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I. IntroductionII. ApplicationIII.Routing In VANETIV. ComparisionsV. References
Topic
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VANET is a new kind of Ad hoc network .VANET is an assortment of vehicular nodes that act as
mobile hosts establish a transient network without the assistance of any centralized administration or any established infrastructure.
VANET is called autonomous & self configured network.Two kinds of communication can be done.
Vehicle to vehicle.Vehicles to roadside units.
Introduction
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Introduction
Performance of such kind of communication between vehicles depends on various routing protocols.
MANET ( Mobile Ad-hoc Network ) Manet Properties : dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth,
limited energy and many more. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a sub class of MANET
with some unique properties. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicles-to-Roadside (VRC) or
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications.
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Introduction
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Applications
Intelligent transportation applications Comfort applications Collision Avoidance Cooperative Driving Traffic improvement Payment Services Location-based Services
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Routing in VANET The main difference between MANETs and VANETs is the
mobility pattern and suddenly changing topologies. VANET Problem : configuration, number of vehicles at
varied times of the day, demographics, mobility patterns, random change in vehicles incoming and outgoing the network.
Typical adhoc routing protocols inappropriate for VANET. VANET Routing Protocols:
Position Based Routing Protocol Topology Based Routing Protocol Broadcast Based Routing Protocol Cluster Based Routing Protocol Geo Cast Based Routing Protocol
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Routing in VANETRouting protocol hierarchy
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Routing in VANETPosition based routing protocol
A source node communicate with the destination node using their geographical position besides of its network address.
This protocol required the global positioning system (GPS). Examples of this routing protocol are Distance routing effect algorithm
for mobility (DREAM) and greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR).
good performance in highway environment
Need of global route not required.
With high mobility in environment stability increases.
More suitable for network distributed nodes.
Lowest processing overhead.
It needs global positioning system position (GPS).
GPS device stop working in tunnel .
Location server sometime goes into deadlock state.
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Routing in VANETTopology based routing protocol
It uses the available information about the link that resides in the network to forward the packet from source node to the destination node.
These can be classified into three main categories: Proactive Routing * Reactive Routing * Hybrid Routing
Surely provide a route from source hop to destination hop.
Can send unicast, multicast & broadcast type of messages.
Consumption of lesser resources.
Few bandwidth consumption Beaconless
More overhead because it needs routes discover mechanisms and maintaining delays.
Sometimes it fails to discover a complete path because of frequently moving vehicles.
Unnecessary flooding.
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Routing in VANETProactive routing protocol
Protocol chooses the route path which usually depends on shortest path algorithms.
They keep information of all connected nodes in form of tables because these protocols are table based. Furthermore, these tables are also shared with their neighbors.
Route discovery is not required.
Exchange partial routing update information with neighbors only, so consume lesser bandwidth.
For real time applications it has very low latency.
Maintenance of unused routing paths occupies a large content of the accessible bandwidth.
The overhead of processing the routing table and storage complexity increases with the increase in network size.
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Routing in VANETReactive routing protocol
Reactive routing protocol is called on demand routing because it starts route discovery when a node needs to communicate with another node thus it reduces network traffic
Periodic flooding is not required. It is only done when demanded.
It saves the bandwidth because it is beaconless.
Memory requirement is less. It responses at the time of
link failure.
High latency for route finding.
Disruption of nodes communication because of excessive flooding among the vehicles.
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Routing in VANETHybrid Ad Hoc routing protocol
This protocol divides the network into two regions: local and global. This protocol combining local proactive routing protocols and global
reactive routing protocols together to minimize routing overhead and delay due to route discovery process.
Higher efficiency & scalability.
High latency for finding new routes
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Routing in VANETBroadcast based routing protocol
Broadcasting routing protocol floods the packet over the entire vehicular network among all available nodes inside a broadcast domain.
Since packet is delivered via many nodes so the packet transmission is reliable.
Minimize overhead by occurrence of broadcast storms.
Consume the large amount of network bandwidth.
Many replicated packets reached to the node.
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Routing in VANETCluster based routing protocol
Various vehicles having similar characteristics like velocity, direction etc. are grouped together to form a cluster in the network.
To manage the communication among various nodes within cluster or with other clusters, a cluster head is needed.
If the packet to be sent in the same cluster then it is done by using the direct path, but when the destination node is outside the cluster then the cluster head create a virtual network infrastructure which provide scalability.
It has good scalability of large networks.
Delays in highly dynamic networks.
Network overhead is increased.
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Routing in VANETGeo Cast based routing protocol
It uses mobicast messages to communicate with the vehicles . Its main factor of consideration is time and the main goal is that the
communication between vehicles within prescribed region at a particular time which is known as zone of relevance (ZOR).
Whenever the destination node belongs to the other ZORs then communication is done by using the zone of forwarding (ZOF).
The vehicle comes inside the ZOF has the responsibilities to forward the data packet to the other ZORs.
Its various examples are like IVG, DG-CASTOR
Reduced network overhead and congestion.
Reliable packet delivery in highly dynamic topology
Packet transmission delay due to network disconnection.
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Protocols Proactive ReactivePositionBased
ClusterBased
Broadcast Geo Cast
ForwardingMethod
WirelessMultihop
forwarding
WirelessMultihop
Forwarding
HeuristicMethod
WirelessMultihop
Forwarding
WirelessMultihopforwardin
g
WirelessMultihop
forwarding
RecoveryStrategy
Multihopforwarding
Carry &Forward
Carry &Forward
Carry &Forward
Carry &Forward
Flooding
Environment Urban Urban Urban Urban Highway Highway
RealisticTraffic Flow
Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
Digital MapRequirement
No No N o Yes No No
VirtualEquipmentsRequirement
No No No Yes No No
ExamplesDSDV,OLSR,TBRPF
DSR,AODV,TORA
GPSR,DREAM
COIN,LORA_CBF
DV-CAST,DECA,POCA
IVG,DG-
CASTOR
Comparisions
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1. VANET Routing Protocols: Issues and Challenges Sunil Agrawal, Surmukh Singh, 2014
2. VANET Routing Protocols: Pros and Cons Bijan Paul, Md. Ibrahim , Md. Abu Naser Bikas , 2011
3. Broadcasting Routing Protocols in VANET Uma Nagaraj, Poonam Dhamal, 2011
References
