Anthropology: The scientific study of people, their societies, cultures.S: In their anthropology course, the students learned about the Mayan civilization.

Inference: A guess that you make or an opinion that you form based on the information that you have.S: What inferences have you drawn from this evidence?

Comprehend: To understand something completely.S: I fail to comprehend their attitude.S: He doesn't seem to comprehend the scale of the problem

Espouse: To speak in favour of something, to promote, to advocate.S: He espouses socialism to all who will listen.S: He espoused a variety of scientific, social and political causes.S: Both major parties have now abandoned these principles; only the BJP still espouses all of them.

Exuberant: Happy and full of energy and excitement.S: She is exuberant about her new job offer.S: An exuberant personality.S: An exuberant welcome for the hero.

Vanguard: A group of people who lead the development of new ideas, or a leading position in the development of something, the part of an army or navy that leads an attack on an enemy.S: He is in the vanguard of economic reform.

Incumbent: Someone who has been elected to an official position, especially in politics, and who is doing that job at the present time. <Padhhadhikari, Adhikari>S: In the June elections, Morris easily defeated the incumbent, Tom Smith.S: The incumbent officers of the club.

Premier: The head of the government in some countries.S: The premier of Italy visited Malaysia.

Eke Out: To use something slowly or carefully because you only have a small amount of it.S: There wasn't much food left, but we just managed to eke it out.S: He managed to eke out a living (= earn just enough to live on) one summer by selling drinks on a beach.S: He eked out a living by selling newspapers on the street.

Jeopardize: To put in hazard, risk.S: He jeopardized his life every time he dived from the tower.S: She knew that by failing her exams she could jeopardize her whole future.

Martinet: Formal someone who is very strict (especially a military one) and makes people obey rules exactly.S: The woman in charge was a martinet who treated us like children.

Snob: Someone who thinks they are better than people from a lower social class - used to show disapproval. <Ghamandi>S: Stop being such a snob.S: I don't want to sound like a snob, but I thought she was vulgar.

Gregarious: Liking to be with other people, Friendly.S: Emma's a gregarious, outgoing sort of person.

Vicious: Violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically.S: a vicious murder, a vicious killerS: Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious.

Phlegmatic: Describes someone who doesn't usually get emotional or excited about things, inactive. S: The taxi driver, a phlegmatic man in middle age, showed no surprise at this request.

Inveterate: An inveterate liar, gambler, someone who does something very often and cannot stop doing it.-S: I never trust anything he says - the man's an inveterate liar.

Egregious: Often of mistakes, extremely bad.

1

S: It was an egregious error for a statesman to show such ignorance.

Cacophony: An unpleasant mixture of loud sounds.S: Cacophony of large city.S: As we entered the farmyard we were met with a cacophony of animal sounds.

Prurient: Too interested in the details of another person's sexual behaviour.S: He denied that the article had been in any way prurient.

Infidelity: Having sex with someone who is not your husband, wife, or regular sexual partner, or (an example of) not being loyal or faithful.S: She divorced her husband for infidelity after she found him in bed with another woman.

Penny Pinching: Unwilling to spend money.S: I became tired of his penny-pinching friends.S: Penny pinching governments.

Perspicacity: The ability to understand things quickly and make accurate judgments.S: A woman of exceptional perspicacity.

Enervate: To make you feel tired and weak.S: The hot sun enervated her to the point of collapse.

Posthumous: Happening after a person's death.S: a posthumous awardS: His last novel was published posthumously.

Anomalous: Different from what you expected to find.S: A highly anomalous situationS: Anomalous results

Intriguing: Something that is intriguing is very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected.S: Psychologists find human emotions intriguing.S: an intriguing possibility/question.

Cavalier: Not caring enough about rules, principles, or people's feelings.S: A cavalier attitude to the laws.S: He has a cavalier attitude toward people he doesn't know.

Haughty: Unfriendly and seeming to consider yourself better than other people.S: That rich, haughty woman thinks she is better than everyone else.

Semantic: Relating to the meanings of words.S: "Good-bye" and "See you later" have a small semantic difference.

Laconic: Using only a few words to say something.S: She had a laconic wit.

Tyro: A person who is new to an activity.S: I look forward to seeing this young tyro's next ballet.

Dabble: To take a slight and not very serious interest in a subject, or try a particular activity for a short period.S: He first dabbled in politics when he was at law school.S: She dabbled with drugs at university.

Iconoclastic: Strongly opposing generally accepted beliefs and traditions.S: His plays were fairly iconoclastic in their day.

Sneer: To smile or speak in a very unkind way that shows you have no respect for someone or something.S: You may sneer, but a lot of people like this kind of music.

Anachronous: Someone or something that seems to belong to the past, not the present.S: The monarchy is something of an anachronism these days.

2

S: The film is full of anachronisms.S: His painting style was seen as outdated and anachronistic.

Ailment: Minor illness.S: Treat minor ailments yourself.

Incurable: Impossible to heal or cure, fatal.S: He has incurable cancer and will die within six months.

Vicarious: Experienced by watching or reading about someone else doing something, rather than by doing it yourself.S: The vicarious pleasure that parents get from their children's success.

Congenital: Describes a disease or condition that exists at or from birth.S: Congenital abnormalities.

Taciturn: Speaking very little, so that you seem unfriendly, Laconic.S: He's a reserved, taciturn person.

Stingy: Unwilling to share or spend money. (Kanjoos)S: She's too stingy to give money to charity.S: He's really stingy and never buys the drinks when we go out.S: Don't be stingy; give me a bite of your sandwich.

Generous: Someone who is generous is willing to give money, spend time etc, in order to help people or give them pleasureS: t was most generous of you to lend me the money.S: She's always very generous to the kids.

Gloomy: Sad, depressed.S: After the death, the family felt gloomy.S: With the recession, the economic outlook is gloomy.

Malign: To speak or write evil things about to defame character, to slander.(Badnaam karna)S: The politician maligned her opponent as dishonest.S: She describes pornography as 'a malign industry'.

Crippling: To injure someone so that they are unable to walk or move in a normal way.S: The crippling effects of war on the economy.

S: A crippling attack of malaria kept him in bed for months.

Intrepid: Extremely brave and showing no fear of dangerous situations.S: The intrepid hunter lived alone in Africa.

Eloquent: Able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people.S: An eloquent appeal for supportS: The pictures were an eloquent reminder of the power of the volcano.

Loquacious: Describes someone who talks a lot.

Incorrigible: An incorrigible person or incorrigible behaviour is bad and impossible to change or improve.S: Some criminals are incorrigible and will be in jail all their lives.

Rabble-Rousing: When someone deliberately makes a crowd of people angry and violent, especially in order to achieve political aims.S: He accused union leaders of rabble-rousing, Demagogue.S: Johnson was unpopular with the management because he was a well-known rabble-rouser.

Perpetrator: Someone who does something morally wrong or illegal.S: The perpetrators were never caught. S: The perpetrators of racially motivated violence must be punished.

Naive: Not having much experience of how complicated life is, so that you trust people too much and believe that good things will always happen.S: I had naively imagined that he was in love with me.

3

S: It was a little naive of you to think that they would listen to your suggestions.

Contempt: A strong feeling of disliking and having no respect for someone or something.S: At school she had complete contempt for all her teachers.S: She looked at him with undisguised contempt.

Sophisticated: Having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc.S: She was slim, svelte, and sophisticated.S: Clarissa's hair was swept up into a sophisticated style.

Affluent: Having plenty of money, nice houses, and expensive things.S: Affluent families.S: The affluent are located mainly in towns near big cities.

Retrospect: Thinking now about something in the past.S: I'm sure my university days seem happier in retrospect than they really were.S: In retrospect, I wonder if we should have done more.

Anticipate: To imagine or expect that something will happen.S: Are you anticipating a lot of people at the party tonight?S: Sales are better than anticipated.

Gourmet: A person who knows a lot about and enjoys fine food and drink, connoisseur.S: He is a gourmet of French food.

Circumspect: Thinking carefully about something before doing it, in order to avoid risk.S: The governor was usually circumspect when dealing with the media.

Antipathy: A feeling of strong dislike, opposition, or anger, Hostility.S: A growing antipathy towards the government.S: Despite the deep antipathies between them, the two sides have managed to negotiate an agreement.

Bashful: Often feeling uncomfortable with other people and easily embarrassed.S: Don't be bashful about telling people how you feel.

Nostalgic: If you feel nostalgic about a time in the past, you feel happy when you remember it, and in some ways you wish that things had not changed.S: Seeing those old school photographs has made me feel quite nostalgic.S: A nostalgic look back at the 1950s.

Vacillate: To be uncertain what to do, or to change often between two opinions.S: Her mood vacillated between hope and despair.S: Her parents vacillated between different approaches to discipline.

Placate: To make someone stop feeling angry.S: Our boss was angry at us, so we placated him by working late.S: These changes did little to placate the unions.

Apathetic: Showing no interest or energy and unwilling to take action, especially over something important.S: Young people today are so apathetic about politics.S: Don't be so apathetic - how are you going to get a job if you don't even start looking?

Clandestine: Planned or done in secret, especially describing something that is not officially allowed.S: The group held weekly clandestine meetings in a church.S: He has been having a clandestine affair with his secretary for three years.

Magnanimous: Very kind and generous towards an enemy or someone you have defeated.S: Arsenal's manager was magnanimous in victory, and praised the losing team.

Dishevelled: very untidy.S: Pam arrived late, dishevelled and out of breath.

4

Gag: A piece of cloth that is tied around a person's mouth or put inside it in order to stop them from speaking, shouting, or calling for help.S: Her hands and feet were tied and a gag placed over her mouth.

Incursion: A sudden attack on or act of going into a place, especially across a border.S: Incursions into enemy territory.S: A combined British and French incursion into China in 1857.

Summon: To order someone to come to or be present at a particular place, or to officially arrange a meeting of people.S: Robert summoned the waiter for the bill.S: The president summoned Taylor to Washington.S: He was summoned to attend an emergency meeting.

Witch: A woman who is believed to have magical powers and who uses them to harm or help other people.S: A witch on a broomstick.S: There is a witch in the house.

Foster: To encourage, nurture, to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child's legal parent.S: Would you consider fostering (a child)?S: Her trainer fostered her career as a champion skater.

Unfazed: Shocked by a difficult situation or by something bad that has happened.S: The Prime Minister appeared to be totally unfazed by the protesters.S: She seems unfazed by her sudden success and fame.

Refute: To say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong or false.S: One witness refuted the statement of another by presenting new evidence.S: She refuted any allegations of malpractice.

Affirm: To state something as true.S: The general affirmed rumours of an attack.S: The suspect affirmed (that) he had been at home all evening.

Fascinate: If someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting.S: Science has always fascinated me.S: The idea of travelling through time fascinates me.

Chant: To repeat a word or phrase again and again.S: Protestors chanting anti-government slogans.S: The crowd were chanting the name of their football team.

Enchanted: Someone who is enchanted with someone or something likes them very much.S: She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her.S: The witch enchanted the forest animals to do as she told them.

Peculiar: Odd, strange, unusual, uncommon.S: She has the most peculiar ideas.S: What a peculiar smell!S: It's peculiar that they didn't tell us they were going away.

Baffle: If something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all.S: The question baffled me completely.S: She was completely baffled by his strange behaviour.

Lenient: Not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected, not strict.S: They believe that judges are too lenient with terrorist suspects.S: School examiners say that marking has become more lenient in recent years.

Conceited: Too proud of yourself and your actions and abilities.S: He is so conceited that he acts like he's a movie star.S: You're the most conceited, selfish person I've ever known.

5

Audacious: Showing a willingness to take risks or offend people.S: He described the plan as ambitious and audacious.S: An audacious remark/suggestion.

Parry: To defend yourself against someone who is attacking you by pushing their weapon or hand to one side.S: It is far easier to parry a direct blow than to stop it forcibly.S: He parried all her questions about his work.

Ward Off: To prevent something unpleasant from harming or coming close to you.S: In the winter I take vitamin C to ward off colds.S: She was given a magic charm to ward off evil spirits.

Prevalent: Widespread, Common, Observed frequently.S: Pine trees are prevalent in this part of the country.S: These diseases are more prevalent among young children.S: Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.

Ominous: Suggesting that something unpleasant is likely to happen. <Apshagun>S: How long will she be ill?' he asked. There was an ominous silence.S: The car is making an ominous rattling sound.

Supersede: To replace an old or existing version or model of s.t. with a new or better one.S: This fancy new washing machine supersedes that old one.S: Most of the old road has been superseded by the great interstate highways.

Repeal: If a government repeals a law, it causes that law no longer to have any legal force.S: We're campaigning for the repeal of the abortion laws.S: The new Congress' first act was a repeal of all of the old Congress' laws.

Anonymous: Made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public.<Aghyat, Benaam, Gopniya>S: The money was donated by an anonymous benefactor.S: Police said an anonymous caller warned that a bomb was about to go off.

Atheist: Someone who believes that God does not exist.<Nastik>

Theist: Believes in existence of God<Aastik>

Indefatigable: Always determined and energetic in trying to achieve something and never wills to admit defeat, tireless, inexhaustible, and persevering.S: An indefatigable campaigner for human rights.

Loquacious: Describes someone who talks a lot, talking or tending to talk much or freely.

Glib: Speaking or spoken in a confident way, but without careful thought or honesty.S: Glib politiciansS: He gave the police officer a glib excuse for not stopping at the red light.S: No one was convinced by his glib answers/explanations.

Incarcerate: To put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison.S: While incarcerated at the Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, Manya Surve developed a fierce rivalry with another gangster.

Succumb: To stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control.<Har man lena, Dam tod lena>S: About 400,000 Americans succumb each year to smoking-related illnesses.S: The town finally succumbed last week after being pounded with heavy artillery for more than two months.

Pulchritude: Beauty, especially a woman's beauty.

Rancor: A feeling of hatred and anger towards someone you cannot forgive because they harmed you in the past.(Contempt,Antipathy)S: Both felt rancor toward each other long after their divorce.

6

S: They cheated me, but I feel no rancour towards/against them.

Languor: A pleasant feeling of laziness, a relaxed comfortable feeling.S: Dheeraj was feeling languor when i woke him up in morning.

Unsightly: Not attractive, ugly.S: Unsightly buildings.S: Unsightly marks.

Desultory: Done without any particular plan or purpose, Haphazard. <Nirrupdesh>S: Software testing should not be done in desultory manner you should have proper planning for that.S: She works in a desultory way and completes nothing.

Crestfallen: Disappointed and sad because of having failed unexpectedly.S: He looked crestfallen at their decision.S: He came back looking crestfallen.

Frivolous: Behaving in a silly way and not taking anything seriously.S: I feel like doing something completely frivolous today.S: I think he sees her as a frivolous young woman.

Taper: To become gradually narrower at one end, or to make something do this.S: Turn left where the road tapers (off) into a track.S: His wide chest tapers to a small waist.

High-Handed: Someone who is high-handed uses their power or authority more forcefully than is needed without thinking about the feelings or wishes of other people.

S High-handed and insensitive management decisions.

Dejected: Unhappy, disappointed, or without hope.S: She looked a bit dejected when she was told that she hadn't got the job.S: Ankit Farkya became dejected when he came to know that he did not selected in TCS.

Augment: To increase the size or value of something by adding something to it.S: He would have to find work to augment his income.S: We augmented the advertising budget in order to increase sales.

Distend: (usually of the stomach or other part of the body) to swell and become large (as if) by pressure from inside.S: The starving children had distended stomachs.

Remonstrate: To complain to someone or about something. S: I went to the boss to remonstrate against the new rules.S: The barrister remonstrated with the judge about the amount of the fine.

Vouchsafe: To tell or give something to someone.<Dene ki kripa kare>, Bestow, S: He vouchsafed the information that the meeting had been postponed.

Jettison: To get rid of something or someone that is not wanted or needed, throw from airoplane. <Phekh Dena>S: The scheme was jettisoned when the government found it too costly.S: Sailors jettisoned big boxes in the storm to make the ship lighter.

Muffle: To make a sound less loud and clear, especially by covering something.S: I put my hand over my mouth to muffle my words, so only my friend could hear.S: The falling snow muffled the sound of our footsteps.

Stoic: Someone who does not show their emotions and does not complain when bad things happen to them.S: We knew she must be in pain, despite her stoic attitude.S: Japanese people were stoical about the damage caused by the Tsunami.

Savant: A person with a high level of knowledge or skill, especially someone who is less able in other ways.<Vidhvan>S: He is a savant in Mathematics.

7

S: There are musical savants who are very awkward physically - until they sit at the piano.

Unscathed: Without injuries or damage being caused.<Sahi Salamat>S: Her husband died in the accident but she, amazingly, escaped unscathed.S: He came through the accident unscathed.

Fetter: V-To restrict someone's freedom and prevent them from doing what they want, to confine, restrain. S: The ship's captain put the prisoner in fetters. S: He felt fettered by his having to care for a family.

Liberate: V-To set someone, something free as from imprisonment, bonadage, feeling, deliver, unfetter.S: They said they sent troops in to liberate the people/the country from a dictator.S: The American Civil War liberated many people from slavery.

Autonomy: The right of an organization, country, or region to be independent and govern itself, freedom, independent.S: The universities want to preserve their autonomy from central government.S: DAVV is an autonomous college.

Altruism: N- Willingness to do things that bring advantages to others, even if it results in disadvantage for yourself. <Paropkar>S: Many choose to work in developing countries out of altruism.S: Social workers must have altruism.

Slack: Not tight, loose. <Dheela chodna, laparwahi karna, dhilai dena>S: These tent ropes are too slack - they need tightening.S: You're too strict with your son; cut him some slack.S: This job is almost done; let's slack off for a while.

Recoil: To move back because of fear or disgust, flinch.<Ghabara jana peeche hat jana>S: He leaned forward to kiss her and she recoiled in horror.S: The hunter recoiled when he saw a dangerous snake in front of him.

Facilitate: To make something possible or easier.S: The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.S: The tourist office sent us a guide who facilitated our travel through Japan.S: Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.

Cease: To stop doing something or stop happening, to discontinue.S: The Company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year.S: The government ordered the company to cease selling the bad medicine.

Plunge: To (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something.<Achanak se niche girna>S: We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.S: The car went out of control and plunged over the cliff.S: Niagara Falls plunges 55.5 metres.

Encumber: To make it difficult for you to do something or for something to happen, to burden, to hamper, retard.<Badha Dalna>S: Too much debt encumbers her business.S: She was encumbered with a suitcase and several packages.

Predilection: If someone has a predilection for something, they like it a lot. <Jhukav>S: Ever since she was a child, she has had a predilection for spicy food.S: Mrs Lane's predilection for gossip.

Aversion: Strong feeling of dislike, contempt, antipathy, rancour.S: She has an aversion to eating cow liver; it makes her ill.S: I have an aversion to traveling during the heat of August.

Lament: To feel sadness,sorrow,regret or cry for, to mourn, to grieve, to bewail, to bemoan.S: The poem opens by lamenting (over) the death of a young man.S: The nation lamented the death of its great war leader.

8

Seedy: Looking dirty or in bad condition and likely to be involved in dishonest or illegal activities.<Fatichar>S: The seedy bar was full of drunken, unwashed people.S: A seedy nightclub.

Tranquil: Calm and peaceful and without noise, violence, worry, free from commotion or tumult.S: She stared at the tranquil surface of the water.S: It is a tranquil place to do meditation.S: A small tranquil village.

Intricate: Having a lot of small parts or details that are arranged in a complicated way and are therefore sometimes difficult to understand, solve, or produce.<Pechida>S: The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very difficult to repair.S: Police officers uncovered an intricate web of deceit.S: My sweater has an intricate design.

Raucous: Loud and unpleasant, harsh, wild sound disturbing public peace, jarring, raspy.<Karkash Dhvani>S: I heard the raucous call of the crows.S: Raucous laughter came from the next room.

Buoyant: Able to float, Happy and cheerful.S: Fallen trees are buoyant in water.S: Phil was in buoyant mood.

Contentious(Adj): Ready to disagree, Argumentative, controversial.<Vivad>S: He is a contentious man, always arguing with everyone.S: Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.

Strife: Violent or angry disagreement, Antagonism.<Vivad, Sangharsh, Tal Mel me kami>S: 20 years of civil strife have left the country's economy in ruins.S: There was bitter strife between the warring nations.

Mellifluous: Having a pleasant, smooth and flowing sound, Melodious, Musical,Dulcet.<Madhur>S: A deep mellifluous sound of nature.

Gambol: To run and jump in a happy way, to caper, to romp.S: The sheep gamboled happily in the field.S: Lambs gambolling in a field.

Vex: To cause difficulty to someone, or to cause someone to feel angry, annoyed, or upset, to irritate, to irk, to harass. S: This issue looks likely to continue to vex the government.S: His demands for money vexed his wife.

Plod: To walk taking slow steps, as if your feet are heavy, to trudge.S: A farmer plodded through his muddy field.S: Despite the wind and the rain, they plodded on until they reached the cottage.

Digress: to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write or talk about something else.S: The speaker talked about modern art, and then digressed into a discussion of a painter from 500 years ago.S: After several long digressions he finally reached the interesting part of the story.

Titillate: Touch (a body part) lightly so as to excite someone, to cause uneasiness, laughter, to tickle. <Gudgudana, Uttejit karna>S: So many adverts nowadays are designed to titillate.S: If a picture or a story titillates someone, it makes them feel sexually interested.

Prim: Very formal and correct in behaviour.S: She's much too prim and proper to drink pints of beer.S: She looked prim and nervous in her best hat and coat

Repugnant: If behaviour or beliefs, etc. are repugnant, they are very unpleasant.<Virudhh>S: The idea of cheating in an exam is morally repugnant to me.S: Animal experiments are morally repugnant to many people

9

Lethargic: Feeling as if you have no energy and no interest in doing anything, sleepy, tired, lazy, drowsy, torpid, indolent.<Sust> S: Some medicines make people lethargic.S: The hot weather was making us all lethargic.

Awe: A feeling of great respect and liking for someone or something, Veneration.S: The boy was in awe of the famous football player and couldn't believe he was going to meet him. S: As children we were rather in awe of our grandfather.

Nettle: To be annoyed by what someone says or does. S: His criticism of the project nettled me.

Mollify: To make someone less angry or upset, to placate, to calm, to pacify.S: I tried to mollify her by giving her flowers.S: A customer was unhappy, and the store manager mollified her by returning her money.

Disentangle: To separate different ideas or pieces of information that have become confused together, untangle, extricate. <Suljhana>S: I tried to disentangle the wires under my desk.S: It's difficult to disentangle hard fact from myth, or truth from lies.

Replete: Full of something, sated, glutted. <Paritratv>S: Literature is replete with tales of Munshipremchand.S: This car has an engine replete with the latest technology.

Assuage: To make unpleasant feelings less strong, relieve, mitigate, soothe, calm, mollify, alleviate .<Shant Karna>S: The government has tried to assuage the public's fears by making new Law.S: The king assuaged the fears of his nobles about a war.

Menial: Describes work that is boring, makes you feel tired, and is given a low social value, Lackey.<Tuchh kaam>S: I am not going to do menial work such as sweeping floors and washing windows.S: It's fairly menial work, such as washing dishes and cleaning floors.

Uncouth: Behaving in a rude, unpleasant way, Clumsy, Boorish. <Asabhya>S: That uncouth man uses dirty language all the time.S: My mom found me loud-mouthed and uncouth, as i was using bad words.

Mundane: Very ordinary and therefore not interesting.<Sadharan>S: Her life is filled Cricket game as mundane, but it started getting intersting later.S: The mundane task of setting the table can be fun on holidays.

Nefarious: Evil or criminal, Heinous.<Ati Dusht>S: The director of the company seems to have been involved in some nefarious practices/activities.S: One of his nefarious crimes was the bombing of a busy train station.

Prognosis: A doctor's judgment of the likely or expected development of a disease or of the chances of getting better.S: The prognosis after the operation was for a full recovery.S: A hopeful prognosis of the country's future development.

Deluge: A very large amount of rain or water.S: A deluge of praise for a great achievement.S: Reporters deluged the President with questions.

Serrated: Having a row of sharp points along the edge.<Dantedar>S: You really need a knife with a serrated edge for cutting bread.

Scrupulous: Extremely honest, or doing everything correctly and exactly as it should be done.<Kartavya Nishth>S: A scrupulous politician would not lie about her business interests, and will do his work with extreme honesty.S: Not all lawyers are as scrupulous as she is.

Commensurate: Matching something in size, quality, or length of time. S: She did not get the job commensurate to her abilities.

10

S: Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.

Commiserate: To express sympathy to someone about some bad luck, to express sorrow, sympathy, pityS: When my friend's mother died, I commiserated with her. S: I began by commiserating with her over the defeat.

Conversant: To be familiar with, and have knowledge or experience of the facts or rules of something, versed proficient.S: I'm not conversant with the rules of chess.S: He is very conversant with computers and can answer any questions you may have.

Respite: Relief, a pause or break from hard work or worry.S: He took a short respite from work by going to another town for the weekend.S: The trip was a welcome respite from the pressures of work.

Desist: To stop doing something, especially something that someone else does not want you to do, to cease, to discontinue. S: The soldiers have been ordered to desist from firing their guns.S: The court has ordered him to desist from bothering his neighbour.

Covetous: Having a very strong desire to have something that someone else has, Greedy, Avarice.S: They began to cast covetous eyes on their neighbours' fields.S: The boys looked covetously at the shiny new motorcycles.

Apprise: To tell someone about something, to informS: I apprised my boss of my reasons for leaving my job.S: The president has been apprised of the situation.

Tantamount: Being almost the same or having the same effect as something, usually something bad, equal to,S: Driving on that icy road is tantamount to suicide.S: Her refusal to answer was tantamount to an admission of guilt.S: To leave a dog home alone is tantamount to cruelty.

Paramount: More important than anything else, supreme, Preeminent.S: Having food and shelter is of paramount importance to everyone.S: There are many priorities, but reducing the budget deficit is paramount/is of paramount importance.

Antidote: A substance that stops the action of a poison or other harmful substance.S: The doctor prescribed an antidote for the poison the boy had swallowed.S: There is no known antidote to a bite from this snake.

Atone: To do something that shows that you are sorry for something bad that you did, to repent, to expiate, S: The man atoned for his bad behaviour by working for a charity.S: The country's leader has expressed a wish to atone for his actions in the past.

Yearn: To wish very strongly, especially for something that you cannot have or something that is very difficult to have, Hanker, <Tadapana, pyas, chah>S: Phil had yearned to be a pilot from an early age.S: Hannah yearned for a child.

Embark: To start something, especially something, to go onto a ship or a plane or to put or take something onto a ship.S: She quit her job and embarked on a new venture, her own business.S: We embarked at Liverpool for New York.

Connive: To allow something bad to happen although you know about it, to cooperate secretly, collude. <Gupt Roop se sahyog dena>S: They connived with their mother to deceive me.S: He called for checks to discover whether corrupt officials are being bribed to connive in shoddy construction.S: He would not be the first politician to connive at a shady business deal.

Wrangle: A long and complicated argument, to dispute, brawl.S: We used to wrangle about Ram Mandir- Mazit at dhade's room.S: The boss told the two employees to stop wrangling with each other.

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Denial: A statement that something is not true or does not exist.S: The government issued an official denial of the rumour.S: Officials did not believe the runner's denial that he had taken drugs.

Disclaimer: A formal statement saying that you are not legally responsible for something, such as the information given in a book or on the internet, or that you have no direct involvement in it.

Repudiate: To refuse to accept something or someone as true, good, or reasonable, to reject, to discard, S: He repudiated the allegation/charge/claim that he had tried to deceive them.S: He repudiated all offers of friendship.

Pandemonium: A situation in which there is a lot of noise and confusion because people are excited, angry, or frightened.<Bhagdad>S: When a fire started in the theatre, there was pandemonium with people screaming and running.S: Hearing the news of rape case, public come out to protest against it. There was a situation of Pandemonium.

Bedlam: A noisy situation with no order.<Pagalkhana>S: It was bedlam at the football ground after the match was suspended.S: With three children, our house is bedlam sometimes.

Arraign: To formally accuse someone in a law court of a particular crime and ask them to say if they are guilty or not.S: The young man was arraigned in criminal court for theft.S: Thompson was arraigned on a charge of murder.

Exculpate: To remove blame from someone, to vindicate, to exonerate.S: The pilot of the aircraft will surely be exculpated when all the facts are known.

Vindicate: To prove that what someone said or did was right or true, after other people thought it was wrong, to exonerate.S: The charges are false, and we are sure we will be vindicated in court.S: She vindicated her claim to the land by producing legal documents showing that she owns it.

Invader: An army or country that uses force to enter and take control of another country.S: The foreign invaders were finally defeated by allied forces.S: Any new company is seen as an invader in an already competitive market.

Conjure: To make something appear by magic, or as if by magic.S: The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat.S: I have never met your girlfriend, but from your stories I can conjure up a picture of her.

Alliance: Together because of shared interests or aims.S: The two nations formed an alliance to make peace between them.S: Britain's military alliance with her NATO partners.

Decease: A person's death.S: The house will not be yours till after your mother's decease.

Personnel: The people who are employed in a company, organization, or one of the armed forces.<Karmchari>S: The people who are employed in a company, organization, or one of the armed forces.S: The Company had to fire half of its personnel to save money.

Retaliate: To hurt someone or do something harmful to them because they have done or said something harmful to you.<Jaise ko Taisa Dena>S: If someone insults you, don't retaliate as it only makes the situation worse. You should try to placate situation.S: When the boy broke her toy, the girl retaliated by hitting him.

Assailant: A person who attacks another person.S: The police caught the victim's assailant.S: Maoists attacked the train, Women assailants were not firing.

Palpitate: If your heart palpitates, it beats quickly in an irregular way.S: The sight of the lion caused their hearts to palpitate with fear. S: When she leans forward to kiss me, i recoiled and my heart starts palpitating.

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Indigenous: Naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place, native to.S: Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area?S: Indigenous navigation satellite of India set to fly on July 1.

Elicit: To succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult.<Nikalwana>S: When it became difficult to elicit information from the criminal, then police fired in air.S: Her letter of complaint elicited a quick response from the company.

Wanton: Deliberately harming someone or damaging something for no reason.S: He has no more money because of his wanton spending habits.S: Wanton destruction of human life.

Dazzle: If light dazzles you, it makes you unable to see for a short time.<Chaka chondh kar dena>S: The sunlight dazzles me. S: The Olympic athletes dazzled the audience.

Sluggish: Moving or reacting more slowly than normal.S: A heavy lunch makes me sluggish in the afternoon.S: Economic recovery has so far been sluggish.

Advocate: To publicly support an idea, development.S: He advocates the return of capital punishment.S: He is an advocate of human rights.

Adulation: Very great praise for someone, especially when it is more than is deserved. S: Shah rukh khan gets too much adulation of his audience.S: Minelli is a born performer - she loves the excitement and she loves the adulation.

Diabolical: Extremely bad or shocking.S: The toilets at Mumbai airport were in diabolical state.S: Conditions in the prison were diabolical.

Deportment: The way a person walks and stands.S: To have good/bad deportmentS: His deportment in college was excellent; he worked hard and never got into trouble.

Profound: Felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way.S: His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him.S: I give you my profound thanks for saving my life.S: The mother's behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.

Censure: The act of expressing strong disapproval and criticism.S: The Congress party censured one of its members for being involved in corruption.S: His dishonest behaviour came under severe censure.

Perjure: To tell a lie in a law court, after promising formally to tell the truth.S: The judge warned the witness not to perjure herself.S: The witness perjured himself by lying about what he saw.

Evade: To avoid talking about something, especially because you are trying to hide something.S: Khurshid evaded answering the reporter's question by changing the subject to cricket.S: You can't go on evading your responsibilities in this way.

Anecdote: Short, often funny story, especially about something someone has done.S: He told one or two amusing anecdotes about his years as a policeman.S: The book is full of amusing anecdotes about his life in Japan.

Elope: To leave home secretly in order to get married without the permission of your parents.S: My parents didn't approve of the marriage, so we eloped.S: She eloped with an Army officer.

Incur: To experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken.

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S: Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview.S: He incurred debts when he started a new business.S: The heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th.

Accede: To agree to do what people have asked you to do, Acquiesce. S: It is doubtful whether the government will ever accede to the nationalists' demands for independence.S: Her father finally acceded to her demands to move into an apartment of her own.

Abysmal: Very bad.S: That movie was an abysmal failure.S: The reunion was an abysmal failure.

Abut: If a building or area of land abuts something or on something, it is next to it or touches it on one side.S: Mexico abuts (on) some of the richest parts of the United States.S: In New York City, buildings abut each other and there's no open space between them.

Abstruse: Difficult to understand, BafflingS: Maths is a mix of abstruse theory and detailed calculations.S: An abstruse philosophical essay.

Abstinence: Not doing something, such as drinking alcohol or having sex.S: The best way to avoid pregnancy is total abstinence from sex.S: He must have total abstinence from drinking because of his heart problem.

Abnegation: When you do not allow yourself to have or do something that you want.S: To abnegate responsibility.

Ablution: The act of washing yourself. S: Ablution is part of some religious ceremonies.

Abjure: To state publicly that you will give up a particular belief or way of behaving.S: He abjured his religion/his life of dissipation.

Abeyance: Delay, suspension.S: A decision is being held in abeyance until more information is available.S: Hostilities between the two groups have been in abeyance since last June.

Ethereal: Light and delicate (Requires careful treatment because easily damaged)S: The ethereal ballet dancer seemed to float across the stage. S: Ethereal beauty.

Extravagant: Spending too much money, or using too much of something.S: He rarely used taxis, it’s very costly and I don’t want to be extravagant. S: The extravagant lifestyle of a movie star.

Sublime: Something that is sublime is so good or beautiful that it affects you deeply.S: We spent a sublime vacation in Hawaii.S: The view was sublime.

Synopsis: A short description of the contents of something such as a film or book.S: Rupesh dubey said to add a synopsis of the project in the file.S: I had no time to read that report, so I read a synopsis of it.

Heresy: (the act of having) an opinion or belief that is the opposite of or against what is the official or popular opinion, or an action that shows that you have no respect for the official opinion.S: Reason for disliking Jasim was his heresy for most of the thing decided by majority of the class.

Heretic: A person who is guilty heresy.S: Cranmer was put to death as a heretic.S: Heretics were burned at the stake long ago.

Acerbic: Describes something that is spoken or written in a way that is direct, clever, and cruel. S: Lemon has an acerbic taste.

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S: Digvijay Singh always gives acerbic words of BJP.

Decry: To state publicly that you do not approve of something, condemn or criticize publicly.S: Hundreds of people arrested in Delhi as they were decrying the rape outside the Parliament.S: He is a rebel who decries society as it is.

Sanguine: Positive and hoping for good things.S: Other economists are more sanguine about the possibility of inflation.S: A sanguine view.

Denounce: To speak strongly against, condemn, decrying.S: New York school bus workers denounce layoffs.S: We must denounce injustice and oppression.

Acclaim: Public approval and praise.S: The athlete received great acclaim for winning a medal in the Olympics. S: She was acclaimed as the greatest writer of her generation.

Sombre: Serious, sad, and without humour or entertainment.S: The funeral was a sombre occasion.S: A newspaper story about a fire put us in a sombre mood.

Intruders: Someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal something.S: The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.S: A security system that maps intruders with their DNA.

Usurp: To take someone else's power, position, job etc when you do not have the right to.S: There were a couple of attempts to usurp the young king.S: The powers of local councils are being usurped by central government.

Meddle: To interfere in the affairs of others.S: You should not meddle in someone's personal affairs.S: People shouldn't meddle with things they don't understand.

Surrogate: A surrogate person or thing is one that takes the place of someone or something else.S: Because she had no children of her own, her friend's son became a kind of surrogate child to her.S: When the little girl's mother died, her aunt became a surrogate for her mother.

Interlocutor: Someone who is involved in a conversation and who is representing someone else.S: Abraham was able to act as interpreter and interlocutor for our group.

Pundit: A person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is therefore often asked to give an opinion about it. S: A political/foreign-policy/sports pundit.S: The pundits said that the economy would go down, but it went up.

Antagonist: A person who is strongly opposed to something or someone.S: Rishi kapoor will be playing antagonist to hritik roshan in the movie Agnipath.S: The antagonists in this dispute are quite unwilling to compromise.

Proponent: A person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action.S: He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment.S: Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights.

Embryonic: starting to develop, at early stage.S: Rajendra Nagar bridge project is still at an embryonic stage.S: The plans are still only in embryonic form.

Overt: Overt actions are done publicly, without trying to hide anything.S: Two politicians who hated each other shook hands as an overt act of showing they are now friendlyS: Japan should plan nuclear plant development in overt state.

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Ephemeral: Lasting for only a short time.S: Now a day’s songs are ephemeral, lasts only for short time.S: Fashion is by nature ephemeral.

Redundant: Not necessary or needed.S: The teacher told him the ideas in his essay were redundant, because he repeated the same idea three times.S: Her position at the company was declared redundant and she was told to find a new job.

Dubious: Probably not honest, true, right etc.S: We gave a dubious excuse for her absence from class.S: The assumption that growth in one country benefits the whole world is highly dubious.

Perfunctory: Done as a matter of habit or routine, without interest, care, or imagination.S: She gave him a perfunctory smile.S: The applause was perfunctory.

Inflate: To cause to increase in size by filling with air.S: He inflated the balloons with helium.S: During shortages, some merchants inflate prices.

Stagnate: To stay the same and not grow or develop.S: Growth is expected to stagnate next year.S: The electronics industry is showing signs of stagnating after 15 years of growth.

Deride: To laugh at someone or something in a way that shows you think they are stupid or of no value.S: You shouldn't deride their efforts.S: That newspaper columnist derides the mayor whenever she can.

Reluctant: Not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it. S: He is reluctant to spend much money, because he thinks he may lose his job. S: Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.

Heed: To pay attention to something, especially advice or a warning.S: If she had only heeded my warnings, none of this would have happened.S: I heeded my doctor's advice and stopped smoking.

Protract: Lasting for a long time or made to last longer.S: After protracted negotiations, the two governments signed a peace treaty.S: A protracted argument/discussion.

Recant: To say publicly that you no longer have a political or religious belief that you had before.S: The witness later recanted the things he said in court and said it was all not true.S: After a year spent in solitary confinement, he publicly recanted (his views).

Insipid: Tasteless, not interesting, lacking exciting qualities.S: Tea had an insipid taste, so I added sugar.S: That insipid movie had dull characters and no plot.

Resilient: Able to recover its original shape, able to restore one's energy, recover from difficulty.<Elastic, Flexible>S: This resilient plastic won't break even under a lot of stress.S: The children are tired now, but they are resilient and will have more energy soon.

Enthral: To hold someone's attention completely, to captivate, spellbind, Enchant.S: The dancer enthrals her audiences with the beauty of her movements.S: The children were enthralled by the story she was telling.

Renege: To fail to keep the promise. S: If you renege on the deal now, I'll fight you in the courts.S: He promised to buy my house, and then reneged on the deal.

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Bewail: To express great sadness or disappointment about something, to lament, sorrow, sympathy, mourn, bemoan.S: He bewailed the death of his wife.S: Researchers at universities are always bemoaning their lack of funds.

Reckless: Not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions.S: He was accused of causing death by reckless driving.S: He ran into the burning house with reckless abandon.

Veneration: To honour or very much respect a person or thing, Awe.S: These children are venerated as holy beings.S: Robert is Scotland's most venerated poet.

Persists: If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist.S: He persisted in asking her to marry him until she finally said, "Yes." S: If the pain persists, consult a doctor.

Wane: To become weaker in strength or influence.S: My interest in the project is on the wane as there is no one to guide me, soon it will vanish.S: By the late 70s the band's popularity was beginning to wane.

Veer: To change direction.S: Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.S: The airplane (car, tank, etc.) veered sharply to avoid danger.

Swift: Quick, rapid, Expeditious. <Furtilapan, Tej>S: The artist drew my portrait with a few swift movements of his pencil.S: The local police took swift action against the squatters.

Colloquial: Language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech.S: We had our own colloquial language full of abusing in our college.S: Talk among friends uses colloquial language.

Fizz: If a liquid fizzes, it produces a lot of bubbles and makes a continuous sound.S: I could hear the champagne fizz as he poured it into my glass.

Dwindle: To become smaller in size or amount, or fewer in number, lessen, diminish. S: By the end of the boring football game, the crowd had dwindled to a few fans.S: The community has dwindled to a tenth of its former size in the last two years.

Commence: To begin something.S: HSBC is planning to commence its business in Poland next year.S: Our Company commenced business on January 2 last year.

Titter: To laugh nervously, often at something that you feel you should not be laughing, Snicker, Snigger, and Giggle.S: The schoolchildren tittered when the teacher lost his glasses.S: At the word 'breast', some of the class tittered.

Eminent: Famous, respected, or important.<Manyavar, Pratisthit>S: An eminent historian.S: An eminent lawyer.

Trait: A particular quality in someone's character.S: Intelligence and good humour are among her personality traits.S: Arrogance is a very unattractive personality/character trait.

Chandelier: A decorative light that hangs from the ceiling and has several parts like branches for holding bulbs or, especially in the past, candles.S: The crystal candlesticks on the chandelier sparkle in the light.

Ignominious: Making you feel ashamed or embarrassed.

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S: An ignominious end to his career.S: An ignominious defeat/failure/retreat.

Fortuitous: Not planned, happening by chance, Fortunate.S: Meeting my old school friend at the train station was completely fortuitous.S: By fortuitous circumstances, we were able to take a bus after our car had broken down.

Inconspicuous: Not easily or quickly noticed or seen, or not attracting attention, Unnoticeable, Unobtrusive, S: He is of medium height and weight, quite inconspicuous in a crowd.S: At parties, he always stands in a corner and tries to look inconspicuous.

Pertinacious: Very determined and refusing to be defeated by problems.S: Like most successful politicians, she is pertinacious and single-minded in the pursuit of her goals.S: His style of argument in meetings is not as aggressive as pertinacious.

Credulous: Believing too quickly or easily, naive. S: She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much money.S: Quinn charmed credulous investors out of millions of dollars.

Predatory: A predatory animal kills and eats other animals, a person who harms others for his or her own benefit.S: The owl is a predatory bird which kills its prey with its claws.S: The Company spent much effort in avoiding takeover bids from predatory competitors.S: I hate going to bars on my own because men look at you in such a predatory way.

Expurgate: To remove unwanted writing, esp. offensive words or errors, Bowdlerize. S: The author complained because the editor expurgated certain words from her manuscript. S: The book was expurgated to make it suitable for children.

Reprimand: To tell someone officially that something they have done is very wrong.<Dantana, Phatkarna> S: She was reprimanded by her teacher for biting another girl.S: The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty.

Irrelevant: Not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore not important.S: We're focusing too much on irrelevant details.S: It is irrelevant to me whether you are rich or poor, as long as you are kind.

Idiosyncrasy: An unusual habit or way of behaving that someone has.S: One of Dhade's idiosyncrasies is that he touches everywhere in the room when is go to bed.S: One of the idiosyncrasies of this printer is that you can't stop it once it has started.

Ambivalent: Having two opposing feelings at the same time, or being uncertain about how you feel, Ambiguous, Uncertain. S: Although she loves the man, she is ambivalent about marrying him, because she's not sure he's right for her.S: We are both somewhat ambivalent about having a child.

Cognizant: If someone is cognizant of something, they know about it and understand it.S: He is cognizant of the fact that he must pay back the money he borrowed. S: He was cognizant of the peculiarities of the case.

Detrimental: Causing harm or damage.S: Smoking is detrimental to your health.S: These chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the environment..

Appal: To make someone feel very shocked and upset.S: The way we kill animals appals a lot of people.S: The state of the kitchen appalled her.

Candour: The quality of being honest and telling the truth, even when the truth may be unpleasant or embarrassing.S: She spoke with candour about her life.S: "We really don't know what to do about it," she said with surprising candour.

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