Access to farm resources among farmers and adoption of sawah technology in Nigeria.

A.O. Agboola, C.I. Alarima, T. Masunaga and T. Wakatsuki

Introduction• Access to farm resources played a vital role in

adoption of any agricultural technology.

• Adoption of agricultural technology depends on availability and efficient use of farm resources such as land, labour, information, capital (credit) and farm inputs (fertilizers, irrigation and seeds).

Introduction• The lack of access to farm resources could

therefore be a constraint to agricultural development.

• The constraint of lack of access to farm resources range from unsecured land tenure, to lack of capital and access to affordable credit, access to input, access to good road infrastructure and poor extension services.

Introduction

• The decision to adopt and the level of adoption of sawah technology in the end therefore depend on the amount of resources that are available and can be mobilized by farmers.

• This study therefore examined farmers’ access to farm resources and its effect on adoption of sawah technology.

Land Tenure as a problem faced by farmers

This is a sawah field

Pillars brought by Land owner for selling of land used for sawah by a farmer who rented the land

Farmers’ improvised bridge to solve transportation problems

What is Sawah?

• Sawah refers to man-made improved rice fields with demarcated, levelled, bunded and puddled rice fields with water inlets and outlets which can be connected to various irrigation facilities such as irrigation canals, pond, springs or pumps.

Sawah Skills According to Wakatsuki et al (2013), sawah ecotechnology involves

four important skills and technologies:

(1) Site selection and site-specific sawah system design,

(2) Skills for efficient and cost-effective sawah system development using power tiller,

(3) Rice farmers’ socio-economic empowerment for the successful development and management of sawah systems, and

(4) Sawah-based rice agronomy, including variety selection and soil and water management to realize at least the sustainable paddy yield of more than 4t/ha.

Basic Elements of Sawah Development

SAWAH

2

5

3

4

1Site selection

Land preparation

Field Management

Plot layout

Land levelling

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Sawah An Innovation? Sawah is an INNOVATION to accelerate irrigated sawah development by

farmers’ power themselves in Africa.

The sawah technology innovation is unique in terms of

• development cost (less than 10% compared to contractor based heavy machine used development)

• speed (1million ha can be developed within decades with proper dissemination systems), and

• endogenous sustainable development (on-the-job capacity building of million farmers).

Sawah Development at Shabamaliki village, Bida, Nigeria.

Sawah Development at Shabamaliki village, Bida, Nigeria.

Sawah Hypotheses

• Sawah Hypothesis (I) for a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Sawah Hypothesis (II) for Intensive Long-term Sustainability and to Combat Global Warming

Farmers’ Paddy Fields: Diverse and mixed up environment.No clear field demarcations

Sawah demarcates land based on topography, hydrology and soils, which make possible water control. Then green revolution technology of fertilizer, irrigation and HYV are useful.

Fertilizer,　 Irrigation, and HYV are not effective, therefore , Green Revolution is impossible

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Sawah hypothesis (I): Farmers Sawah should comes the first to realize green revolution. Scientific technologies or experienced skills are needed to classify and demarcate the lowlands eco-technologically

Sawah based Farming system

Sawah hypothesis(II): Sustainable Productivity of lowland Sawah is more than 10 times than Upland Field

1ha sawah is equivalent to 10-15ha of upland

Upland Lowland(Sawah)

Area (%) 95 % 5 %

Productivity (t/ha)1-3 1 　　

**3-6 2**

Required area for sustainable1 ha cropping* 5 ha : 1 ha

* Assuming 2 years cultivation and 8 years fallow in sustainable upland cultivation, while no fallow in sawah**In Case of No fertilization

<=

Methodology

• This study was carried out in five states and the FCT where sawah is being practiced. The states are Niger, Kaduna, Ondo, Kwara, Ebonyin and Abuja (i.e. the FCT).

• A well structured interview guide was used to elicit information from the farmers. A list of rice farmers in the villages where sawah technology was disseminated was compiled.

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

Other states

Selected statesAbujaEbonyiKadunaKwaraNigerOndo

100 0 100 Kilometers

N

EW

S

6°30' 6°30'

9°00' 9°00'

11°30' 11°30'

14°00' 14°00'

4°30'

4°30'

7°00'

7°00'

9°30'

9°30'

12°00'

12°00'

14°30'

14°30'

Map of the Study Area

Methodology

• One hundred and twenty four sawah farmers in the study locations were interviewed.

• Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the socio-economic and farming characteristics of the farmers.

• Regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between the study variables.

Methodology• The regression equation is presented as follows:ADOP = a + β x X1 + β x X2 + β x X3 + β x X4 + β x X5 + β x X6

+ β x X7

Where X1 = Access to land

X2 = Access to equipment/tools

X3 = Access to required labour

X4 = Access to cash/credit

X5 = Access to information

X6 = Access to extension services

X7 = Access to improved Seed

Results

Description Measurement Min Max Mean SDAdoption level 3-point likert scale of full adoption

(3), partial adoption (2) and discontinued/not adopted (1)

9 26 19.39 4.24

Personal factorsSex Ordinally as Male (1) Female (2) Mostly Male (99%)

Age Measured in years 25 80 42.3 13.58Marital Status Ordinally as Married (1) Single

(2)Mostly Married (98%)

Educational Level Quranic (1) No formal education (2), Primary education (3), secondary education (4, and Tertiary education (5).

Mostly Quranic (64%)

Household size Number of persons in the household

1 40 14

Farm Size Measured in hectares 0.03 10 0.53 1.03Years of experience Measured in years 7 65 31.91 16.33Yield of Sawah rice Measured in kg 80 36000 2462.26 5056.08Income Measured in Naira 10000 500000 151110 83351.61Years of experience in Sawah

Measured in years 1 11 6.34 3.31

Descriptive Statistics

Access to farm resources Full (%) Partial (%) No (%)

Access to land 3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 46.20 53.80 0.00

Access to equipment/tools

3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 19.30 43.70 37.00

Access to required labour

3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 80.70 18.50 0.80

Access to cash/credit 3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 2.50 26.90 70.60

Access to information 3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 4.20 25.20 70.60

Access to extension services

3-point likert scale of full (3), partial (2) and no (1) 0.80 22.70 76.50

Access to Farm Resource

Variables Standardized Coefficients (β) S.E. Sign

Access to land 0.204 0.187 0.00

Access to equipment/tools 0.178 0.175 0.00

Access to required labour 0.356 0.183 0.00

Access to cash 0.191 0.199 0.00

Access to information 0.247 0.225 0.00

Access to extension services 0.275 0.161 0.00

Access to improved Seed 0.027 0.080 0.33

Constant 0.785

R = 0.950

R Square = 0. .903

Adjusted. R Square= 0. .898

F value = 194.345

Sig. = 0.00

Regression Analysis

Conclusion• The study has brought to the fore the import of farmers

access to required resources be it human or material. Farmers’ access to land, equipment/tools, labour, cash/credit, information and extension service is found to have significant influence on their adoption.

• Ensuring high levels of tenure security, adequate access to tools especially power tiller, sustained access to labour, adequate credit facilities and effective and efficient information and extension services is important for sustainable adoption of sawah technology.

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