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1. Nandi
2. Annisa Resti
3. Lanita Sylvana
4. Febriana Arum
5. Dini Lusida
6. Ferina Ayu
PART OF SPEECH
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In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class,
a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic
category of words (or more precisely lexical items).
Common linguistic categories include noun and verb,
among others.
In our English speech we number the same partswith Latines :
1. Noune 5. Adverbe
2. Pronoune 6. Conjunction
3. Verbe 7. Preposition
4. Participle 8. Interjection
Only, we added a ninth, that is an article.
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Noun : any abstract or concrete entity; a person (police
officer, Michael), place (coastline, London), thing
(necktie, television), idea (happiness), or quality (bravery)
Pronoun : any substitute for a noun or noun phrase
Adjective : any qualifier of a noun (modifying noun)
Verb : any action (walk), occurrence (happen), or state of
being (be)
Adverb : modifies an adjective, verb, clause, sentence,
or other adverb
Preposition : any establisher of relation and syntactic
context
Conjunction : any syntactic connector
Interjection : any emotional greeting (or "exclamation")
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New Word ClassesDivided into 3 groups :
1.Consist of form-classes (noun, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, and uninflected word)
2.Positional classes (nominal, verbal, adjectival,
adverbial)3.Consist of the structure classes (preposition and
auxiliaries)Nouns
Noun is a member of a large, open lexicalcategory whose members can occur as the main
word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb,
or the object of a preposition.
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Noun are identified as nouns by two aspect of form :
1. inflectional morphemes (noun plural [-s pl] and
noun possessive [-s ps])
2. derivational morphemes (added to verbs,
adjectives, noun, adverbs, and bound forms)
[Example : * the quality is pure
* the quality is purity
-ity added to an adjectives, which its significant
as a noun.]
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There is a partial list of word pairs, the second word
in each containing one of the suffixes that enable us
to classify a word as a noun.
SOURCE VERB DERIVED
NOUN
1.Accept acceptance2.Achieve achievement
3.Arrive arrival
And etc (you can see in your book at page 164)
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Since inflectional endings follow derivational suffixes
and are used to identify nouns, we should bother at
all about the derivational suffixes, because inpractice some words with such suffixes are seldom
or never inflected.
Example : derision, drainage, fertility, iciness,
manhood, and nourishment.
The personal pronouns arent included among the
form-classes because the personal pronouns
resemble nouns in that they are inflected for theplural and the possessive and they occupy most
noun positions in the basic patterns.
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B. Verbs
Verbs have a maximum of five different inflectionalforms.
Any word that has three or more of these inflectionalforms is said to belong to the form-class called the
verb.
Stem
Present Third
Person
Singular
Present
ParticiplePast Tense
Past
Participle
rise rises rising rose risen
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The derivational suffixes by which a verb is identified
are few. This list contains verbs with such suffixes and
the source parts of which the verb are derived.
These verb-forming suffixes are occasionally found
combined with bound stems, as in sanctify.
Source Noun Derived Verb
Beauty Beautify
Colony Colonize
Length Lengthen
Strife Strive
Source Adjective Derived Verb
Ripe RipenSolid Solidify
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C. Adjectives
Compare words having the -erand -est
inflectional suffixes, enable us to set up a class of
words called comparables, but they do not
permit us by themselves to separate into twoclasses the words traditionally called adjectives
and adverbs.
A word that is inflected with erand estand that
is capable of forming adverbs with
lyand/ornouns with ness is called an adjective.
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The adjective-forming suffixes are illustrated in this
list.
o Noun
o Verb
oAdjective
Source Noun Derived Adjective
Child Childish
Fortune Fortunate
Source Verb Derived Adjective
Collect Collective
Expect Expectant
Source Adjective Derived Adjective
Dead Deadly
Red Reddish
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These adjective-forming suffixes and others are
frequently added to bound forms; e.g.,
Pens- + ive > pensive
Cred- + ible > credible
Loc- + al > local
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D. Adverbs
The adverb has four suffixes to set it apart fromother form classes, the derivational suffixes ly, -
wise, -ward, and s, and the free form like.
Source Adjective Derived Adverb
fortunate fortunately
Source Noun Derived Adverbstudent studentwise
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This same
s closes some adverbs, like always,unawares, and the adverb suffix wise. It is
sometimes called the adverbial s.
Source Noun Derived Adverb
student studentlike
Source Adjective Derived Adverb
casual Casual-like
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Uninflected Words
Words that cannot be kenneled in one of the four form-
classes-noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.
1. Words that are traditionally called nouns (pathos, advice,
tennis, evidence)
2. Words traditionally called adverbs (often, seldom, also,
never, perhaps)
3. Words traditionally known as adjectives (antic, menial, only,
tired)4. Most of the words in the structure classes (the, must, quite,
from, and, since, which, all)
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Nouns in the singular are uninflected, such as "wing"
or "switch", but are inflected in the plural when theytake on the affix "-s" or "-es", as in "wings" or
"switches".
Adjectives and adverbs are inflected in the
comparative ("greater") and the superlative
("greatest"), but are uninflected in their positive form
"great".
Verbs are uninflected in the infinitive ("to love") and
the future tense ("will love"), but are inflected in the
past tense ("loved"). They are also inflected in the
third person singular with the "-s" affix ("she loves", "it
seems").
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ar o peec : ruc ureClasses
The three characteristics of structure class :
1. Members of a given structure class are
recognized mainly by position, as they have no
characteristics of form in common and, exceptinga few, do not change form.
2. A structure class is small, the largest one
(prepositions) having only about fifty members.
3. A structure class has a stable membership andis a-closed class-that, is, it rarely admits new
members.
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A. Qualifiers
A qualifier is a word or phrase that changed how
absolute, certain or generalized a statement is.
Qualifiers of Example
1. quantity some, most, all, none
2. time occasionally, sometimes, now and
again, usually, always, never,
3. certainty I guess, I think, I know, I am
absolutely certain
4. possibility could, may, likely, possible, probable
5. necessity must, should, ought, required, have to
6. relative quality best, worst, finest, sharpest, heaviest
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The qualifier occurs in the position just
before an adjectival or an adverbial as shownby the empty slots in these sentences:
The dinner was _____ good.
The dinner was verygood. She performed _____ skilfully.
She performed ratherskillfully.
Thus it is evident that words like very andrather are qualifiers.
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Prepositional
Phrase
Preposition Preposition are words like of, in and to which are usually
followed by a noun, noun phrase, personal pronoun, or noun
substitute called the object of preposition.
PrepositionObject
Of
preposition
One syllable prepositions such as of, in and to usually have
weak or third (low) stress in their common uses.
Monosyllabic preposition now and then take a primary stress
instead of a weak or third stress.
About, above, after, against, among, before, behind, below,
beneath, between beyond, despite, except, inside, into,
outside, under, and upon are two-syllables prepositions.
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Theres also a group of ing prepositions that all
have a verb as a stem, such as : assuming, beginning,
barring, concerning, involving.
Two-word compound prepositions
Her face was perfect aside from that one hairy
mole.
The bucks fought hard and its allbecause ofa
doe.
The detective didnt know he was sittingnext to a
wanted man.
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Determiners
A determiner is a word that patterns with a noun.
It precedes the noun and serves as a signal that a nounis soon to follow. If the noun is preceded by adjectivesand nouns, the determiner precedes these modifiers.
Example : The new gymnasium
List of determiners :
a/an my thisThe your that
his theseher thoseitsourtheirJohns
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Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries are divided into three kinds : 1. Modal Auxiliaries
Can could
May might
Shall should Will would
Two characteristics of modal auxiliaries :
1. The present tense form doesnt take an s in
the third person singular2. They dont have participle forms, present or
past.
Modal auxiliaries are sometimes called verbmarkers because they signal that a verb is about tofollow.
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2. Two Primary Auxiliaries, have and be
Stem Have BePresent Tense Has / have Am / is / are
Present Participle Having Being
Past Tense Had Was / were
Past Participle had been
When immediately preceding a main verb, have
is followed by a past participle as in He has
eaten and be is followed by either a past
participle.
When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two
or three, an obligatory sequence is followed:
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3. The Periphrastic auxiliary do
It has these uses :
a. In questions it carries the tense and provides theinversion that signals a question
b. In negative sentences it carries the tense and
positions the negative word not between an auxiliary and
the verb.
c. In declarative affirmative sentences it provides
emphasis and requires a primary or a secondary stress.
d. In tag questions it replaces a main verb in the simple
present or in past tense.
e. In sentences beginning with a negative adverbial like
seldom, never, not only, it expresses, in an inverted
structure, the tense.
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The behavior and patterning of auxiliaries differ from
those of verbs in three aspects :
1. An auxiliary isnt used as a full verb. It may be used asa substitute verb for a verb already mentioned as in :
He ate an orange and so didI.
2. The negative of a verb phrase containing an auxiliary or
auxiliaries is made by putting not after a single auxiliaryor after the first auxiliary in a sequence. Example :
He will not tell.
3. To make a question with an auxiliary, the subject and
the auxiliary, or first auxiliary in a sequence, arereversed :
She can do a good job.
Can she do a good job?
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Pronouns : Personal, Interrogative, Relative
1. Personal Pronouns (Singular)
(Plural)
Subject Object Prenominal
Possessive
Substitutio
nal
Possessive
1st I Me My Mine
2nd You You Your Yours
3rd M He Him His His
F She Her Her Hers
N It it its its
1st We Us Our Ours
2nd You You Your Yours
3rd They Them their Theirs
Interr Relative who whom whose whose
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2. Interrogative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose
Examples :
Who borrowed my tie? (subject of verb)Who did you take to the theater? (object of verb)
Who are you referring to? (object of preposition)
3. Relative Pronouns : Who, Whom, Whose The relative pronouns whois used as the subject of
the verb, and whom as object of the verb and objectof the preposition. (examples on page 190)
Who and whom (interrogative and relative) havehuman reference, whereas whose (interrogative) hashuman and whose (relative) both human andnonhuman reference.
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Which has nonhuman reference and in its uses
parallels those of who, whom, whose.
That has both human and nonhuman reference
and its uses are the same as which, except that it
does not directly follow a preposition.
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Thank you