / far away /fa: r we/

car alarm /k r lm

*car keys /k kiz/


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Intrusive r The insertion of an r is between two words inconnected speech.

It appears between two words in situations wherethe first word ends with / / or / :/ and the next wordbegins with a vowel.Example:

Formula A /f :mjl e/ /f :mjl r e/here and there /h nd e / /h rn e/


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Intrusive /w/ and /j/Occur when we face a vowel-vowel word junction:i. Intrusive /w/:

you are /ju: w :/ go off /g w f/Sue always wants to eat /su: w :lwez w nts t w i:t/

ii. Intrusive /j/:he is /hi: j z/they are /e j:/ she always takes my arm / i: j :lwez te ks ma j:m/


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LiasonLiaison is a common feature of continuity and naturalflow of speech. To link the

words means to join them together and it often entailsdifferent types of fusing sounds at word boundaries(Underhill,1994; p 65).The other version of the term liaison is a smooth

linking: final consonant is linked to following initial vowel initial consonant is merged in preceding final vowel


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Juncture Juncture is a special situation when it is really hard forforeign learners to distinguish between two phrasesthat sound nearly the same. The pause between thetwo words is the juncture that differentiates thephrases.Example:

might rain my train

keep sticking keeps tickingthe way to pour it the waiter pour itI scream ice cream


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Contractions A process when a weak form occurs with or next toanother word and they together go through anotherreduction. Then, the two words are pronounced asone.Examples:Hes, Its, Im, theyre , Ive, theyve, hell, theyll,

shed, cant, couldnt, dont, doesn t, havent, hasn t, wasnt, werent

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TSL3104 Aspects of Connected Speech