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ContentsIntroduction:ResearchPaperProcedure

StepstoWritingaResearchPaper . . . . 1

Step1:ResourcesUnderstandingAvailableResources . . . 2AvoidingPlagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step2:TopicSelectionTasksforSelectingaTopic . . . . . . . . . . 4ThreeMethodstoNarrowtheSubject . . 5

Step3:PreliminaryResearchCorrectlyWritingaSourceCard . . . . . . 6MLASourceCardforaBook . . . . . . . . . 7MLASourceCardDiagrams MLABookFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 MLAArticlefromaDatabaseFormat . . 9APASourceCardforaBook . . . . . . . . 10APASourceCardDiagrams APABookFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 APAArticlefromaDatabaseFormat . . 12

Step4:FormulateaThesisStatementAPoorThesisStatement . . . . . . . . . . 13AGoodThesisStatement . . . . . . . . . . 14

Step5:MakeanOutlineOutliningPointstoRemember . . . . . . 15OutlineExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Step6:TakeNotesTasksinNoteTaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17ExampleNoteCard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Step7:PreparetoWriteParaphrasingRules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19SummarizingRules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20WhenUsingDirectQuotes . . . . . . . . . 21Lead-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Follow-ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23WhenUsingParenthetical Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24MLAParentheticalDocumentation . . . 25APAParentheticalDocumentation . . . 26

Step8:WritetheRoughDraftFromNoteCardstoRoughDraft . . . . . 27ElementsoftheIntroduction . . . . . . . 29ElementsoftheConclusion . . . . . . . . . 30

Step9:ReviseandProofreadOverviewoftheFinishingStage . . . . . 31

Step10:PreparetheCitationPageMLAWorksCitedPage . . . . . . . . . . . . 32APAReferencesPage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

TheFinalDraft:OneLastLookResearchPaperFinalChecklist . . . . . . 34

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StepstoWritingaResearchPaper

Step1 . Understandtheavailableresources .

Step2 . Selectatopic .

Step3 . Conductpreliminaryresearchandbeginwritingsourcecards .

Step4 . Formulateathesisstatement .

Step5 . Makeapreliminaryoutline .

Step6 . Takenotes .

Step7 . Preparetowrite .

Step8 . Writetheroughdraft .

Step9 . Reviseandproofread .

Step10 . Prepareworkscitedpageorreferencespage .

Introduction:OverviewoftheResearchProcess

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UnderstandingAvailableResources

TypesofMedia

• Printsources

• Non-printsources

• Electronicsources

PrimaryandSecondaryResources

FindingtheRightSources

• Otherlibraries

• TheWorldWideWebontheInternet

Step1:Resources

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AvoidingPlagiarism

•Afactthatisnotcommonknowledgemustbecited .

•Alwaysclarifythesourceofanyidea,fact,statistic,etc .

•Whenwritingaboutsomeoneelse’sidea,alwayscitethesource .

•Whenusingsomeoneelse’sexactwords,usequotationmarksandcitethesource .

•Paraphrasesmustbesufficientlydifferentfromtheoriginalwordingandmustincludeacitation .

Step1:Resources

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TasksforSelectingaTopic

Task1 . Selectanexcellenttopic .

Task2 . Findanangle .

Task3 . Dosomeseriouspreliminarywork .

Task4 . Brainstorm .

Step2:TopicSelection

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ThreeMethodstoNarrowtheSubject

Method1 . Askquestionsaboutthesubjecttogeneratemorespecifictopics.

Method2 . Breakthesubjectintosmallerparts .

Method3 . Simplifyacomplexsubject .

Step2:TopicSelection

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WritingaSourceCard

•Useapenandlined3"x5"indexcards .

•Thefirstlineofeachentryisnotindented.Foreachadditionalline,indentahalfinch .

•Writethesourceinformationinthesameformatneededfortheworkscitedorreferencespage .

•Consulttheguidelinesforeachsourcetobesurethattherequiredinformationisincludedinthecorrectformat .

•Keepsourcecardstogetherandinasafeplace .

Step3:PreliminaryResearch

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MLASourceCardforaBook

Call number

Author’s last name, First name Middle initial. Title of Book: Subtitle. 1st City of publication: Publisher, Year published.

Medium.

(Notes)

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SourceCardDiagram

MLABookFormat

F Lahiri

Lahiri, Jhumpa. Unaccustomed Earth. New York: Knopf, 2008. Print.

Note division between Part one and Part two; compare themes and tone.

medium

author'sname

studentnotes

publisher

dateofpubli-cation

callnumber

cityofpublica-tion

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author'sname

studentnotes

medium

volume&issue

databasename

Romm, Joseph. “Stimulating Green Energy.” Technology Review 112.3 (May 2009): 10. Proquest. Web. 18 May 2009.

Paragraph 3 has good description of green energy.

SourceCardDiagram

MLAArticlefromaDatabaseFormat

nameofpublica-tion

dateofaccess

brillig_carrot_bianca�0

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Call number

Author’s last name, First initial. Middle initial. (year of publication) Title of book: Subtitle. City of publication,

State abbreviation: Publisher.

(Notes)

APASourceCardforaBook

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SourceCardDiagram

APABookFormat

Q162 .F694 2008

Angier, N. (2008). The Canon: A whirligig tour of the beautiful basics of science. Boston, MA: Houghton.

Note description of cells in Chapter 7.

author'sname

studentnotes

publisher

dateofpublica-

tiontitle

callnumber

placeofpublica-tion

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SourceCardDiagram

APAArticlefromaDatabaseFormat

author'sname

studentnotes

volume&issue

Romm, J. (2009 May). “Stimulating green energy.” Technology Review, 112(3),10. Retrieved from http://www.proquest.umi.com.

Paragraph 3 has good description of green energy.

nameofpublica-

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APoorThesisStatement…

D Merelystatesafact

D Merelyexpressesapersonalopinion

D Generalizesasubject

D Iswritteninquestionform

Step4:FormulateaThesisStatement

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AGoodThesisStatement…

C Isadeclarativesentence

C Containsajudgment

C Issignificant

C Maycompareorcontrast

C Mayfocusoncausesoreffects

C Mayproposeasolutiontoaproblem

Step4:FormulateaThesisStatement

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Step5:MakeanOutline

OutliningPointstoRemember

Point1 . Lookforexamples,facts,statistics,anddetailsthatsupporteachtopic .

Point2 . Eachmajorsupportingtopicwillbeusedasthetopicheadingfornotecards .

Point3 . Provideatleasttwosupportingtopicstosupportthethesis .

Point4 . Provideatleasttwosupportingsubtopicsundereachmajortopic .

Point5 . Letters,numbers,andindentationshouldreflectlogicalrelationshipsamongideas .

Point6 . Thistentativeoutlinewillchangeasthepaperprogresses .

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�Thesis�Statement:�________________________________________�

� �� __________________________________________________

A.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Example:��_________________________________________�

2.��Example:��_________________________________________�

3.��Example:��_________________________________________

B.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Example:��_________________________________________�

2.��Example:��_________________________________________�

3.��Example:��_________________________________________

C.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Example:��_________________________________________�

2.��Example:��_________________________________________�

3.��Example:��_________________________________________

Step5:MakeanOutline

OutlineExamples

�Thesis�Statement:�________________________________________�

� �� __________________________________________________

A.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Subtopic:�� ________________________________________�

��a.��Example:��_______________________________________�

��b.��Example:�� ______________________________________

2.��Subtopic:�� ________________________________________�

��a.��Example:��_______________________________________�

��b.��Example:�� ______________________________________

B.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Example:��_________________________________________�

2.��Example:��_________________________________________

C.� �Major�Supporting�Topic:��_______________________________�

�� __________________________________________________�

1.��Example:��_________________________________________�

2.��Example:��_________________________________________

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Step6:TakeNotes

TasksinNoteTaking

Task1 . NoteCards•Use4"x6"or5"x8"indexcards .

Task2 . TopicHeadings•Writeatopicheadingintheupperleft

cornerforeachnotecard .

Task3 . Formatting•Writetheauthor’slastnameandthe

pagenumberintheupperrightcornerforeachnotecard .

•Writeinpen .

Task4 . OneIdeaPerCard

Task5 . RecordPrecisely•Recordtheoriginalinformationword-

for-word .Donotparaphrase .•Reproducecapitalization,spelling,and

punctuationoftheoriginalinformation .

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Efforts to reform spelling Wolman 4

President Theodore Roosevelt was a proponent of a revision scheme known as simplified spelling. In 1906 he began using some of the three hundred novel spellings suggested by a group called the Simplified Spelling Board, including “dipt” for “dipped,” “rime” for “rhyme,” and “tho” for “though.” He ordered the Government Printing Office to apply the new spellings to all future materials, although the order was soon revoked.

Step6:TakeNotes

ExampleNoteCard

author’sname

topicheadingborrowedmaterialquoted

word-for-word

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Step7:PreparetoWrite

ParaphrasingRules

Rule1 . Haveathoroughunderstandingofthepassage .

Rule2 . Clarifyandsimplifytheoriginalpassage .

Rule3 . Retaintheexactmeaningoftheoriginalpassage .

Rule4 . Maintainapproximatelythesamelength,orderofideas,andtone .

Rule5 . Maintainapersonalwritingstyleevenwhenrestatingothers'ideas,attitudes,andbeliefs .

Rule6 . Providein-textcitationsforallparaphrases .

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SummarizingRules

Rule1 . Haveathoroughunderstandingofthepassage .

Rule2 . Restatethemainfactsandideas,inthesameorder .

Rule3 . Omitunnecessarydescriptivedetails,examples,illustrations,analogies,andanecdotes .

Rule4 . Shrinkthepassagetoaboutone-third(1/3)theoriginallength .

Rule5 . Providein-textcitationsforallsummaries .

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WhenUsingDirectQuotes…

•Usedirectquotationssparingly

•Copytheauthor’sexactwordsandenclosetheminquotationmarks

•Providealead-in,follow-up,andparentheticalcitationforeachquotation

•Useellipsestoindicateomissions

•Quotationslongerthanfourlinesrequireadifferentformat

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Lead-ins…

•Introducequotedmaterial

•Providesmoothtransitions

•Givethefullcontextofthequotation

•Oftenprovidethecredentialsoftheindividualquoted

•Mustprecedealldirectquotations

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Follow-ups…

•Explain,discuss,orprovidecommentaryonthedirectquotation

•Mayfocusonthesignificanceofthequotedmaterial

•Mayfocusontheimplicationsofthequotedmaterial

•Mayfocusontherelevanceofthequotationtothewriter’sargument

•Maymakeaconnectionbetweenthequotationandthetopic

•Arerequiredafteralldirectquotations

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WhenUsingParentheticalDocumentation…

•Citeeverythingthatisnotapersonalopinionorcommonknowledge

•Allborrowedmaterialrequiresin-textcitation

•Borrowedmaterialincludesdirectquotations,paraphrases,summaries,maps,charts,andillustrations,amongotheritems

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MLAParentheticalDocumentation

•Citationincludestheauthor’slastnameandthepagenumber .

•Enclosethecitationinparentheses .

•Putthecitationattheendofthesentence .

•Thecitationprecedesthepunctuationmarkthatconcludesthesentencecontainingborrowedmaterial .

•Thecitationmustmatchthecorrespondinginformationontheworkscitedpage .

•Makecitationsbriefanduseasfewasclarityandaccuracypermit .

•Quotationsoflongerthanfourlinesrequireadifferentformat .

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APAParentheticalDocumentation

•Citationincludestheauthor’slastnameandtheyearofpublication .

•Enclosethecitationinparentheses .

•Insertthecitationascloseaspossibletothematerialitdocuments,evenifthatmeansmid-sentence .

•Thecitationprecedesthepunctuationmarkthatconcludesthesentence .

•Makecitationsbriefanduseasfewasclarityandaccuracypermit .

•Blockquotations(over40wordslong)requireadifferentformat .

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Step8:WritetheRoughDraft

• Workononesectionofthepaperatatime .

• Arrangenotecardsforthefirstbodysectionintheordertheywillbeusedinthepaper .

• Writethetopicsentenceforthefirstbodysection .

• Beginprovidingsupportforthatidea,usinginformationfromthecardsintheirpredeterminedorder .

• Varyuseofborrowedmaterialbyusingparaphraseandsummary .

FromNoteCardstoRoughDraft

Continuedonnextframe…

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• Insertparentheticalcitationsasyouwrite .

• Providelead-insandfollow-upsforalldirectquotations .

• Providecommentaryanddiscussionforborrowedmaterial .

• Continuallyimproveonthewording,syntax,andclarityofthought .

• Repeatthisprocessfortheremainingbodysections .

FromNoteCardstoRoughDraftcontinued…

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ElementsoftheIntroduction

Element1 . Focusingsentences

Element2 . Thesisstatement

Element3 . Methodofdevelopment(MOD)

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ElementsoftheConclusion

Element1 . Refocusingsentences

Element2 . Rewordedthesisstatement

Element3 . Recapitulation

Element4 . Closingsentences

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Step9:ReviseandProofread

OverviewoftheFinishingStage

•Polishthewriting .

•Getfeedbackfromothers .

•Checkforallnecessaryelements .

•Verifyaccuracyofallin-textcitations .

•Ensurethatallformattingandsubmissionrequirementshavebeenmet .

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Step10:PreparetheCitationPage

MLAWorksCitedPage

•Arrangecardsalphabeticallybyauthor .

•Punctuatecarefully .

•Double-checkpublicationinformation .

•CapitalizetitlesaccordingtoMLArules .

•Startaseparatedigitalfilefollowingtheproperformat .

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Step10:PreparetheCitationPage

APAReferencesPage

•Arrangecardsalphabeticallybyauthor .

•Punctuatecarefully .

•Double-checkpublicationinformation .

•CapitalizetitlesaccordingtoAPArules .

•Startaseparatedigitalfilefollowingtheproperformat .

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ResearchPaperFinalChecklist

Beforesubmitting,reviewtoensureyourpaper…

Meetsformatting,structure,andcontentrequirements

Incorporatesthedesiredchangesfromproofreadingandpeerreviews

Citesalldocumentationandborrowedmaterialsinthepaperandonthesourcecards

IncludesthecompleteWorksCited(MLA)orReferences(APA)page

Haveyoucheckedoffallpointswithconfidence?

yes no

TheFinalDraft:OneLastLook

Congratulations!Congratulations!Congratulations!

Youarenowready

tosubmityour

researchpaper

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