American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism

“…“…the policy of extending the rule or authority the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, of an empire or nation over foreign countries,

or of acquiring and holding colonies and or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.” dependencies.”

Source: dictionary.comSource: dictionary.com

Alfred Thayer MahanAlfred Thayer Mahan

Why did the United States Why did the United States Expand?Expand?

Manifest Destiny and the Closing of Manifest Destiny and the Closing of the Frontierthe Frontier

Frederick Jackson Turner

The Turner ThesesThe Turner Theses ThesisThesis SynopsisSynopsis Turner QuoteTurner Quote

The FrontierThe Frontier The frontier thesis is the The frontier thesis is the assertion that the American assertion that the American character, including such traits character, including such traits as democracy and materialism, as democracy and materialism, derived from the frontier derived from the frontier experience. experience.

"The existence of an area of free land, its "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement, explain American American settlement, explain American development." development."

The Safety The Safety ValveValve

The safety valve thesis is the The safety valve thesis is the assertion that the frontier, as a assertion that the frontier, as a place of opportunity and escape, place of opportunity and escape, defused social discontent in defused social discontent in America. America.

"So long as free land exists, the "So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power." economic power secures political power."

Successive Successive FrontiersFrontiers

Turner said that in the Turner said that in the development of any frontier development of any frontier area, one phase of economic area, one phase of economic and social development followed and social development followed another in distinct stages. This is another in distinct stages. This is the concept of successive the concept of successive frontiers. frontiers.

"Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the "Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of civilization, marching single procession of civilization, marching single file--the buffalo following the trail to the salt file--the buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmer--and the frontier has passed by. farmer--and the frontier has passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between." with wider intervals between."

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

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Other Reasons for ExpansionOther Reasons for Expansion

Missionary SpiritMissionary Spirit

Economic Factors/Free TradeEconomic Factors/Free Trade

New TechnologyNew Technology

Basis Causes of the Basis Causes of the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War

EconomicsEconomics

Humanitarian NeedsHumanitarian Needs

Expansionist BeliefsExpansionist Beliefs

Immediate Causes of the WarImmediate Causes of the War

JingoismJingoism

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

DeLome LetterDeLome Letter

Sinking of the Sinking of the MaineMaine

The War and its ResultsThe War and its Results

10 weeks of fighting10 weeks of fightingApril 1898: armistice signedApril 1898: armistice signedTeller Amendment: promised U.S. would Teller Amendment: promised U.S. would not annex Cubanot annex CubaTreaty of Paris (1898)Treaty of Paris (1898)– Granted Cuba its independenceGranted Cuba its independence– U.S. purchased the Philippines for $20 millionU.S. purchased the Philippines for $20 million– Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.

Governing the TerritoriesGoverning the Territories

Hawaii was made a territory in 1903Hawaii was made a territory in 1903

1934: promise made to Philippines for 1934: promise made to Philippines for independence; honored in 1946independence; honored in 1946

Foraker Act (1900)Foraker Act (1900)– Provided for a Puerto Rican legislatureProvided for a Puerto Rican legislature– U.S. citizenship in 1917U.S. citizenship in 1917– Named a commonwealth in 1948Named a commonwealth in 1948

U.S. as World PowerU.S. as World Power

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Expansion of the Monroe DoctrineExpansion of the Monroe Doctrine– Venezuelan Border Dispute (1895)Venezuelan Border Dispute (1895)– Roosevelt Corollary (1904)Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

U.S. InterventionismU.S. Interventionism

Platt Amendment (1901)Platt Amendment (1901)– Required U.S. approval of Cuba’s treatiesRequired U.S. approval of Cuba’s treaties– Lease naval base (Guantanamo)Lease naval base (Guantanamo)– Intervention for peace preservationIntervention for peace preservation

U.S. InterventionismU.S. Interventionism

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

Good Neighbor Policy (Hoover and FDR)Good Neighbor Policy (Hoover and FDR)

U.S. and AsiaU.S. and Asia

ChinaChina– Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy– Boxer Rebellion (1900)Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Step 1: Document AnalysisStep 1: Document AnalysisEach group member should examine ONE of the following Each group member should examine ONE of the following documents. You will debate annexation of the Philippines from the documents. You will debate annexation of the Philippines from the perspective of the writer of your document. Make sure your group perspective of the writer of your document. Make sure your group includes at least one pro-annexation, one anti-annexation, and one includes at least one pro-annexation, one anti-annexation, and one Filipino perspective. After reading your assigned document, skim Filipino perspective. After reading your assigned document, skim the other ones.the other ones.1. U.S. President William McKinley interview excerpt published in 1. U.S. President William McKinley interview excerpt published in 1903.1903.2. U.S. Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. 2. U.S. Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. 3. Senator Alfred Beveridge (Republican-Indiana) 3. Senator Alfred Beveridge (Republican-Indiana) 4. Colored Citizens of Boston (4. Colored Citizens of Boston (The Boston PostThe Boston Post, July 18, 1899), July 18, 1899)5. Emilio Aguinaldo (President of the Independent Philippine 5. Emilio Aguinaldo (President of the Independent Philippine Republic) Republic) 6. Clemencia Lopez (An Activist in the Philippine Struggle for 6. Clemencia Lopez (An Activist in the Philippine Struggle for Independence) Independence)

Step 2: Prepare to DebateStep 2: Prepare to DebatePrepare to debate, from the perspective of your character, by Prepare to debate, from the perspective of your character, by answering the following questions: answering the following questions: 1. What is the name of your character (i.e., author of your 1. What is the name of your character (i.e., author of your document)?document)?2. What position is your character taking on the question of 2. What position is your character taking on the question of annexation (making the Philippines part of the United States)? What annexation (making the Philippines part of the United States)? What are his / her reasons?are his / her reasons?3. What more would you like to know about your character?3. What more would you like to know about your character?4. Why do you think your character thinks the way he / she does? 4. Why do you think your character thinks the way he / she does? What would it take to change his / her thinking somewhat? What would it take to change his / her thinking somewhat? 5. What are some of the reasons on the other side of the argument? 5. What are some of the reasons on the other side of the argument? 6. If your character had to try to reach a consensus or compromise 6. If your character had to try to reach a consensus or compromise with others who disagree, what kind of compromise would your with others who disagree, what kind of compromise would your character be willing to accept? What would he /she not be willing to character be willing to accept? What would he /she not be willing to compromise on?compromise on?

Step 3:Step 3: Choosing a recorderChoosing a recorder

Make a chart with space for reasons for Make a chart with space for reasons for and against U.S. annexation of the and against U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Choose someone to record Philippines. Choose someone to record these reasons during the debate.these reasons during the debate.

Step 4:Step 4: Presenting the views from the Presenting the views from the documents documents

Each group member, pretending they are Each group member, pretending they are the person who wrote their assigned the person who wrote their assigned document, should present that person’s document, should present that person’s view on annexation to the rest of the view on annexation to the rest of the group. group.

Step 5:Step 5: DebateDebate

When everyone has presented their view, When everyone has presented their view, continue discussing and debating the continue discussing and debating the question of U.S. annexation. Use the question of U.S. annexation. Use the documents and their authors as the basis documents and their authors as the basis for your debate. In other words, try to for your debate. In other words, try to STAY IN CHARACTER!STAY IN CHARACTER!

Step 6: Reaching a consensusStep 6: Reaching a consensus

By the end of the debate, group members By the end of the debate, group members should try to reach a consensus-a should try to reach a consensus-a compromise on which everyone can compromise on which everyone can agree-about what position the U.S. should agree-about what position the U.S. should take on the question of annexation. take on the question of annexation. Participants should refer to their answers Participants should refer to their answers from Step 2. from Step 2.

Step 7: Report to the classStep 7: Report to the class

Assignment: Newspaper Editorial or IllustrationAssignment: Newspaper Editorial or Illustration

Editorial Response: Do you believe Editorial Response: Do you believe imperialism is the right course of action for imperialism is the right course of action for the United States in 1905? Cite a minimum the United States in 1905? Cite a minimum of 3 specific pieces of evidence to support of 3 specific pieces of evidence to support your argument. Minimum: 250 wordsyour argument. Minimum: 250 wordsIllustration: Your illustration may be in black Illustration: Your illustration may be in black and white or in color. It should convey your and white or in color. It should convey your opinion on the issue of imperialism. You will opinion on the issue of imperialism. You will be graded on both your artistry and idea.be graded on both your artistry and idea.