American Studies. What is Imperialism? Imperialism: Build an empire by taking over other countries...

ImperialismAmerican Studies

What is Imperialism? Imperialism: Build an empire by taking over other

countries Powerful countries take over weaker countries Gain political, economic, and social control over other parts of

the world Reasons why:

Economic: Expand markets and gain more natural resources○ Industrialization increases Imperialism: Make more $

Nationalism: Extreme pride in one’s nation○ Our nation is better than others

Psychological: Racism and Social Darwinism○ Weaker country is inferior

Political: To become more powerful○ Have influence in the world

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Imperialism or Colonialism The countries an empire conquers are called

colonies Empire=Colonizers: Forced their cultural, religious

and political beliefs on conquered people Colonized: Conquered people lose their right to

self-govern and natural resources are stolen from themForced immersion schools, draw new boundariesGiven no money for resources and low pay for laborNot allowed to industrialize and become independent

Practice Question Describe how the people in Africa felt about

European colonialism (imperialism) in the 19th century? They were:

A. pleased because they were taught new religions.

B. upset that new beliefs were forced on them. C. happy to have a stable European

government. D. angry that Europeans did not take them over

earlier.

Before 1900s

US was isolationist: Don’t get involved in other countries

Expansion was only westwardManifest Destiny

Many were against Imperialism: Washington: Trade but stay out of foreign

affairs/warsDemocracy suffers when we deny people

their independence

Reasons for U.S. Imperialism Improved Communication Technology

Transatlantic cable and new steamships Need for raw materials and new markets

No more frontier, need to cross the ocean Powerful nations have a powerful Navy

Navy needs island bases to re-supply ships Nationalism: We’re the best

Economic Reasons

After Industrialization: US has world’s strongest economy in 1900

Industrialization encourages imperialismBig Business: To continue growth we need

more land, labor, materials, and people to sell to

TR and Republicans support using diplomacy to continue expanding

Manifest Destiny Our race/culture/religion is superior and

should be spread to othersNow used to justify expanding into Pacific,

South America and Asia “Advanced” civilized nations have a duty

to teach “uncivilized” White Anglo-Saxon Protestants: English-

speaking whites must spread Christianity

British Rudyard Kipling: The White Man’s Burden

Practice Question One factor that motivated U.S. imperialism

during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the

A. development of closer political ties with European nations.

B. closing of China to all foreign trade. C. support of international peacekeeping

operations. D. acquisition of new markets and sources of

raw materials.

Japanese Imperialism

During Shogun Feudal System: Isolationist 1853: US Commodore Perry arrives with

US Fleet to request tradeJapanese govt impressed by US technology so

they agree to trade treaty Japan adopts policy of modernizing,

industrializing, and westernizing Small island: Must expand for resources

China and Imperialism

Isolationist and self-sufficient British want tea: Get Chinese addicted

to opium to make money, then buy teaLate 1800s Opium Wars: weaken Chinese

govt Other countries gain “spheres of

influence” in ChinaAreas that were economically controlled by

foreign countries

1899: Open Door Policy

US wants to protect own trading interestsSecretary of State John Hay sent two notes

to foreign powers: Policy states that all countries will have

equal trading rights in ChinaSuggests all powers in East Asia respect

territorial integrity of ChinaJapan violates this and occupies China

Boxer Rebellion of 1900 Boxers: Protest group wants to remove

European influence from ChinaAttack embassies in Peking (Beijing)Kill Chinese who support westernersKill Christian missionaries and other whites

Foreign powers send an army to put down the rebellionThen force China to pay damageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4QdEKjEg

88

Practice Question

The boxer rebellion was an attempt by Chinese Nativists to:

A. obtain rights for all citizens of China.B. remove European influence from China.C. remove Chinese influence from Europe.D. promote Chinese imperialist expansion.

Acquisition of Hawaii Ruled by native monarchy Many Asians, Christian missionaries, and

US businessmen move to the island Sugarcane: major plantation crop

Growers don’t want to pay US tariffs when selling their sugar

1887:Pearl Harbor Naval Base builtBecomes strategic military position for US

Annexation of Hawaii 1893: Sugar growers and US Marines

overthrow Queen Liliuokalani President Cleveland was anti-imperialism

and allowed them to remain independent President McKinley was pro-imperialism

and made it a US territory in 1900 Became a US state in 1959

American Samoa 1890s: Small islands desired for military

reasons Germany and US:

Agree to split them

The Spanish-American War

1895: Cubans revolt against Spanish colonizers1896-1898: 100,000 Cuban civilians are put in

concentration camps and killed by “Butcher” Weyler Why does the US care:

US desired power in Cuba: Close to Florida○ A war there could effect us

Yellow Journalism: Wrote shocking and exaggerated stories about Spanish atrocities○ US citizens sympathize with Cuban refugees○ De Lome Letter from Spanish minister insulting

President McKinley○ http://video.pbs.org/video/2365053190/

De Lome Letter to the King of Spain “Besides the ingrained and inevitable

bluntness with which is repeated all that the press and public opinion in Spain have said about Weyler, it once more shows what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”

Cuba: 90 miles off the coast of Florida

http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war/videos#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war

Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain!

Feb. 1898: USS Maine battleship in Havana, Cuba explodedKills 260 US soldiers

Newspapers immediately blame SpainThere was no evidence of this

US demands Spain agree to a cease-fire with CubaSpain agrees, but people are still angry

People in US demand war with Spain

The Spanish-American War President McKinley asks Congress to

vote about declaring war Causes:

US sympathy caused by Yellow JournalismTo save Cubans from bloodshed and

economic devastationUS wants power and naval base

Teller Amendment: US will allow Cuba to be independent after the war

In Cuba US volunteer troops: poorly trained

and unprepared5000 die of diseases like malaria or

meat poisoningOnly 400 in battle

War lasts 4 months:TR leads group of troops called the Rough

RidersAlong with African American troops, they

defeat Spanish at Battle of San Juan Hill

Practice Question In 1898, U.S. support for Cuban independence led to

war with Spain and contributed to the United States becoming an imperial power. Which of the following was not a decisive factor in the decision to go to war?

A. the U.S. citizens felt bad for the Cubans because of Yellow Journalism.

B. the desire to acquire a naval base and help the Cuban people.

C. the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. D. the need for a shorter route from the Atlantic to the

Pacific

The Philippines Spanish colony since the 1500s Filipino rebels unite with US soldiers to overthrow

Spanish imperial govt US Navy devastates Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay Filipinos want independence

Not independent until 1946 No independence: Became a US territory/colony

Spain “sold” the colony to the US for $20 millionCauses Filipino rebellion led by Emilio AguinaldoTakes 3 years and many lives to put down

Practice Question During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Navy destroyed

the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. The U.S. Congress later voted for annexation of the Philippines. What was one reason for this act of U.S. imperialism?

A. to provide the U.S. with new markets in the Pacific and a become world power.

B. to provide the U.S. with a place to relocate its immigrant population

C. to decrease the U.S. need to export raw materials for industrialization

D. to increase the U.S. population by extending citizenship to the Filipinos

End of the War with Spain Naval Blockade: US troops and Cuban

rebels trap Spanish fleet in harbor They break out and US fleet destroys

them Spanish realize they can no longer defend

islands and surrender to US Peace Treaty in Paris Dec. 1898:

John Hay calls it a “splendid little war”Spain gave US most of their colonies

Results of the War Spain gave US: Puerto Rico and Guam

Both become US territories Cuba is granted independence, but

becomes US protectorate:The Platt Amendment: US gets naval base in

Cuba○ Guantanamo Bay

US is the only country allowed to intervene in Cuba

Philippines are a territory: no independence

US Debate over the US Imperialism Anti-Imperialist: William Jennings Bryan

Hypocritical: US is abandoning everything we stand for like freedom and democracy

Philippines: Might involve US in Asian warsImmoral: It’s wrong to take away people’s rights

Pro-Imperialist: Teddy RooseveltUS has a duty to involve itself in world affairsNeed territory to become a world powerBetter off under our care than another country’s

rule

Practice Question

What was one of the results of the Spanish American War?

A. U.S. became a world power. B. Spain granted Cuba their

Independence. C. Spain sold the Philippines to the

United States. D. All of the above.

Practice Question By acquiring the Philippines and Puerto Rico

following the Spanish-American War, the United States was trying to

A. Preserve indigenous languages in those two cultures.

B. Protect the nature preserves of those two nations

C. Encourage religious tolerance throughout the world.

D. Demonstrate its presence as a world power.

Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy US foreign policy should “speak softly

but carry a big stick”Big Stick Diplomacy

Many Central American countries were in debt to EuropeansEuropeans sent in troops to collect

TR sees this as a threat to US power in the western hemisphere

Big Stick Diplomacy

Monroe Doctrine (1823): European countries can’t intervene in Western HemisphereNo colonizing

Roosevelt Corollary (1904): US has “international police power” in the Western HemisphereUS will send in troops to collect debts

Practice Question Which statement best describes President Theodore

Roosevelt’s foreign policy position toward the Western Hemisphere in the early 1900’s?

A. The United States should reduce its involvement in Latin American affairs.

B. The Monroe Doctrine permits the United States to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations.

C. European nations are allowed to intervene and help the countries in the Western Hemisphere.

D. The United States will protect any country in the world.

The Panama Canal

US wants to build the Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceansEconomic benefits: Faster, safer trade

routes to transport goodsMilitary benefits: Faster naval troop

movements Columbia owns Panama: TR offers $10

million to lease land to build canalThey refuse, so US supports Panama

rebellion for independence from Columbia

http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=panama+canal&N=4294939055

The Panama Canal

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Panama gives US control of the canal zone

1904: Construction begins headed by Col. Goethals, takes 10 years to buildMosquitoes carrying malaria and yellow

fever kills 5,500 canal workers10 miles wide: clear land, great feat of

engineering

-Latin Americans resent US control in the region-Control of the canal is given to Panama in 1999-Neutral territory, US protected

Practice Question During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, U.S.

foreign policy was closely tied to domestic economic concerns. The annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door Policy with China, and the construction of the Panama Canal in Latin

America were all motivated by an interest in: A. breaking up monopolies and trusts. B. extending land grants for railroad construction. C. acquiring new markets and sources of raw

materials. D. limiting the power of labor unions to strike.

US Foreign Policy Roosevelt Corollary influences diplomacy of

the future:US presidents continue to intervene in Latin

America Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”: Becomes involved in

Nicaragua to protect US business investments Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”: Intervenes in

Haiti, Honduras, Mexico and Dominican RepublicSupport movements/govt that US likesLatin Americans resent US intervention/control