Bio-Electronics, Bio-Sensors, Smart Phones, and Health Care
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- 1. A/Prof Jeffrey Funk Division of Engineering and Technology
Management National University of Singapore For information on
other technologies, see
http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
- 2. Laptops MP3 Players Calculators Video Set-top boxes E-Book
Readers Digital Games Web Browsers Digital TV Watches Mobile
Digital Cameras Smart Phones PCs Phones PDAs Tablet Computers
Bio-Electronics, Wearable Computing and Health Care are the Next
Frontiers for Moores Law Whats Next? Whats Next?
- 3. Source: AStar Adding MEMS and other Functions to Integrated
Circuits is Often Called More Than Moore More than Moore is
enabling better bio-sensors and other components for Wearable
Computing and Health Care Many of these components are a type of
MEMS with micro-fluidic channels Many of these things are called
bio-electronics
- 4. What Kinds of New Products and Services will these
Improvements Enable? Faster and cheaper testing services Many of
these services will be done closer to patients, increasing
convenience (point of care diagnostics) Theranos, member of billion
dollar club, offers these services Faster and better bio-sensors,
that can be integrated with skin patches and other wearable devices
New forms of wearable computing that monitor and facilitate medial
care Better point of care diagnostic devices Exoskeletons that help
old and injured Integrated circuits for testing drugs (organ on
chip)
- 5. Which ones will become cheaper and better, provide most
value? We need to understand how improvements occur
- 6. Which Ones will Become Cheaper and Better? Hard to say But
this is the critical question Some components/devices will get
better as feature sizes get smaller Some components/devices will
get better as new materials are used The following slides provide
examples Session 8 addresses wearable computing and how these
devices can be put together in different ways For your projects,
you need to provide better information on which components/devices
are more likely to get better and/or how this impacts on health
care and/or wearable computing
- 7. Session Technology 1 Objectives and overview of course 2
How/when do new technologies become economically feasible? 3 Two
types of improvements: 1) Creating materials that better exploit
physical phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling 4 Semiconductors, ICs,
electronic systems 5 Sensors, MEMS and the Internet of Things 6
Bio-electronics, Health Care, DNA Sequencers 7 Lighting, Lasers,
and Displays 8 Roll-to Roll Printing, Human-Computer Interfaces 9
Information Technology and Land Transportation 10 Nano-technology
and Superconductivity This is Sixth Session of MT5009
- 8. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Point-of-care diagnostics skin
patches other bio-sensors Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton
Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those
for MEMS
- 9. Early Applications: cardiac pacemaker and cochlear
implant
- 10.
http://www.siliconsemiconductor.net/article/69596-Efficient-mixing-in-milliseconds-with-lab-on-a-Chip.php
Another Type of Bio-Electronics: Simple form of MEMS with
Micro-Fluidic Channels
- 11. Another view of a bio- electronic IC (some- times called
lab- on a chip) Analyzing Polymer Additives and Synthesis of
Co-Polymer Surfactants
- 12. Blood Analysis MEMS compared to a Newer Technology,
Nanopores, which is another form of Bio-Electronics
- 13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvDZh8hmR84 DNA Sequencers
also involve micro-fluidic channels and are one type of
bio-electronics But the next session will focus more on the
improvements in DNA sequencers that have occurred over the last 30
years
- 14. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Point-of-care diagnostics skin
patches other bio-sensors Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton
Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those
for MEMS
- 15. Source: AStar More than Moore is enabling better
bio-sensors and other components for Wearable Computing and Health
Care Many of these components are a type of MEMS with micro-fluidic
channels Many of these things are called bio-electronics
- 16. Another Way to Look at More Than Moore
http://www2.imec.be/content/user/File/MtM%20WG%20report.pdf
- 17. Figure 2. Declining Feature Size 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year
Micrometers(Microns) Gate Oxide Thickness Junction Depth Feature
length Source: (O'Neil, 2003)
- 18. Benefits of Reductions in Feature Sizes Is larger for
Bio-Electronic ICs than for MEMS Higher Resolution
- 19. Higher Resolution: Reductions in Feature Size Enable
Bio-Electronic ICs to Analyze Smaller Biological Materials Viruses
are infectious agents that replicate inside the living cells of
organisms Bacteria are multi-cell micro-organisms Proteins carry
out duties in cell according to DNA
- 20. The Goal is to Analyze Even Smaller things such as Proteins
and Molecules
- 21. Smaller sizes (mM milli moles) are needed for smaller
detection limits and to analyze more data intensive applications
(millimole)
- 22. http://www2.imec.be/content/
user/File/MtM%20WG%20report.pdf
- 23. Smaller Sizes Requires Better Tools Scanning tunneling
microscope
- 24.
http://inhabitat.com/silicon-chips-embedded-in-human-cells-could-detect-diseases-earlier/
How Smaller ICs Might Impact on the Biological World
- 25. February 2013,
http://www.i-micronews.com/reports/BIOMEMS/4/345/
- 26. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics* Point-of-care diagnostics skin
patches other bio-sensors Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton
Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those
for MEMS Many startups: https://angel.co/medical-devices
- 27. Applications in Laboratories and in Homes are Emerging as
Improvements are Made to Bio-Electronics Labs:
- 28. Not Just Physicians End-users might be technicians, nurses
or consumers Very useful in rural areas where there are few doctors
Share devices just like mobile phones are shared in some rural
areas This might occur automatically; place bio-electronic ICs in
toilet, bathroom mirror, and clothes mirror may detect a disease
such as cancer through the presence of a mutated protein called P53
(exists in 50% of cancer treatments) Or place them in your body Or
a skin patch on your body It depends on how cheap these systems
become.. Source: Michio Kaku, Physics of the Future: How Science
Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100
(2011)
- 29. U.S. Laboratory Testing Market $60 billion a year in US $25
billion for testing equipment ($56 billion globally) Most tests are
done in hospitals or by third parties in response from hospitals
Two big players in U.S.: LabCor and Quest Diagnostics Can new
technology and new providers change this market? Much faster and
cheaper than current ones A new law in U.S. allows anyone to offer
lab services, without seeing a doctor Theranos serves Pfizer and
GlaxoSmith Wants to sell directly to consumers
- 30. Theranos is Most Successful of New Entrants Member of
billion dollar startup club Now valued at $9 Billion Offers
hundreds of tests that use drop of blood (also urine) and lab-on
chip technology, a few dollars per test For detection of cancer,
heart disease, diabetes Started with services for drug firms such
as Pfizer and GlaxoSmith Now aiming for consumers through
partnership with Walgreen pharmacies (>8000 in U.S.) Even if
Theranos succeeds, some types of mobile phone and wearable tests
will eventually succeed CEO Elizabeth Holmes
- 31. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Point-of-care diagnostics skin
patches other bio-sensors Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton
Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those
for MEMS
- 32. Flexible Electronics/Skin Patches Many kinds of skin
patches But emergence of flexible displays (Next Session) is
changing the field of skin patches Organic materials are
revolutionizing displays (See Session 7) and ICs (organic ICs) for
the displays (Session 4) Thinner materials are more flexible than
thicker materials Adding a stretchy electronic mesh of islands that
is connected by springy bridges (i.e., conformal electronics)
Conformal electronics can monitor bodily functions of athletes and
others deliver drugs facilitate control of prosthetic devices
Enable electronic skin
- 33.
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/cs/b909902f#!divAbstract
- 34. Improvements in Mobility may Lead to Greater Use of
Flexible Materials Mobilitycm2/Vs Single Crystal Si Ribbon Oxide
Semiconductors Amorphous Silicon Organic Semiconductor 1995 2000
2005 2010 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 100 10 1000 Si Mono- Crystal Si Poly-
Crystal 2013 Year
- 35. Improvements in Flexibility Improvements in flexibility,
which includes both bendabiilty and stretchability, have come from
thinner materials and a so-called island-bridge design. Extreme
Thinness Leads to Flexibility of Semiconductor Materials
Island-bridge design enables much higher levels of flexibility
- 36. build a stretchy mesh with electronics on thin islands
connected by springy bridges print mesh onto thin plastic which
holds the entire mesh together Source: MT5016 group presentation in
2012
- 37. build body-worn stickers which seamlessly measure our body
activity breathablewaterproof yet Source: MT5016 group presentation
in 2012
- 38. core technology deployed to allow conformal coupling to the
human body all on an ultrathin patch that mounts onto the skin like
a temporary tattoo digital health - moderate development cycle -
high growth potential - white space opportunity modular system with
onboard sensing, processing, power and communication Source: MT5016
group presentation in 2012
- 39. wireless connectivity informed user continuous data
analysis seamless sensing digital health - moderate development
cycle - high growth potential - white space opportunity Source:
MT5016 group presentation in 2012
- 40. How far in the Future? From Skin Patches and Sensors to
Artificial Skin Science Vol 340, 7 June 2013, pp. 1162-1165
- 41. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Point-of-care diagnostics skin
patches other bio-sensors Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton
Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those
for MEMS
- 42. Will these Sensors Become Cheaper and Better? Glucose
monitoring for diabetes (smart contact lens, test strips attached
to phones, or tattoo)? Urine testing with test strips attached to
phone for detecting many diseases? Vibration sensor for detecting
epileptic fits? Breath analyzer for detecting lung cancer? bad
breath through volatile sulphur compound sensors? alcohol
consumption? Accelerometer for head impact detection? Electric
potential sensor for measuring ECG (electro- cardiogram) signals?
Infrared sensor for monitoring blood oxygen? Source: Mobile Device
for Health Care, Hi-Tech Sensors Personalized Health Care, Spring
2015 projects
- 43. Smart Contact Lens Google and Novartis are working to
develop contact lens that monitor glucose levels for diabetics Can
also monitor Lacryglobin levels that are biomarker for cancer
Intraocular pressure that results from liquid buildup in eyes of
glaucoma patients Drug delivery is also a possibility Other
possible features Autofocusing lens Infrared sensitive for night
vision
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/529196/what-else-could-smart-contact-lenses-do/
- 44. Can Mobile Phones be Platform for Managing Data Phones have
high-performance processors, memory, and displays Can send data
wirelessly, without cables Easy to develop and download apps Can
phones handle multiple diagnostics/diseases maybe with one
bio-electronic IC, like microprocessor? What about creating
accessories/attachments test strips to analyze blood, skin, saliva;
check for flu, insulin and other sicknesses microscope to analyze
cells, electrodes for electro-cardigram Others for ultrasound, MRI,
etc. Useful for athletes, sick people
http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21567208-medical-technology-
hand-held-diagnostic-devices-seen-star-trek-are-inspiring
- 45. Examples of Attachments for Mobile Phones Portable
spectrometer http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/03/05/israeli-
startup-can-turn-your-smartphone-camera-into-
a-star-trek-tricorder/ Portable dosimeter Water contaminant
Analyzer Portable ultrasound Lens free microscopes Blood glucose
meter Other diagnostic imaging Remotoscope Spirometry Hemoglobe
StethoCloud How cheap will they become in the next five years? Will
they offer better value in poor rural areas than do current
equipment?
- 46. Falling Price of Ultrasound over the last 20 years
- 47. David Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical Apps Mobile
MiM
- 48. David Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical Apps
Remotoscope A diagnostic tool for ears
- 49. SpiroSmart Home spirometry can detect pulmonary
exacerbations and improve outcomes of chronic lung ailments Spiro
Smart is a low-cost mobile phone application that performs
spirometry sensing using built-in microphone An analysis of 52
subjects showed that the mean error when compared to a clinical
spirometer is 5.1% for common measures of lung function David
Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical Apps
- 50. Hemoglobe Hemoglobe estimates the haemoglobin level of the
user. One application is detection of pregnant mothers with anaemia
Hemoglobe functions by principle of absorption spectrophotometry:
sensor is placed over patients fingertip and different wavelengths
of light are emitted, which are then absorbed by the red blood
cells in the capillaries Estimated costs are US 10 to 20 dollars.
David Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical Apps
- 51. StethoCloud David Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical
Apps StethoCloud is designed to listen and digitalize a patients
breathing sounds and patterns Those patterns are compared against
medical database via cloud infrastructure. Automated report is
generated though Algorithmic Artificial Intelligence Decision
Support Such software could potentially allow earlier diagnosis of
pneumonia and reduce mortality of children in developing
countries.
- 52. iBGSTAR iBGStar is first blood glucose meter it can be used
on its own or connected directly to an Apple iPhone or iPod touch
For display, manage and communicate diabetes information David
Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical Apps
- 53. Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) NETRA
combines inexpensive optical elements, programmable display and
interactive software Can measure refractive errors, focal range,
and focusing speed David Shoemaker, FDA-Regulated Mobile Medical
Apps
- 54. How Far in the Future? Qualcomm will give $10 million USD
for first Star Trek Tricorder. Improvements in bio-electronic ICs
and other technologies (e.g., fMRI see later session) will probably
make this possible (http://gbmnews.com/wp/?p=254)
- 55. A Faster Way for Detecting Cancer in the Future? Cancer is
usually detected too late, is there faster way? Blood tests can be
used to test for cancer Could test for hundreds or thousands of
biomarkers in one blood test with a single chip Then look for the
location of the cancer With a radioactive or fluorescent probe (see
next session) and a scanner (Computer tomography or positron
emission tomography) Then kill the tumor with heat, radiation, or
other things (see next session) Source: The End of Medicine, Andy
Kessler
- 56. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics, including skin patches Drug delivery, Bionic eyes,
Exoskeleton Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS
- 57. Smart Pills: A New Form of Drug Delivery Conventional
methods Injections Pills skin patches The problem with conventional
methods is they often affect both good and bad cells Smart pill
Pills that can administer drugs directly to specific places in a
persons body
- 58. Smart Pills for Killing Cancer Cells (1) Most cancer
treatments kill healthy cells even as they try to kill cancer cells
Another approach is to use smart pills/nano- particles to kill
cancer cells Example: illumination from a white light within smart
pill/nanoparticle kills the cancer cell Example: cause tiny
magnetic disks to vibrate violently when they are near the cancer
cells. This is done by passing a small external magnetic field over
them Cameras embedded in the smart pill enable doctor to see
inside
- 59. Source:
http://www.slideshare.net/AsadAliSiyal/nanorobotics-nanotechnology-by-engr-asad-ali-siyal
- 60. Smart Pills for Killing Cancer Cells (2) One problem with
nano-particles (molecular cars) is that they have no engine Mother
Nature uses the molecular adenosine triphosphate has her energy
source Possible engines A nano-rod can be moved with a mixture of
water and hydrogen peroxide Embed nickel disks or antenna inside
these nanorods. one can use an ordinary magnet or a radio
transmitter from the outside of the body to steer a nanorod through
the inside of a body
- 61. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics, including skin patches Drug delivery, Bionic eyes,
Exoskeleton Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS
- 62. MEMs and Bionic Eyes MEMS playing an important role in
improving eyesight of people who suffer from macular degeneration,
a disease that affects the retina Disease renders photoreceptors
useless although the remaining parts of the eye such as the pupil,
cornea, lens, iris, ganglion cells and optic nerve remain operative
About two million people suffer from this disease in the U.S. or
about 0.5% of Americans
- 63. All of the components in a Bionic Eye are Experiencing
Rapid Improvements in Cost and Performance
- 64. How does it Work? A chip combines visual and transmitted
(infra-red) images Chips are 1mm across, covered with elements 75
microns wide that are made of three photosensitive diodes and two
electrodes When hit by infra-red light, the diodes generate an
electric current and via the electrodes, stimulate nerve cells in
retinal tissue Easy to implant chips, using special syringe that
pushed them through eyeball Hopes to improve resolution to 40
microns Bionic eyes, economist, February 21, 2015, p. 73
- 65. Source: Biomaterials 29(2425): 33933399 MEMS-Based
Electrode Electrode Implanted Into Retina MEMS-Based Electrodes for
Bionic Eyes
- 66. Increases in the Number of Electrodes Leads to Higher
Performing Bionic Eyes
- 67. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics, including skin patches Drug delivery, Bionic eyes,
Exoskeleton Organ-on-a-chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS
- 68. Source: Cyberdyne Corporation, www.cyberdyne.jp Examples of
Exoskeletons
- 69. 50 23 20 15 60 160 240 300 0 30 60 70 1000 800 500 200 0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 HAL-3 (1999)
HAL-5 (2005) HAL-5 (2008) HAL-5 (2011) Suit Weight (Kg) Operating
Time (mins) Weight Lifting (kg) Response Time (ms) From better
materials From better batteries From better materials Right Axis:
from better bio-electronic and conventional ICs Improvements in
HALs Exoskeleton Suits
- 70. What About Robots that look like Humans
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/13/robot-sex_n_5675212.html?cps=gravity
- 71. Organ-on-a-Chip Chips that mimic processes of an organ
Contains smallest number of cells needed to mimic organ Examples
Build them from IC fabrication techniques and from 3D printers.
Goal is multiple organs on a chip: body-on-a chip Suppliers include
CN Bio, Wyss Institute. Early customers are surprise, the military
Towards a body-on-a-chip, Economist, June 13, 2015, p. 71.
http://www.thelatestnews.com/organ-chip-breakthrough-replace-lab-animals/
- 72. Organ-on-a-Chip (2) Why? Enables faster drug testing
avoidance of animals Made with IC-based techniques but with
synthetic material like polymer Cells grown inside the chips Blood
and air travel down micro-fluidic channels Need material that
doesnt absorb blood Testing procedure introduce disease into chip
then introduce drug into chip Basic test starts at $22,000, still
less than tests on animals Towards a body-on-a-chip, Economist,
June 13, 2015, p. 71.
http://www.thelatestnews.com/organ-chip-breakthrough-replace-lab-animals/
- 73. Outline What is bio-electronics? Geometric scaling in
bio-electronics Similarities between ICs and bio-electronics
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics, including skin patches Drug delivery, Bionic eyes,
Exoskeleton Organ on a chip Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS
- 74. Like MEMS, development costs are very high for Bio-
Electronic ICs so applications must have very high volumes
Integrated Circuits Bio-Electronic ICs Materials Roughly the same
for each application Different for each application Processes
Roughly the same for each application (CMOS) Different for each
application Equipment Roughly the same for each application
Different for each application Masks Different for each
application. But common solutions exist! Microprocessors, ASICs
Different for each application
- 75. Solutions? Can we identify common materials, processes,
equipment that can be used to make most bio-electronic ICs? Using
common materials, processes and equipment involve tradeoffs Use
sub-optimal ones for each application But benefit overall from
economies of scale; similar things occurred with silicon-based CMOS
devices One obvious option Can we make Bio-Electronic ICs with
materials, processes, and equipment used to fabricate CMOS ICs? Or
look for different materials, processes, equipment?
- 76. Conclusions and Relevant Questions for Your Group Projects
(1) Cost and performance of bio-electronics have experienced large
improvements and still have a large potential for improvements can
potentially follow path similar to (or steeper than) Moores Law
thus can lead to changes in health care that are similar to changes
in electronic systems from Moores Law They have already enabled
dramatic reductions in the cost of many types of medical products
point-of-care diagnostics Sequencing, synthesizing equipment
(covered next week)
- 77. Conclusions and Relevant Questions for Your Group Projects
(2) These improvements will probably continue create new
applications within diagnostic equipment, drug delivery, and chips
embedded in clothing, body, etc. Lead to greater use of bionic
eyes, artificial organs, exoskeletons How much cheaper and better
will bio-electronics become in the next 10 years? What specific
types of products and services will these improvements enable? Will
these products and services be appropriate for advances countries
or rural areas of less rich countries?
- 78. One-Page Write-ups 4 one-page write-ups on topics related
to technologies covered in sessions 4 through 10 (20% of your
grade) If you had two months to investigate one of these topics,
what would you do? What types of data would you gather and how
would you gather the data? Who might you interview? Topics are
listed at end of these slides, of each session, and in assessment
section of IVLE 2 one-page write-ups on topics related to
technologies covered in group presentations (10% of your grade)
Topic should be main points of presentation propose a different
method of analysis than the group did It should not take you longer
than 2 hours to do each assignment
- 79. Be Careful! The one-page write-ups on topics (related to
technologies covered in sessions 4 through 10) are different than
the 2 one- page write-ups on (group presentations) They require
very different answers Even for one-page write-ups on topics
related to technologies covered in sessions 4 through 10 Each
question is different because cost and performance depends on
different things for each technology Each question is also
different because amount of information is different If technology
has been commercialized, there is more info about technology costs,
performance, benefits, needs If it has not been commercialized,
there is less information Some technologies depend more on
improvements in components than do others Thus, the answers will be
different
- 80. Session 6 Topics for Write-ups Skin patches: How would you
assess the costs and benefits from skin patches and when they will
become widely used in Singapore (>10% of Singaporeans)? Smart
contact lens: How would you assess the costs and benefits from
smart contact lenses and when they will become widely used in
Singapore (>10% of diabetics in Singaporeans? Attachments to
mobile phones such as ultrasound and glucose meters (choose one of
them): How would you assess the costs and benefits from using
ultrasound or glucose meter attachments to mobile phones and when
they will become widely used in Singapore (>10% of measurements
in Singapore? Bio-fuels from DNA sequencing and synthesizing
(GMOs): How would you assess the costs and benefits from using DNA
sequencer and synthesizers to develop better bio-fuels (choose one
such as cellulosic ethanol or algae) and when they will become
widely used in Singapore (>10% of energy production in
Singapore?