IMPERIALISMPolicy of controlling or dominating

other, weaker countries; an extension of a nation’s power over

another land

Phases of Imperialism

• First phase– 1415-1800– Based on the activities of trading companies– Focus on the Reconquista and the Americas– Conquest, plunder, slavery, and annihilation

of indigenous peoples• Aztecs- declined from 13 million to 2 million by

1600

Phases of Imperialism cont.

• Second Phase – Late 19th century to World War II– Focus was on colonial occupation and

governing– Targets were Africa, Asia, and the Pacific– Economic exploitation– European countries took over the productive

life of the country– Invested capital– Turned large portions of native populations

into employees of the foreign power

MOTIVES

• Economic– Simplest stage- “ lust for loot”– More Developed- search for raw materials

and markets– most refined- mutual benefits for colony and

the parent country

• Strategic– The acquisition of territory to protect the

mother country, her colonies, and their lines of communication

MOTIVES Cont.

• Colonizing– A nation’s need to provide space for its

surplus, dissident, or criminal population

• Aggressive– The desire for revenge, power, or prestige;

then urge to trample weaker peoples and to advertise strength

MOTIVES Cont.

• Missionary– The desire to convert other peoples to a

religion, culture, or way of life

• Leadership– A country’s conviction of its superior ability to

provide orderly government, either as a permanent proprietor or as a temporary trustee

– “White man’s burden” – watch over indigenous peoples

IMPERIALISM

The policy of setting up The policy of setting up colonies & building up colonies & building up empires by dominating empires by dominating

another nation politically, another nation politically, economically, & socially economically, & socially

- Ambition - Industrial Revolution

- Need Resources- Need Trading Markets

- Religion - Nationalism

•England •Italy •France•Germany

• U.S.A • Portugal • Belgium

Main Idea – Technological superiority allowed European nations to dominate non-developed areas and establish global empires.

Why did it start?

Nationalism

Industrial Revolution

Religion

Why did it start?

Industrial Revolution

Increased need for

Resources

Nations did not have enough

resources in their own country Forces to look

elsewhere for resources

Nations competed for

colonies

Industrial Nations

produced so many goods

that they needed new

markets

Why did it start?

Nationalism

Extreme pride in their country led

them to want more power

More colonies = More Power

Industrial Nations

competed for colonies

Why did it start?

White Man’s Burden

Westerners felt it was their duty to

“civilize” the “backwards” people of the

world

Westerners viewed anyone with different

religion & life as “backwards”

Mission = Spread Mission = Spread Christianity & the Christianity & the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

What is Imperialism?The policy of setting up colonies &

building up empires.Countries look to extract resources & spread

their culture.

Imperial nations convinced themselves that what they were doing was positive for everyone involved.

Good? or Evil?

Imperialism: Good or Evil?

• Use evidence from the readings to justify your answer.

• Write a thesis that states your groups position.

• Use bullet points to come up with at least three support points and evidence to support those points from the reading.

Type of Rule

• Indirect rule: colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status; Dutch East India Company

• Direct rule: colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country; British Burma

Colonial Africa 1913: Colors are colonial territories laid over present day boundaries

Yellow = BelgiumBlue = FrancePink = SpainPurple = PortugalRed = Great BritainLime Green = ItalyMint Green = GermanyWhite = Independent States

By 1914 the continent By 1914 the continent of Africa was almost of Africa was almost entirely controlled by entirely controlled by European imperial European imperial powers.powers.These powers looked These powers looked to control the to control the economy, society, and economy, society, and government of the government of the conquered peoples. conquered peoples.

How were European How were European powers able to gain powers able to gain control of most of control of most of

Africa? Africa?

Industrial Powers race to colonies

• Christian Missionaries were the first “explorers” of Africa’s interior

• Belgium sent representatives to negotiate with African chiefs– Contracts were in

English– Those who refused

were shot– Chiefs were forced to

give up their land In the 1870s, European powers looked to fully colonize Africa. The map shows how Imperialist nations divided the continent.

Contract Je, (votre nom), acceptez de respecter tous les

attentes et les règles de classe. Je vais mettre tous les matériaux requis dans la classe et de participer à toutes les activités. Je vais m'efforcer d'atteindre grandeur universitaires. Dans le cas que je ne respecte pas cet accord, je suis d'accord pour donner à tous les gains futurs à Mme Brohman. Je vais également faire un don 100 heures de service communautaire dans une école locale ou organisation à but non lucratif, ainsi que Mme Brohman de laver les planchers en chambre pour le reste de l'année.

Contract

I, (your name), agree to abide by all class expectations and rules. I will bring all required materials to class and participate in all activites. I will strive to achieve academic greatness. In the event that I do not honor this agreement, I agree to give all future earnings to Mrs. Brohman. I will also donate 100 hours of community service to a local school or non-profit organization, as well as wash the floors in Mrs. Brohman’s room for the remainder of the year.

Imagine if this were in some language other than English and you were held accountable to it because you repeated the sounds.

Liberia & Ethiopia were the only independent African Nations

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-1885

• Connected Red & Mediterranean Sea shortening trip to Asian markets

• 1875 - Egypt needed $ so they sold their share to England

• Despite the voluntary sale, Egyptians grew angry & rebelled over foreign presence– 1881 Led to Egypt

becoming a British protectorate in 1914

Egypt & France = PartnersEgypt & France = Partners

Causes

• England dedicated to expansion

• British settlers in Dutch colonies outnumbered Boers, descendants of original Dutch settlers

• British gained control of area new language & culture

• Boers left the area & founded Transvaal & Orange Free State

• Diamonds were discovered in land of the Boers

British settlers continued to move north & on Dutch controlled land

Outcomes

• Boers fought often with the indigenous Zulu

• The Boers resisted British victory & practiced guerilla warfare

• British arrested & imprisoned Boers

• Boers finally gave up (1910)

• Orange Free State & Transvaal became part of British Africa

• Created the Union of South Africa

Cecil Rhodes vision of a English-speaking Empire

became a reality.

• Created problems Created problems between African tribesbetween African tribes

• Forced ethnic groups Forced ethnic groups into same nationinto same nation

• Destroyed African Destroyed African cultureculture

• In many parts, In many parts, segregation & class segregation & class system based on color system based on color were introduced were introduced

• Africa has yet to recover Africa has yet to recover corruption, corruption, instability, violence & instability, violence & authoritative regimes authoritative regimes are commonare common

Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia

• Britain Singapore: stopover in & out of China; Burma: protect Indian interests & southern China

• France Indochina (Indochine): Vietnam, Cambodia, Tonkin, Annam & Laos

• United States Philippines: transferred from Spanish control to an American colony; stepping stone to China

Thailand as an exception

• Siam (Thailand) maintained independence– King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn– Western practices & relationships– Used as a buffer by the French and British

ASIAWhose Next?

INDIA Background

• 1700 Once powerful Mogul Empire was falling apart

• 1760s England won the French-Indian War; forcing France out of India

• British East Indian Company took over trading in India

• Company controlled much of India for 100-years

• British forced their culture on India

Prior to 1850, Chinese & Japanese rulers allowed only limited trade with the West. European

powers turned attention on India

What happened to India when the British arrived?

• Positives? • Negatives?

Is India better off now because the British colonized it?

INDIA cont. Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

• Indians felt that British were trying to change their culture; distrust of British

• Economic problems & sense of nationalism increased resentment

• Sepoy soldiers mutinied & refused to accept new rifle

• British response Jail opponents

• Sepoys united & led a rebellion; tried to run British out of India

• British East India Company & British company united to regain control

Sepoy Indian soldier in the British Army

INDIA cont. Sepoy Rebellion

(1857)Religious differences & weak

leadership doomed India

OUTCOME

1.British fully controlled India

2.Indian nationalist movements begin

3.British East India Company removed from power

It is this consciousness of the inherent superiority of the European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however

brave he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be considered

an equal of the British officer.

British Imperialism in India MAIN IDEA – The Sepoy Mutiny

resulted in the British gaining full control of India.

Resulted in Direct rule of India by the British – Viceroys (governor who ruled on behalf of the monarch)

Indian Nationalism

• Indian National Congress: wanted a share in the governing process

• Mohandas Gandhi: civil disobedience to aid the poor and gain independence for India– i.e. Great Salt March

Age of Colonialism

Who is this person?

The grandmother of Europe

Queen Victoria of England

• Reign - June 1837 to January 1901

• Period of rule known as the Victorian era

• Ruled during peak of Industrial Revolution

• Expanded British Empire

• Ruled over most powerful nation in the world

What does she have in common with these bad guys?

International Drug Smuggler • Oversaw a major drug-

trafficking criminal organization

• Very few current drug cartels can even touch the England of the 19th Century

• England shipped tons of opium into China, which it traded for Chinese goods and for tea.

• Created a nation filled with drug addicts

Queen Victoria of England

Review QuestionsDirections – Write the following questions on a sheet of

paper, discuss them with your partner & write a response to each question in your notes.

A. Why was China traditionally not interested in trading with the West?

B. How was England ultimately able to establish favorable trading rights in China? Explain.

- No need for useless gadgets & weird objects

- Looked down on foreigners

- Self-sufficient

- Smuggled highly addictive drug into China

- Won trading rights as result of Opium Wars

- Used military superiority & economic pressures

British look to increase trade1800sAfter years of imbalanced trading with China, England

looked to find a product that Chinese were willing to purchase.

British Traders discovered that Opium Trade = Large Profits

• British traded Opium for tea & silk LARGE PROFITS

Chinese officials learned about the dangers of opium & looked

to declare it illegal.

Opium War (1839-1842)• Chinese banned opium &

destroyed shipments• WAR 1839-1842• England wanted to protect

their investment• China

– Outnumbered British– No cannons – Outdated Navy

Opium Wars

Unfavorable balance of trade Unfavorable balance of trade between Britain and China between Britain and China started shipping Opium into started shipping Opium into China. China.

-Britain won-China forced to give up trading post-China unable to hold foreigners accountable under Chinese laws -China lost Hong Kong to Britain

•Two wars fought •England easily defeated China•Greatly weakened China •Lin Zexu led movement against sale of opium •Europeans had superior military technology

Response to Pressure from the WestA VOICE FROM THE PAST

By what right do they [British merchants] . . . use the poisonous drug [opium] to injure the Chinese people? . . . I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.

LIN ZEXU, quoted in China’s Response to the West

Why did Lin Zexu oppose the Opium trade with Britain? Explain.

Opium War: China v. England

Treaty of Nanjing 1842• 5 coastal ports opened to British trade

– Extraterritoriality

• Limit taxes on British goods

• Pay for the cost of the war

• Gave the British Hong Kong

What is missing from this “treaty”?

The Chinese played European powers off each other after the Treaty of Nanjing; established spheres of influence in the 5 port cities.

China Response to Pressure from the West

Main Idea – Western economic and militaristic pressures forced China to open to

foreign trade and influence.

“Self Strengthening” called for China to adopt Western technology while maintaining Confucian principles.

Taiping Rebellion - 1840s Chinese “brother of Jesus” recruits

one million rebels and nearly takes out government before dying

mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own.

He believed in communal property (giving land to peasants) and the equality of men and women

Qing 1644-1910

Qing 1644-1910

Taiping and Communism Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion

foreshadowed it in several ways

Land was evenly distributed. Outlawed all of the following:

Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy.

The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco.

Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers

Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China

Concessions to Open DoorJapan, Russia, Germany, Great Britain, & France looked to get special trading rights

in China by going directly to warlordsChina forced to make concessions

– Special Rights Included• Rights to develop mineral mines• Rights to build Railroads• Rights to establish Navy Bases• Leases to port cities

• U.S.A is being left out of CHINA

Concessions to Open Door

• U.S. felt that their interests were being threatened

• U.S. Proposes Equal Trading Rights in China

• Policy called the OPEN DOOR POLICY

The U.S. proposes Open Door Policy (1900)

•Major imperial powers agreed to respect trading rights

• Treaties were unequal & unfair to China

EFFECTS

Increased foreigners in China

China remained “free” from colonial rule

Japan eventually ignored Policy (1920s)

Notice that the Portuguese are not a major player in Asia

Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Chinese nationalist movement looked to expel all

foreigners• International Force of 20,000

– Soldiers from England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.

– Despite rebellion China remained weak & divided– Number of foreigners increased

Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Movement failed

& China fell almost completely in the control of foreign nations

• Strong sense of nationalism emerged

• Qing Dynasty was forced to accept reforms (1911)

LECTURE – Review QuestionsDirections – Write the following questions on a sheet of

paper, discuss them with your partner & write a response to each question in your notes.

A. What were the outcomes of the Opium Wars?

B. Why did the Boxer Rebellion fail?

• End to Chinese self-rule• Great Britain gained control

of Hong Kong• Foreigners gained

extraterritorial rights

- China remained divided- Strong foreign coalition- China had inferior

technology

Japan 1800

• Tokugawa Shogunate had ruled for 200 years

• Sat-Cho rebellion (1863) against the shogun put power back in the hands of the Emperor!– Feared Western influence and death of the

samurai way of life– Supported initial Meiji Government; rebelled

against the Meiji after a short time for the same reasons (The Last Samurai)

Meiji Restoration – Emperor MutsuhitoGoal Emulate

the West• Impressed by

military & industrial strength of the west

• Wanted to modernize the nation

• Nationalism

How did they create an Empire?

• Abolished feudalism focused on industry• “Modernized” Japanese Culture

– New Calendar, adopted western clothing• Modernized Navy & Army

– Removed the samurai– War with Russia Japan proves to be a world

power• Political reform and Economic expansion

In less than 30-years, established themselves as a world power

Impact of Imperialism

• Increased tensions between western powers

• Loss of indigenous cultures

• Asia and Africa carved up for European interests

• Good vs. Bad– i.e. Good: Building infrastructure – i.e. Bad: keeping wages low and taxes high