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ImperialismAmerican Studies
What is Imperialism? Imperialism: Build an empire by taking over other
countries Powerful countries take over weaker countries Gain political, economic, and social control over other parts of
the world Reasons why:
Economic: Expand markets and gain more natural resources○ Industrialization increases Imperialism: Make more $
Nationalism: Extreme pride in one’s nation○ Our nation is better than others
Psychological: Racism and Social Darwinism○ Weaker country is inferior
Political: To become more powerful○ Have influence in the world
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
Imperialism or Colonialism The countries an empire conquers are called
colonies Empire=Colonizers: Forced their cultural, religious
and political beliefs on conquered people Colonized: Conquered people lose their right to
self-govern and natural resources are stolen from themForced immersion schools, draw new boundariesGiven no money for resources and low pay for laborNot allowed to industrialize and become independent
Practice Question Describe how the people in Africa felt about
European colonialism (imperialism) in the 19th century? They were:
A. pleased because they were taught new religions.
B. upset that new beliefs were forced on them. C. happy to have a stable European
government. D. angry that Europeans did not take them over
earlier.
Before 1900s
US was isolationist: Don’t get involved in other countries
Expansion was only westwardManifest Destiny
Many were against Imperialism: Washington: Trade but stay out of foreign
affairs/warsDemocracy suffers when we deny people
their independence
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism Improved Communication Technology
Transatlantic cable and new steamships Need for raw materials and new markets
No more frontier, need to cross the ocean Powerful nations have a powerful Navy
Navy needs island bases to re-supply ships Nationalism: We’re the best
Economic Reasons
After Industrialization: US has world’s strongest economy in 1900
Industrialization encourages imperialismBig Business: To continue growth we need
more land, labor, materials, and people to sell to
TR and Republicans support using diplomacy to continue expanding
Manifest Destiny Our race/culture/religion is superior and
should be spread to othersNow used to justify expanding into Pacific,
South America and Asia “Advanced” civilized nations have a duty
to teach “uncivilized” White Anglo-Saxon Protestants: English-
speaking whites must spread Christianity
British Rudyard Kipling: The White Man’s Burden
Practice Question One factor that motivated U.S. imperialism
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the
A. development of closer political ties with European nations.
B. closing of China to all foreign trade. C. support of international peacekeeping
operations. D. acquisition of new markets and sources of
raw materials.
Japanese Imperialism
During Shogun Feudal System: Isolationist 1853: US Commodore Perry arrives with
US Fleet to request tradeJapanese govt impressed by US technology so
they agree to trade treaty Japan adopts policy of modernizing,
industrializing, and westernizing Small island: Must expand for resources
China and Imperialism
Isolationist and self-sufficient British want tea: Get Chinese addicted
to opium to make money, then buy teaLate 1800s Opium Wars: weaken Chinese
govt Other countries gain “spheres of
influence” in ChinaAreas that were economically controlled by
foreign countries
1899: Open Door Policy
US wants to protect own trading interestsSecretary of State John Hay sent two notes
to foreign powers: Policy states that all countries will have
equal trading rights in ChinaSuggests all powers in East Asia respect
territorial integrity of ChinaJapan violates this and occupies China
Boxer Rebellion of 1900 Boxers: Protest group wants to remove
European influence from ChinaAttack embassies in Peking (Beijing)Kill Chinese who support westernersKill Christian missionaries and other whites
Foreign powers send an army to put down the rebellionThen force China to pay damageshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4QdEKjEg
88
Practice Question
The boxer rebellion was an attempt by Chinese Nativists to:
A. obtain rights for all citizens of China.B. remove European influence from China.C. remove Chinese influence from Europe.D. promote Chinese imperialist expansion.
Acquisition of Hawaii Ruled by native monarchy Many Asians, Christian missionaries, and
US businessmen move to the island Sugarcane: major plantation crop
Growers don’t want to pay US tariffs when selling their sugar
1887:Pearl Harbor Naval Base builtBecomes strategic military position for US
Annexation of Hawaii 1893: Sugar growers and US Marines
overthrow Queen Liliuokalani President Cleveland was anti-imperialism
and allowed them to remain independent President McKinley was pro-imperialism
and made it a US territory in 1900 Became a US state in 1959
American Samoa 1890s: Small islands desired for military
reasons Germany and US:
Agree to split them
The Spanish-American War
1895: Cubans revolt against Spanish colonizers1896-1898: 100,000 Cuban civilians are put in
concentration camps and killed by “Butcher” Weyler Why does the US care:
US desired power in Cuba: Close to Florida○ A war there could effect us
Yellow Journalism: Wrote shocking and exaggerated stories about Spanish atrocities○ US citizens sympathize with Cuban refugees○ De Lome Letter from Spanish minister insulting
President McKinley○ http://video.pbs.org/video/2365053190/
De Lome Letter to the King of Spain “Besides the ingrained and inevitable
bluntness with which is repeated all that the press and public opinion in Spain have said about Weyler, it once more shows what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”
Cuba: 90 miles off the coast of Florida
http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war/videos#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war
Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain!
Feb. 1898: USS Maine battleship in Havana, Cuba explodedKills 260 US soldiers
Newspapers immediately blame SpainThere was no evidence of this
US demands Spain agree to a cease-fire with CubaSpain agrees, but people are still angry
People in US demand war with Spain
The Spanish-American War President McKinley asks Congress to
vote about declaring war Causes:
US sympathy caused by Yellow JournalismTo save Cubans from bloodshed and
economic devastationUS wants power and naval base
Teller Amendment: US will allow Cuba to be independent after the war
In Cuba US volunteer troops: poorly trained
and unprepared5000 die of diseases like malaria or
meat poisoningOnly 400 in battle
War lasts 4 months:TR leads group of troops called the Rough
RidersAlong with African American troops, they
defeat Spanish at Battle of San Juan Hill
Practice Question In 1898, U.S. support for Cuban independence led to
war with Spain and contributed to the United States becoming an imperial power. Which of the following was not a decisive factor in the decision to go to war?
A. the U.S. citizens felt bad for the Cubans because of Yellow Journalism.
B. the desire to acquire a naval base and help the Cuban people.
C. the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. D. the need for a shorter route from the Atlantic to the
Pacific
The Philippines Spanish colony since the 1500s Filipino rebels unite with US soldiers to overthrow
Spanish imperial govt US Navy devastates Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay Filipinos want independence
Not independent until 1946 No independence: Became a US territory/colony
Spain “sold” the colony to the US for $20 millionCauses Filipino rebellion led by Emilio AguinaldoTakes 3 years and many lives to put down
Practice Question During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Navy destroyed
the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. The U.S. Congress later voted for annexation of the Philippines. What was one reason for this act of U.S. imperialism?
A. to provide the U.S. with new markets in the Pacific and a become world power.
B. to provide the U.S. with a place to relocate its immigrant population
C. to decrease the U.S. need to export raw materials for industrialization
D. to increase the U.S. population by extending citizenship to the Filipinos
End of the War with Spain Naval Blockade: US troops and Cuban
rebels trap Spanish fleet in harbor They break out and US fleet destroys
them Spanish realize they can no longer defend
islands and surrender to US Peace Treaty in Paris Dec. 1898:
John Hay calls it a “splendid little war”Spain gave US most of their colonies
Results of the War Spain gave US: Puerto Rico and Guam
Both become US territories Cuba is granted independence, but
becomes US protectorate:The Platt Amendment: US gets naval base in
Cuba○ Guantanamo Bay
US is the only country allowed to intervene in Cuba
Philippines are a territory: no independence
US Debate over the US Imperialism Anti-Imperialist: William Jennings Bryan
Hypocritical: US is abandoning everything we stand for like freedom and democracy
Philippines: Might involve US in Asian warsImmoral: It’s wrong to take away people’s rights
Pro-Imperialist: Teddy RooseveltUS has a duty to involve itself in world affairsNeed territory to become a world powerBetter off under our care than another country’s
rule
Practice Question
What was one of the results of the Spanish American War?
A. U.S. became a world power. B. Spain granted Cuba their
Independence. C. Spain sold the Philippines to the
United States. D. All of the above.
Practice Question By acquiring the Philippines and Puerto Rico
following the Spanish-American War, the United States was trying to
A. Preserve indigenous languages in those two cultures.
B. Protect the nature preserves of those two nations
C. Encourage religious tolerance throughout the world.
D. Demonstrate its presence as a world power.
Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy US foreign policy should “speak softly
but carry a big stick”Big Stick Diplomacy
Many Central American countries were in debt to EuropeansEuropeans sent in troops to collect
TR sees this as a threat to US power in the western hemisphere
Big Stick Diplomacy
Monroe Doctrine (1823): European countries can’t intervene in Western HemisphereNo colonizing
Roosevelt Corollary (1904): US has “international police power” in the Western HemisphereUS will send in troops to collect debts
Practice Question Which statement best describes President Theodore
Roosevelt’s foreign policy position toward the Western Hemisphere in the early 1900’s?
A. The United States should reduce its involvement in Latin American affairs.
B. The Monroe Doctrine permits the United States to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations.
C. European nations are allowed to intervene and help the countries in the Western Hemisphere.
D. The United States will protect any country in the world.
The Panama Canal
US wants to build the Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceansEconomic benefits: Faster, safer trade
routes to transport goodsMilitary benefits: Faster naval troop
movements Columbia owns Panama: TR offers $10
million to lease land to build canalThey refuse, so US supports Panama
rebellion for independence from Columbia
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=panama+canal&N=4294939055
The Panama Canal
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Panama gives US control of the canal zone
1904: Construction begins headed by Col. Goethals, takes 10 years to buildMosquitoes carrying malaria and yellow
fever kills 5,500 canal workers10 miles wide: clear land, great feat of
engineering
-Latin Americans resent US control in the region-Control of the canal is given to Panama in 1999-Neutral territory, US protected
Practice Question During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, U.S.
foreign policy was closely tied to domestic economic concerns. The annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door Policy with China, and the construction of the Panama Canal in Latin
America were all motivated by an interest in: A. breaking up monopolies and trusts. B. extending land grants for railroad construction. C. acquiring new markets and sources of raw
materials. D. limiting the power of labor unions to strike.
US Foreign Policy Roosevelt Corollary influences diplomacy of
the future:US presidents continue to intervene in Latin
America Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”: Becomes involved in
Nicaragua to protect US business investments Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”: Intervenes in
Haiti, Honduras, Mexico and Dominican RepublicSupport movements/govt that US likesLatin Americans resent US intervention/control
