Telecomm presentation [2005]

TelecommunicationsTelecommunicationsOverviewOverview

Raúl SotoRaúl Soto• Joel MaysonetJoel Maysonet

• Lucette SánchezLucette Sánchez• Fernando GonzálezFernando González

JULY 2005JULY 2005

GSI 640GSI 640

How Computers How Computers connect to the Internet connect to the Internet through regular phone through regular phone lineslines

switch

The modem inside the computer connects to the phone line, and dials the phone number of the user’s ISP to connect to the Internet.

ISP

The Internet

The local switch sends the “call” through the local phone lines to the ISP.

The ISP’s modems and servers then connect the user to the Internet.

The Internet backbone is made up of packet switches, routers, peering sites/NAPs, and extensive fiber networks that send data from ISPs to Web servers and back again.

Web servers store the content that users access through the Internet. Every web site is stored on a Web server.

TThe he Open Systems Open Systems Interconnection Reference Interconnection Reference ModelModel is a layered abstract is a layered abstract description for description for communications and computer communications and computer network protocol designnetwork protocol design

Developed as part of the Open Developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnect Systems Interconnect initiative. initiative.

Also called the Also called the OSI seven OSI seven layer modellayer model..

divides the functions of a divides the functions of a protocol into a series of layers. protocol into a series of layers.

Each layer has the property Each layer has the property that it only uses the functions that it only uses the functions of the layer of the layer belowbelow, and only , and only exports functionality to the exports functionality to the layer layer aboveabove

OSI Layers ModelOSI Layers Model

OSI Layers OSI Layers ModelModel

X.25X.25

protocol for protocol for packet-switchedpacket-switched networks networks used in both private and public data networks used in both private and public data networks for a long time, was the predominant for a long time, was the predominant

international standard for wide area networks. international standard for wide area networks. Public X.25 networks - packet switched public Public X.25 networks - packet switched public

data networks (PSPDN) - have been installed all data networks (PSPDN) - have been installed all over the world. over the world.

The general concept of X.25 was to create a The general concept of X.25 was to create a universaluniversal and global packet-switched network and global packet-switched network on what was then the bit-error prone analog on what was then the bit-error prone analog phone system. phone system.

Much of the X.25 system is a description of the Much of the X.25 system is a description of the rigorousrigorous error correction needederror correction needed to to achieve this, a system known as achieve this, a system known as LAP-BLAP-B. .

The X.25 model was based on the concept of The X.25 model was based on the concept of establishing "virtual calls" through the establishing "virtual calls" through the network, with "data terminating equipment" network, with "data terminating equipment" (DTE's) providing endpoints to users that (DTE's) providing endpoints to users that looked like point-to-connections.looked like point-to-connections.

X.25X.25

packet-switch technology, packet-switch technology, simpler and more powerfulsimpler and more powerful than X.25 than X.25 efficient data transmission technique used to send digital efficient data transmission technique used to send digital

information quickly and cheaply to one or many destinations from information quickly and cheaply to one or many destinations from one or many end-points. one or many end-points.

provides a multiplexed channel between a router and a T-1/E-1 provides a multiplexed channel between a router and a T-1/E-1 nodal processor. nodal processor.

increases bandwidth utilization while reducing overall equipment increases bandwidth utilization while reducing overall equipment costscosts

standard addresses data communications speeds standard addresses data communications speeds up to 45Mbpsup to 45Mbps..

Frame RelayFrame Relay

Commonly implemented for voice and data as an Commonly implemented for voice and data as an encapsulation technique, used encapsulation technique, used betweenbetween local area local area networks (LANs) networks (LANs) overover a wide area network (WAN). a wide area network (WAN).

Each end-user gets a private line (or leased line) to a Each end-user gets a private line (or leased line) to a frame relay node. The frame relay network handles the frame relay node. The frame relay network handles the transmission over a frequently-changing path that is transmission over a frequently-changing path that is transparent to all end-users transparent to all end-users

As of 2005, Frame relay is slowly being displaced by As of 2005, Frame relay is slowly being displaced by ATMATM and native IP-based protocols. and native IP-based protocols.

With the advent of the VPN and other With the advent of the VPN and other dedicated dedicated broadbandbroadband services such as services such as cable modemcable modem and and DSLDSL, the , the end may be in sight for frame relay protocol and end may be in sight for frame relay protocol and encapsulationencapsulation

Frame RelayFrame Relay

Up to the early 1990s, Up to the early 1990s, X.25X.25 was the only technology that was the only technology that offered flexible bandwidthoffered flexible bandwidth– means that the user only pays for the bandwidth he actually means that the user only pays for the bandwidth he actually

usesuses– the technical term is the technical term is bandwidth on demandbandwidth on demand

the introduction of new, sophisticated services demanded the introduction of new, sophisticated services demanded higher network performance, and higher network performance, and X.25X.25 was a bottleneck was a bottleneck– limited transmission capacity - usually 64 kbit/s.limited transmission capacity - usually 64 kbit/s.

Frame relayFrame relay was designed to meet these new was designed to meet these new requirements. requirements.

Today, frame relay is probably the best and most cost-Today, frame relay is probably the best and most cost-effective effective bearer networkbearer network for interconnecting two LANs. for interconnecting two LANs.

Frame relayFrame relay is commonly known as the X.25 of the 1990sis commonly known as the X.25 of the 1990s Frame relayFrame relay is the first international standard for data is the first international standard for data

communication that really workscommunication that really works

Frame Relay vs X.25Frame Relay vs X.25

Broadband Integrated Services Digital NetworkBroadband Integrated Services Digital Network – In the 1970s the telecommunications industry conceived In the 1970s the telecommunications industry conceived

that digital services would follow much the same pattern that digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice services, and conceived a grandiose vision of as voice services, and conceived a grandiose vision of end-end-to-end circuit switched servicesto-end circuit switched services, known as the Broadband , known as the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN).

– This was conceived as a logical extension of the end-to-This was conceived as a logical extension of the end-to-end circuit switched data service, ISDN.end circuit switched data service, ISDN.

– The technology for B-ISDN was going to be The technology for B-ISDN was going to be Asynchronous Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),Transfer Mode (ATM), which was intended to carry both which was intended to carry both synchronous voice and asynchronous data services on the synchronous voice and asynchronous data services on the same transport.same transport.

– The B-ISDN vision has been overtaken by the technology The B-ISDN vision has been overtaken by the technology of the of the InternetInternet. The ATM technology survives as a low-. The ATM technology survives as a low-level layer in most DSL technologies.level layer in most DSL technologies.

– Over fibre optic lines, the maximum Data bandwidth is Over fibre optic lines, the maximum Data bandwidth is 1.51.5 MegabitsMegabits and point-to-point protocol is typically used to and point-to-point protocol is typically used to carry data over the B channels.carry data over the B channels.

ATM / B-ISDNATM / B-ISDN

Asynchronous Transfer ModeAsynchronous Transfer Mode ( (ATM)ATM)– cell relay network protocol which encodes data traffic cell relay network protocol which encodes data traffic

into small fixed sized (53 byte; 48 bytes of data and into small fixed sized (53 byte; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) cells instead of 5 bytes of header information) cells instead of variable sized variable sized packetspackets as in packet-switched as in packet-switched networks (such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet).networks (such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet).

ATM / B-ISDNATM / B-ISDN

DSL technology increases bandwidth for DSL technology increases bandwidth for copper wires, such as those used by copper wires, such as those used by phone companies between their switching phone companies between their switching stations and the end-user stations and the end-user ((last mile technologylast mile technology). ).

DSL works by sending out digital pulses through the high-DSL works by sending out digital pulses through the high-frequency region of copper wires, which is not used by the frequency region of copper wires, which is not used by the voice channelvoice channel

This allows an ordinary phone line to provide digital This allows an ordinary phone line to provide digital communication communication without blocking access to voice serviceswithout blocking access to voice services

ADSLADSL (Asymmetrical DSL) is the most widely used. Allows up (Asymmetrical DSL) is the most widely used. Allows up to 8 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream communications.to 8 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream communications.

Requires a special type of modemRequires a special type of modem

DSL : Digital DSL : Digital Subscriber LineSubscriber Line

switchswitchISPISP

The InternetThe Internet

DSL DSL modemmodem

Equipment installed at the switch that Equipment installed at the switch that increases the speed and capacity of increases the speed and capacity of regular copper lines and allows them to regular copper lines and allows them to send digital signals.send digital signals.

A user’s DSL provider may also be A user’s DSL provider may also be his/her ISP, and the connection to his/her ISP, and the connection to the Internet usually begins here.the Internet usually begins here.

Most DSL users must Most DSL users must be within 18,000 feet be within 18,000 feet of the DSL-equipped of the DSL-equipped

central office.central office.

DSLAMDSLAM

DSL : Digital DSL : Digital Subscriber LineSubscriber Line

Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) - used - used typically for typically for business applicationsbusiness applications such as video such as video conferencing. The traffic from the user to the network is conferencing. The traffic from the user to the network is upstream traffic, and from the network to the user is upstream traffic, and from the network to the user is downstream traffic. When the data rate in both directions is downstream traffic. When the data rate in both directions is equalequal, it is called a , it is called a symmetricsymmetric service. service.

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) - used - used primarily by primarily by residential usersresidential users who receive a lot of data but who receive a lot of data but do not send much, such as Internet surfers. ADSL provides do not send much, such as Internet surfers. ADSL provides faster speed in a downstream direction (from the telephone faster speed in a downstream direction (from the telephone central office to the customer's premises) than upstream central office to the customer's premises) than upstream (from customer's premise to the telephone central office). (from customer's premise to the telephone central office). When the upstream data rate is lower than the downstream When the upstream data rate is lower than the downstream rate, it is called an asymmetric service. rate, it is called an asymmetric service.

DSL TechnologiesDSL Technologies

• ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL)ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL) - provides - provides symmetrical connection with Integrated Services symmetrical connection with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and is Digital Network (ISDN), and is designed to extend DSL designed to extend DSL to locations with a long distanceto locations with a long distance to a telephone central to a telephone central office.office.

• High-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)High-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) - - provides fixed symmetrical high speed access at provides fixed symmetrical high speed access at T1 T1 rate (1.5 Mbps),rate (1.5 Mbps), and is designed for and is designed for business purposesbusiness purposes..

• Very high-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line Very high-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)(VDSL) - provides - provides bothboth symmetrical and asymmetrical symmetrical and asymmetrical access with access with very high bit ratevery high bit rate over the copper line. over the copper line. Deployment is Deployment is very limitedvery limited at this time. at this time.

DSL TechnologiesDSL Technologies

Cable modems Internet service offers Cable modems Internet service offers shared bandwidthshared bandwidth or or speed among neighbors on the same cable system.speed among neighbors on the same cable system.

Speed is asymmetric and Speed is asymmetric and will vary depending on the number of will vary depending on the number of people people on the network. on the network.

DSL Internet service offers a dedicated connection to your DSL Internet service offers a dedicated connection to your home. home.

In most cases, however, the performance of DSL-based service In most cases, however, the performance of DSL-based service depends on the depends on the distance between end user and phone distance between end user and phone company company central office.central office.

High-speed Internet access using cable modems is targeted High-speed Internet access using cable modems is targeted towards towards residentialresidential use while DSL-based service is targeted use while DSL-based service is targeted towards towards residential and businessresidential and business uses. uses.

DSL vs CableDSL vs Cable

Mobile Mobile TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Air InterfaceAir Interface

Cell TowerCell Tower

Mobile Switching Mobile Switching OfficeOffice

PSTNPSTN

Public Switched Public Switched Telephone NetworkTelephone Network

Pre-Cellular Pre-Cellular TechnologyTechnology

One TransmitterOne Transmitter

High PowerHigh Power

Limited ChannelsLimited Channels

Source: International Engineering ConsortiumSource: International Engineering Consortium

Many TransmittersMany Transmitters

Low PowerLow Power

Frequency ReuseFrequency Reuse


Cellular ArchitectureCellular Architecture

Cellular ArchitectureCellular Architecture

Each tower serves one Each tower serves one cellcell

Each cell uses Each cell uses different frequenciesdifferent frequencies

As phone moves from As phone moves from one cell to another, one cell to another, towers “handoff” callstowers “handoff” calls

Seven Way Seven Way Frequency Re-useFrequency Re-use

Cellular networks are Cellular networks are designed so adjacent designed so adjacent cells use different cells use different frequenciesfrequencies


All mobile telephony providers use “cellular” All mobile telephony providers use “cellular” architecturearchitecture

Primarily two different types of FCC licenses Primarily two different types of FCC licenses are used to provide mobile telephony: are used to provide mobile telephony: CellularCellular and and PCSPCS (Personal Communications System) (Personal Communications System)

Cellular vs PCSCellular vs PCS

CellularCellular PCSPCS

SpectrumSpectrum 850 MHz850 MHz 1.9 GHz1.9 GHz

BandwithBandwith 2x25 MHz licenses2x25 MHz licenses 3x30 MHz 3x30 MHz licenseslicenses

3x10 MHz 3x10 MHz licenseslicenses

IntroduceIntroducedd

1980s1980s 1990s1990s

FormatFormat Originally analogOriginally analog Originally Originally digitaldigital

First Generation – AnalogFirst Generation – Analog

• AMPS AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)(Advanced Mobile Phone System)• First cellular standard, used by all cellular licenseesFirst cellular standard, used by all cellular licensees• Represented pioneer analog cellular systems that Represented pioneer analog cellular systems that

permitted two-way voice communications, circuit-permitted two-way voice communications, circuit-switched data transmissionswitched data transmission

Mobile Telephony Mobile Telephony GenerationsGenerations

Second Generation - DigitalSecond Generation - Digital• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) - TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) - AT&TAT&T• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Sprint, Sprint,

VerizonVerizon• GSM (Global System for Mobile GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications)Communications)• Voicestream, Most European OperatorsVoicestream, Most European Operators

• iDENiDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) - (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) - NextelNextel

• Uses SMR licenses rather than cellular or PCSUses SMR licenses rather than cellular or PCS• 2G networks are the first digital mobile telephone 2G networks are the first digital mobile telephone

networks and offer networks and offer voice servicesvoice services such as voice mail such as voice mail and caller ID as well as and caller ID as well as Short Messaging ServiceShort Messaging Service (SMS)(SMS)

• Data speeds of 9.6 to 19.2 kbpsData speeds of 9.6 to 19.2 kbps

Mobile Telephony Mobile Telephony GenerationsGenerations

Mobile Telephony Mobile Telephony GenerationsGenerations Third Generation – DigitalThird Generation – Digital

• WCDMAWCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access : Wideband Code Division Multiple Access • CDMA2000CDMA2000 : : Code Division Multiple AccessCode Division Multiple Access• UMTSUMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System • EDGEEDGE : : Enhanced Data for Global EvolutionEnhanced Data for Global Evolution • DECTDECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

• Called Called UMTSUMTS in Europe in Europe• Currently in developmentCurrently in development• 3G technology promises Internet access with 3G technology promises Internet access with speeds up to 2 Mbpsspeeds up to 2 Mbps• Combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) Combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP)

based services. based services. • Planned 3G services include Planned 3G services include video and audio streamingvideo and audio streaming and and

location-based serviceslocation-based services• This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide

Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business and learn.to communicate, access information, conduct business and learn.

1G: First Generation 1G: First Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony AMPS : AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone SystemAdvanced Mobile Phone System

• Original Standard for analog mobile telephony systemsOriginal Standard for analog mobile telephony systems• Still used in some areas of North America, Latin America, Still used in some areas of North America, Latin America,

Eastern Europe, Australia, and parts of Russia and Asia.Eastern Europe, Australia, and parts of Russia and Asia.• Competes with GSM and CDMACompetes with GSM and CDMA• To optimize the use of transmission frequencies, AMPS To optimize the use of transmission frequencies, AMPS

divides geographic areas into divides geographic areas into cellscells• Each connection uses its own dedicated frequency - of Each connection uses its own dedicated frequency - of

which there are about 1,000 per cell. which there are about 1,000 per cell. • Two cells can use the same frequency for different Two cells can use the same frequency for different

connections so long as the cells are not adjacent to each connections so long as the cells are not adjacent to each other. other.

• The digital IS-136 TDMA standard (often known as D-The digital IS-136 TDMA standard (often known as D-AMPS) offers the evolutionary path from analog AMPS. AMPS) offers the evolutionary path from analog AMPS.

2G: Second Generation 2G: Second Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony CDMA : CDMA : Code Division Multiple AccessCode Division Multiple Access

• IS-95 based digital technology for delivering mobile IS-95 based digital technology for delivering mobile telephone services. telephone services.

• CDMA systems have been in commercial operation CDMA systems have been in commercial operation since 1995since 1995

• These systems now support over These systems now support over 95 million95 million subscribers worldwide. subscribers worldwide.

• CDMA networks operate in the CDMA networks operate in the 800 and 1900 MHz800 and 1900 MHz frequency bands with primary markets in the frequency bands with primary markets in the Americas and Asia. Americas and Asia.

• Provides for Provides for voice and data servicesvoice and data services up to speeds of up to speeds of 64 kbits/sec, as well as integrated voice mail and SMS 64 kbits/sec, as well as integrated voice mail and SMS services. services.

• Marketed using the name cdmaOne. Marketed using the name cdmaOne. • The next evolutionary step for 3G services is The next evolutionary step for 3G services is

CDMA2000, or IS-2000.CDMA2000, or IS-2000.

2G: Second Generation 2G: Second Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony TDMA : TDMA : Time Division Multiple AccessTime Division Multiple Access

• Also known as D-AMPSAlso known as D-AMPS• Technology for digital transmission of radio signals between a Technology for digital transmission of radio signals between a

mobile telephone and a radio base station. mobile telephone and a radio base station. • In TDMA, the frequency band is split into a number of In TDMA, the frequency band is split into a number of

channels. channels. • Each channel is split into three time units, so that Each channel is split into three time units, so that three calls three calls

can share a single frequency channelcan share a single frequency channel without interfering with without interfering with one another. one another.

• Based on the IS-136 standard. Based on the IS-136 standard. • It is one of the world's most widely deployed digital wireless It is one of the world's most widely deployed digital wireless

systems. systems. PR providers are now switching from CDMA to TDMAPR providers are now switching from CDMA to TDMA• It provides a natural evolutionary path for analog AMPS It provides a natural evolutionary path for analog AMPS

networksnetworks• Offers efficient coverage and is well suited to emerging Offers efficient coverage and is well suited to emerging

applications, such as wireless virtual private networks (VPNs)applications, such as wireless virtual private networks (VPNs)• Ideal platform for Ideal platform for PCSPCS (Personal Communication Services). (Personal Communication Services).

2G: Second Generation 2G: Second Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony GSM : GSM : Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGlobal System for Mobile Communications

• First introduced in 1991First introduced in 1991• One of the leading digital cellular systems. One of the leading digital cellular systems. • EightEight simultaneous calls can occupy the same radio simultaneous calls can occupy the same radio

frequency. frequency. • GSM simplifies data transmission to allow laptop and GSM simplifies data transmission to allow laptop and

palmtop computers to be connected to GSM phones. palmtop computers to be connected to GSM phones. • It provides It provides integrated voice mail, high-speed data, fax, integrated voice mail, high-speed data, fax,

paging and short message services capabilitiespaging and short message services capabilities, as well as , as well as secure communications. secure communications.

• It offers the It offers the best voice qualitybest voice quality of any current digital wireless of any current digital wireless standard. standard.

• Originally a European standard for digital mobile telephony, Originally a European standard for digital mobile telephony, GSM has become the GSM has become the world's most widely used mobile world's most widely used mobile systemsystem in use in over 100 countries. in use in over 100 countries.

• GSM networks operate on the GSM networks operate on the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz900 MHz and 1800 MHz waveband in Europe, Asia and Australia, and on the waveband in Europe, Asia and Australia, and on the 1900 1900 MHzMHz waveband in North America and in parts of Latin waveband in North America and in parts of Latin America and Africa. America and Africa.

2G: Second Generation 2G: Second Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony GPRS : GPRS : General Packet Radio ServiceGeneral Packet Radio Service

• Packet-linked technology Packet-linked technology • Enables Enables high-speed wirelesshigh-speed wireless Internet and other data Internet and other data

communications. communications. • GPRS provides more than GPRS provides more than four times greater speedfour times greater speed

than conventional GSM systems. than conventional GSM systems. • Using a packet data service, subscribers are Using a packet data service, subscribers are always always

connectedconnected and and always on linealways on line so services will be easy so services will be easy and quick to access. and quick to access.

International Mobile Telecommunications International Mobile Telecommunications 20002000• Term used by the International Telecommunication Term used by the International Telecommunication

Union (ITU), a United Nations agency, to describe Union (ITU), a United Nations agency, to describe third third generationgeneration mobile telephony standards that meet a mobile telephony standards that meet a number of requirements in terms of transmission number of requirements in terms of transmission speed and other factors. speed and other factors.

• Basic standards in IMT-2000 include: \Basic standards in IMT-2000 include: \

• IMT-DS (direct spread). IMT-DS (direct spread). WCDMAWCDMA• IMT-MC (multi-carrier). IMT-MC (multi-carrier). CDMA2000CDMA2000• IMT-TC (time-code) IMT-TC (time-code) UTRA TDDUTRA TDD & & TD-SCDMATD-SCDMA• IMT-FT (frequency-time). IMT-FT (frequency-time). DECTDECT• IMT-SC (single carrier). IMT-SC (single carrier). TDMATDMA

IMT-2000IMT-2000

WCDMA: WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessAccess • Technology for wideband digital radio Technology for wideband digital radio

communications of Internet, multimedia, video and communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications.other capacity-demanding applications.

• WCDMA is the dominating 3G technology, providing WCDMA is the dominating 3G technology, providing higher capacity for voice and data and higher data higher capacity for voice and data and higher data rates. rates.

• Uses a new spectrum with a 5 MHz carrier, providing Uses a new spectrum with a 5 MHz carrier, providing 50 times higher data rate than in present GSM 50 times higher data rate than in present GSM networks, and 10 times higher data rate than in networks, and 10 times higher data rate than in GPRS networksGPRS networks

• Handles up to 2 Mbps for local area access or 384 Handles up to 2 Mbps for local area access or 384 Kbps for wide area access. A coming release will Kbps for wide area access. A coming release will include enhancements up to more than 10 Mbps.include enhancements up to more than 10 Mbps.

3G: Third Generation 3G: Third Generation Mobile TelephonyMobile Telephony

WCDMA: WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessAccess • WCDMA is also known as UMTS WCDMA is also known as UMTS • Has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under Has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under

the name IMT-2000 direct spread. the name IMT-2000 direct spread. • The gradual evolution from today's systems is driven The gradual evolution from today's systems is driven

by demand for capacity, which is required by new by demand for capacity, which is required by new and faster data based mobile services. and faster data based mobile services.

• WCDMA enables better use of available spectrum WCDMA enables better use of available spectrum and more cost-efficient network solutions. and more cost-efficient network solutions.

• The operator can gradually evolve from GSM to The operator can gradually evolve from GSM to WCDMA, protecting investments by re-using the GSM WCDMA, protecting investments by re-using the GSM core network and 2G/2.5G services. core network and 2G/2.5G services.


CDMA 2000: CDMA 2000: Code Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access 20002000• Also known as IS-2000Also known as IS-2000• 3G technology that can be deployed in several phases. 3G technology that can be deployed in several phases. • The first phase, CDMA2000 1X, supports an average of The first phase, CDMA2000 1X, supports an average of

144 kbps packet data in a mobile environment. 144 kbps packet data in a mobile environment. • The second release of 1X, called 1xEV-DO can support The second release of 1X, called 1xEV-DO can support

data rates up to 2 Mbps on a dedicated data carrierdata rates up to 2 Mbps on a dedicated data carrier• The final phase, 1xEV-DV, supports even higher peak The final phase, 1xEV-DV, supports even higher peak

rates, simultaneous voice and high-speed data, as well rates, simultaneous voice and high-speed data, as well as improved Quality of Service mechanisms.as improved Quality of Service mechanisms.

• A key component of CDMA2000 is its ability to support A key component of CDMA2000 is its ability to support the full demands of advanced 3G services such as the full demands of advanced 3G services such as multimedia and other IP-based services. multimedia and other IP-based services.


EDGEEDGE : Enhanced Data for Global Evolution : Enhanced Data for Global Evolution

• A technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle A technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile telephony. services for the third generation of mobile telephony.

• EDGE provides three times the data capacity of GPRS. EDGE provides three times the data capacity of GPRS. • Using EDGE, operators can handle three times more Using EDGE, operators can handle three times more

subscribers than GPRS; triple their data rate per subscribers than GPRS; triple their data rate per subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice communications. communications.

• EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200kHz carrier Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which allows bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which allows existing cell plans to remain intact. existing cell plans to remain intact.


DECTDECT : Digital Enhanced Cordless : Digital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

• A common standard for cordless personal telephony A common standard for cordless personal telephony • Originally established by ETSI, a European Originally established by ETSI, a European

standardization body. standardization body. • DECT is a system for cordless business DECT is a system for cordless business

communications. communications.


Wi-FiWi-Fi Wi-MaxWi-Max Voice Over IPVoice Over IP BluetoothBluetooth SMS / EMSSMS / EMS

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies

Wi-FiWi-Fi (or (or Wi-fiWi-fi, , WiFiWiFi, , WifiWifi, , wifiwifi))• Short for "Wireless Fidelity“Short for "Wireless Fidelity“• Set of product compatibility standards for wireless local Set of product compatibility standards for wireless local

area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications. specifications.

• New standards beyond the 802.11 specifications, such New standards beyond the 802.11 specifications, such as 802.16(WiMAX), are currently in the works and offer as 802.16(WiMAX), are currently in the works and offer many enhancements, anywhere from longer range to many enhancements, anywhere from longer range to greater transfer speeds.greater transfer speeds.

• Intended to be used for mobile devices and LANs, but is Intended to be used for mobile devices and LANs, but is now often used for Internet access. now often used for Internet access.

• It enables a person with a wireless-enabled computer or It enables a person with a wireless-enabled computer or personal digital assistant (PDA) to connect to the personal digital assistant (PDA) to connect to the Internet when in proximity of an access point. Internet when in proximity of an access point.

• The geographical region covered by one or several The geographical region covered by one or several access points is called a access points is called a hotspothotspot. .

Wi-FiWi-Fi

Wi-Fi : AdvantagesWi-Fi : Advantages

• Unlike packet radio systems, Wi-Fi uses unlicensed radio Unlike packet radio systems, Wi-Fi uses unlicensed radio spectrum and spectrum and does not require regulatory approvaldoes not require regulatory approval for for individual deployers. individual deployers.

• Allows Allows LANs to be deployed without cablingLANs to be deployed without cabling, potentially , potentially reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.

• Wi-Fi products are widely available in the market. Different Wi-Fi products are widely available in the market. Different brands of access points and client network interfaces are brands of access points and client network interfaces are interoperable at a basic level of service. interoperable at a basic level of service.

Wi-Fi : AdvantagesWi-Fi : Advantages

• Competition amongst vendors has Competition amongst vendors has lowered priceslowered prices considerably considerably since their inception. since their inception.

• Many Wi-Fi networks support Many Wi-Fi networks support roamingroaming, in which a mobile client , in which a mobile client station such as a laptop computer can move from one access station such as a laptop computer can move from one access point to another as the user moves around a building or area. point to another as the user moves around a building or area.

• Many access points and network interfaces support Many access points and network interfaces support variousvarious degrees of encryptiondegrees of encryption to protect traffic from interception. to protect traffic from interception.

• Wi-Fi is a Wi-Fi is a globalglobal set of standards. Unlike cellular carriers, the set of standards. Unlike cellular carriers, the same Wi-Fi client works in different countries around the same Wi-Fi client works in different countries around the world. world.

Wi-Fi : Wi-Fi : DisadvantagesDisadvantages• InterferenceInterference• The The 802.11b802.11b and and 802.11g802.11g flavors of Wi-Fi use the flavors of Wi-Fi use the 2.4 GHz spectrum2.4 GHz spectrum• Possible Possible interferenceinterference at the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band, may cause devices at the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band, may cause devices

to no longer function. to no longer function. • Other possible sources of interference:Other possible sources of interference:

• Bluetooth devicesBluetooth devices• Microwave ovensMicrowave ovens• Cordless phones (900 MHz or 5.8 GHz can be alternative frequencies)Cordless phones (900 MHz or 5.8 GHz can be alternative frequencies)• Video sender devicesVideo sender devices• Amateur Radio operatorsAmateur Radio operators• Cell phones which use microwave frequenciesCell phones which use microwave frequencies

Wi-Fi : Wi-Fi : DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Legislation is not consistentLegislation is not consistent worldwide : worldwide :

• most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channelsmost of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels• Japan has one more on top of thatJapan has one more on top of that• Spain and other countries prohibit use of the lower-numbered channels. Spain and other countries prohibit use of the lower-numbered channels. • Italy and other countries used to require a 'general authorization' for any Italy and other countries used to require a 'general authorization' for any

WiFi used outside the owned premisesWiFi used outside the owned premises

• Power consumptionPower consumption is high compared to other standards, making battery is high compared to other standards, making battery life and heat a concern. life and heat a concern.

• Wi-Fi networks have Wi-Fi networks have limited rangelimited range. . • A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g might have a range A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g might have a range

of of 45 m45 m (150 ft) indoors and (150 ft) indoors and 90 m90 m (300 ft) outdoors. (300 ft) outdoors.

Wi-Fi : Wi-Fi : DisadvantagesDisadvantages• SecuritySecurity: :

• The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, is Equivalent Privacy or WEP, is easily breakable easily breakable even when even when correctly configured. correctly configured.

• Newer wireless products are slowly providing support for the Newer wireless products are slowly providing support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol, many older access Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol, many older access points will have to be replaced to support it. points will have to be replaced to support it.

• The adoption of the 802.11i (aka WPA2) standard in June The adoption of the 802.11i (aka WPA2) standard in June 2004 makes available a rather better security scheme for 2004 makes available a rather better security scheme for future use — when properly configured. future use — when properly configured.

• In the meantime, many enterprises have had to deploy In the meantime, many enterprises have had to deploy additional layers of encryptionadditional layers of encryption (such as VPNs) to protect (such as VPNs) to protect against interception. against interception.

Wi-Fi : Wi-Fi : DisadvantagesDisadvantages• SecuritySecurity: :

• Interference of a closed or encrypted access point with other open access Interference of a closed or encrypted access point with other open access points on the same or a neighboring channel can points on the same or a neighboring channel can prevent access prevent access to the open to the open access points by others in the area. This can pose a problem in high-density access points by others in the area. This can pose a problem in high-density areas such as large apartment buildings where many residents are areas such as large apartment buildings where many residents are operating Wi-Fi access points. operating Wi-Fi access points.

• Access points could be used to Access points could be used to steal personal informationsteal personal information transmitted from transmitted from Wi-Fi users. Wi-Fi users.

• Free access points (or improperly configured access points) may be used by Free access points (or improperly configured access points) may be used by a hacker to anonymously initiate an attack that would be impossible to track a hacker to anonymously initiate an attack that would be impossible to track beyond the owner of the access point. beyond the owner of the access point.

• Short for “Short for “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access””

• WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that can connect IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi) hotspots to technology that can connect IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi) hotspots to the Internet and provide a wireless extension to cable and DSL the Internet and provide a wireless extension to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access. for last mile broadband access.

• WiMAX is both WiMAX is both fasterfaster and has a and has a longer rangelonger range than Wi-Fi. than Wi-Fi.

• However, WiMAX does not necessarily conflict with Wi-Fi, but However, WiMAX does not necessarily conflict with Wi-Fi, but is designed to is designed to interoperateinteroperate with it and may indeed with it and may indeed complementcomplement it. it.

• This complementarity to Wi-Fi also extends to all flavors of This complementarity to Wi-Fi also extends to all flavors of wired ethernet (IEEE 802.3), token ring (IEEE 802.5) and non-wired ethernet (IEEE 802.3), token ring (IEEE 802.5) and non-IEEE standards that use the same LLC including FDDI and IEEE standards that use the same LLC including FDDI and cable modem (DOCSIS).cable modem (DOCSIS).

Wi-MaxWi-Max

WiMAX standard relies mainly on spectrum in the 2 to 11 GHz WiMAX standard relies mainly on spectrum in the 2 to 11 GHz range.range.

Improves upon many of the limitations of the Wi-Fi standardImproves upon many of the limitations of the Wi-Fi standard– increased bandwidth increased bandwidth – stronger encryption. stronger encryption.

Provides connectivity to network endpoints without direct line of Provides connectivity to network endpoints without direct line of sight in some circumstances. sight in some circumstances.

IEEE 802.16 provides up to 50 km (31 miles) of linear service area IEEE 802.16 provides up to 50 km (31 miles) of linear service area range and allows users connectivity without a direct line of sight to range and allows users connectivity without a direct line of sight to a base station. Note that this should not be taken to mean that a base station. Note that this should not be taken to mean that users 50 km (31 miles) away without line of sight will have users 50 km (31 miles) away without line of sight will have connectivity. The technology also provides shared data rates up to connectivity. The technology also provides shared data rates up to 70 Mbit/s, which, according to WiMAX proponents, is enough 70 Mbit/s, which, according to WiMAX proponents, is enough bandwidth to simultaneously support more than 60 businesses with bandwidth to simultaneously support more than 60 businesses with T1-type connectivity and well over a thousand homes at 1Mbit/s T1-type connectivity and well over a thousand homes at 1Mbit/s DSL-level connectivity.DSL-level connectivity.

Wi-MaxWi-Max

Provides:Provides:• The The high speedhigh speed of broadband service of broadband service • WirelessWireless rather than wired access, so it would be a lot rather than wired access, so it would be a lot

less expensive than cable or DSL and much easier to less expensive than cable or DSL and much easier to extend to suburban and rural areas extend to suburban and rural areas

• Broad Broad coveragecoverage like the cell phone network instead of the like the cell phone network instead of the tiny little hotspots of WiFi tiny little hotspots of WiFi

WiMAX has the potential to do to broadband Internet access WiMAX has the potential to do to broadband Internet access what cell phones have done to phone access. what cell phones have done to phone access.

WiMAX could WiMAX could replace cable and DSL servicesreplace cable and DSL services, providing , providing universal Internet access just about anywhere you go. universal Internet access just about anywhere you go.

WiMAX will also be as painless as WiFi -- turning your WiMAX will also be as painless as WiFi -- turning your computer on will automatically connect you to the closest computer on will automatically connect you to the closest available WiMAX antenna. available WiMAX antenna.

WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speedshigher speeds, , over over greater distancesgreater distances and for a and for a greater number of usersgreater number of users. .

Wi-MaxWi-Max

A WiMAX system consists A WiMAX system consists of two parts: of two parts:

A A WiMAX towerWiMAX tower, similar , similar in concept to a cell-phone in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide tower can provide coverage to a very large coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). square km).

A A WiMAX receiverWiMAX receiver - The - The receiver and antenna receiver and antenna could be a small box or could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a could be built into a laptop the way WiFi laptop the way WiFi access is today. access is today.

Line-of-sight Line-of-sight not needednot needed between user and base between user and base station station

Wi-MaxWi-Max

method for taking method for taking analoganalog audio signals, audio signals,like the kind you hear when you talk on like the kind you hear when you talk on the phone, and turning them into the phone, and turning them into digital datadigital data that can be that can be transmitted over the Internettransmitted over the Internet or an Ethernet networkor an Ethernet network

VoIP technology uses the Internet's VoIP technology uses the Internet's packet-switchingpacket-switching capabilities to provide phone service capabilities to provide phone service

VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place to place free phone callsfree phone calls. The practical upshot of this . The practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP software that is is that by using some of the free VoIP software that is available to make Internet phone calls, you are available to make Internet phone calls, you are bypassing the phone companybypassing the phone company (and its charges) (and its charges) entirely. entirely.

has the potential to completely rework the world's has the potential to completely rework the world's phone systems. phone systems.

Voice over IP (VoIP)Voice over IP (VoIP)

VoIP has several advantages VoIP has several advantages over circuit switching. over circuit switching.

Packet switching allows several Packet switching allows several telephone calls to occupy the telephone calls to occupy the amount of space occupied by amount of space occupied by only one in a circuit-switched only one in a circuit-switched network. network.

Using PSTN, that 10-minute Using PSTN, that 10-minute phone call we talked about phone call we talked about earlier consumed 10 full minutes earlier consumed 10 full minutes of transmission time at a cost of of transmission time at a cost of 128 Kbps. 128 Kbps.

With VoIP, that same call may With VoIP, that same call may have occupied only 3.5 minutes have occupied only 3.5 minutes of transmission time at a cost of of transmission time at a cost of 64 Kbps, 64 Kbps, leaving another 64 leaving another 64 Kbps free for that 3.5 minutesKbps free for that 3.5 minutes, , plus an additional 128 Kbps for plus an additional 128 Kbps for the remaining 6.5 minutesthe remaining 6.5 minutes

VoIP – AdvantagesVoIP – Advantages

Wider range of features and facilitiesWider range of features and facilities Can provide more information and control about each callCan provide more information and control about each call Can send and receive messages or data files in parallel with the Can send and receive messages or data files in parallel with the

voice conversationvoice conversation audio conferencingaudio conferencing managing address books and passing presence information about managing address books and passing presence information about

whether friends/colleagues are available online to interested whether friends/colleagues are available online to interested parties. parties.

Freer innovationFreer innovation Innovation progresses at market rates rather than the slow pace of Innovation progresses at market rates rather than the slow pace of

the multilateral International Telecommunications Union (ITU) the multilateral International Telecommunications Union (ITU) committee process, resulting in more new advanced features. committee process, resulting in more new advanced features.

Lower per-call costsLower per-call costs Once the capital costs of terminals and/or computers and the Once the capital costs of terminals and/or computers and the

operating costs of a data network connection are in place, there are operating costs of a data network connection are in place, there are no additional charges no additional charges for usage for usage unlessunless the destination is outside the the destination is outside the IP network. IP network.

However, this must be offset by the However, this must be offset by the higher costs of telephonyhigher costs of telephony equipment. Services from VoIP providers are not always cheaper equipment. Services from VoIP providers are not always cheaper than from conventional telephone service providers. than from conventional telephone service providers.


Higher quality voiceHigher quality voice higher bandwidth voice encoding can be selected to higher bandwidth voice encoding can be selected to

improve end-to-end quality. improve end-to-end quality. However, often However, often high compression techniques are used to high compression techniques are used to

save bandwidthsave bandwidth and potentially result in slightly and potentially result in slightly poorer poorer quality quality than traditional telephony circuits. than traditional telephony circuits.

Lower infrastructure costsLower infrastructure costs VoIP reduces the traditional scheme—two separate wiring VoIP reduces the traditional scheme—two separate wiring

systems, one for voice and one for network—to a systems, one for voice and one for network—to a single single connectionconnection. .

"Future proof" hardware"Future proof" hardware Functionality is software (protocol) based, allowing for Functionality is software (protocol) based, allowing for

changes in software coding without requiring a "forklift" or changes in software coding without requiring a "forklift" or component upgrade. component upgrade.


ReliabilityReliability• Traditional telephones lines carry their own power, service Traditional telephones lines carry their own power, service

available during power outages. VoIP depends on regular available during power outages. VoIP depends on regular electric power service.electric power service.

• If IP packets are lost or delayed at any point in the network If IP packets are lost or delayed at any point in the network between VoIP users, there will be a momentary drop-out of between VoIP users, there will be a momentary drop-out of voice. voice.

• More noticeable in highly congested networks and/or where there More noticeable in highly congested networks and/or where there is long distances and/or interworking between end points. is long distances and/or interworking between end points.

• Avoidance of this problem will require introduction of priority Avoidance of this problem will require introduction of priority schemes for voice traffic, using Quality of Service mechanisms. schemes for voice traffic, using Quality of Service mechanisms.

• Emergency CallsEmergency Calls• The nature of IP makes it difficult to geographically locate The nature of IP makes it difficult to geographically locate

network usersnetwork users• Emergency calls, therefore, can not easily be routed to a Emergency calls, therefore, can not easily be routed to a

nearby call center, and are impossible on some VoIP systems. nearby call center, and are impossible on some VoIP systems.

VoIP – VoIP – DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Integration into global telephone number systemIntegration into global telephone number system– Standard POTS and mobile phone networks share a common Standard POTS and mobile phone networks share a common

global standard (E.164) which allocates and identifies any global standard (E.164) which allocates and identifies any specific telephone linespecific telephone line

– There is no widely adopted similar standard for VoIP networks. There is no widely adopted similar standard for VoIP networks. – There are often different, incompatible schemes when calling There are often different, incompatible schemes when calling

between VoIP providers which use short codes that are between VoIP providers which use short codes that are provider specific.provider specific.

• Single point of callingSingle point of calling• In a home PC – based VoIP, it is not possible to share a single In a home PC – based VoIP, it is not possible to share a single

line with three or four telephones. line with three or four telephones. • New schemes with VoIP compatible cordless phones and New schemes with VoIP compatible cordless phones and

routers with VoIP capability have been introduced. routers with VoIP capability have been introduced. • Today with commercial services such as Vonage and AT&T Today with commercial services such as Vonage and AT&T

CallVantage, it is possible to connect the VOIP router into the CallVantage, it is possible to connect the VOIP router into the existing central phone box in the house and have VoIP at every existing central phone box in the house and have VoIP at every phone already connected. phone already connected.

VoIP – VoIP – DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Short-range radio frequency technology for wireless personal area networks Short-range radio frequency technology for wireless personal area networks (PAN)(PAN)

Makes it possible to transmit signals over short distances between devices Makes it possible to transmit signals over short distances between devices and thereby simplify communication and synchronization between devices. and thereby simplify communication and synchronization between devices.

Allows non-line of sight communicationAllows non-line of sight communication

It is a global standard that:It is a global standard that:– eliminates wires and cables between both stationary and mobile deviceseliminates wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices– facilitates both data and voice communicationfacilitates both data and voice communication– offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the ultimate offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the ultimate

synchronicity between all your personal devicessynchronicity between all your personal devices

The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and interoperability requirements.interoperability requirements.

Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency-hopping Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency-hopping scheme to make the link robust, even in noisy radio environments. scheme to make the link robust, even in noisy radio environments.

BluetoothBluetooth

Bluetooth has been implemented in these devices :Bluetooth has been implemented in these devices :– personal digital assistants (PDAs)personal digital assistants (PDAs)– mobile phonesmobile phones– LaptopsLaptops– PCs, mice, keyboards, printersPCs, mice, keyboards, printers– Medical devicesMedical devices– digital camerasdigital cameras– AutomobilesAutomobiles– GPS receiversGPS receivers

Products are available in one of three power classes:Products are available in one of three power classes: Class 3 Class 3 (1 mW) is most common and allows a quoted (1 mW) is most common and allows a quoted

transmission distance of 10 m (32 ft) transmission distance of 10 m (32 ft) Class 2 Class 2 (2.5 mW) is the rarest and allows transmission of (2.5 mW) is the rarest and allows transmission of

20 m (64 ft) 20 m (64 ft) Class 1 Class 1 (100 mW) has the longest range at up to 100 m (100 mW) has the longest range at up to 100 m

(320 ft). This class of product is readily available. (320 ft). This class of product is readily available.

BluetoothBluetooth

Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0BBluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B– numerous problems with interoperability between vendorsnumerous problems with interoperability between vendors– anonymity almost impossible anonymity almost impossible

Bluetooth 1.1Bluetooth 1.1– Fixed many bugs from v1.0B Fixed many bugs from v1.0B – Added support for non-encrypted channelsAdded support for non-encrypted channels

Bluetooth 1.2 :Bluetooth 1.2 : backwards compatible with 1.1backwards compatible with 1.1 Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), improves Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), improves

resistance to radio interference resistance to radio interference Higher transmission speeds in practice Higher transmission speeds in practice Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), improves Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), improves

voice quality of audio links voice quality of audio links Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth

applications. applications.

Bluetooth VersionsBluetooth Versions

Bluetooth 2.0Bluetooth 2.0• Backwards compatible with 1.x. Backwards compatible with 1.x. • The main enhancement is the The main enhancement is the

introduction of introduction of Enhanced Data Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)Rate (EDR) of 2.1 Mbit/s. of 2.1 Mbit/s.

• 3 times faster transmission 3 times faster transmission speed (up to 10 times in certain speed (up to 10 times in certain cases). cases).

• Lower power consumption Lower power consumption through reduced duty cycle. through reduced duty cycle.

• Simplification of multi-link Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available scenarios due to more available bandwidth. bandwidth.

• Further improved BER (Bit Error Further improved BER (Bit Error Rate) performance.Rate) performance.

Bluetooth VersionsBluetooth Versions

Wireless service available on Wireless service available on digitaldigital mobile networks. mobile networks.

Enables the transmission of Enables the transmission of text text messagesmessages between mobile between mobile phones and other systems such phones and other systems such as electronic mail, paging and as electronic mail, paging and voice mail. voice mail.

Up to Up to 160 characters160 characters can be sent can be sent and received through the network and received through the network operator's message system to the operator's message system to the mobile phone.mobile phone.

Alternative to paging servicesAlternative to paging services Can be used to provide reminder Can be used to provide reminder

services, stock and currency services, stock and currency quotes, airline schedules, and quotes, airline schedules, and account information.account information.

originally designed as part of the originally designed as part of the GSM digital mobile phone GSM digital mobile phone standard, but is now available on standard, but is now available on a wide range of networks, a wide range of networks, including 3G networks including 3G networks

SMS : Short SMS : Short Message Service Message Service

Based on SMS (Short Message Service)Based on SMS (Short Message Service)

Wireless service available on GSM networks. Wireless service available on GSM networks.

An EMS-enabled mobile phone can receive and send messages that include An EMS-enabled mobile phone can receive and send messages that include pixel picturespixel pictures and and animationsanimations, , sound effectssound effects, , ring signalsring signals and and formatted textformatted text..

Besides the EMS items that are stored in the phone, Besides the EMS items that are stored in the phone, new items can be receivednew items can be received in a message or downloaded from a WAP site.in a message or downloaded from a WAP site.

EMS is a widely accepted standard developed by 3GPP. EMS is a widely accepted standard developed by 3GPP.

EMS items can be exchanged between phones EMS items can be exchanged between phones irrespective of model or makeirrespective of model or make as long as they support as long as they support the EMS standard. the EMS standard.

Non-EMS supportive mobile phones treats a message Non-EMS supportive mobile phones treats a message with EMS items as an with EMS items as an SMS text messageSMS text message and and only the only the texttext is displayed. is displayed.

Cross-industry collaboration between Ericsson, Cross-industry collaboration between Ericsson, Motorola, Siemens and Alcatel, among others. Motorola, Siemens and Alcatel, among others.

EMS : Enhanced EMS : Enhanced Message Service Message Service

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