Introduction

Introduction Evolution of Wireless technologiesZero Generation

First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

Fourth Generation

Need for 5G?Flat IP Network 5G-The NanoCoreNanotechnologyCloud Computing

All IP Network Conclusion

References

IntroductionTechnology is growing exponentially nowadays. This growth is incredible beneficial for business and individuals, but all this technology is demanding more velocity and bandwidth. For this purpose in the wired transmission world engineers and telecommunication companies developed the optic fiber, but with a new technology field called wireless transmission that is the transfer of data between two or more points without a wired connection, other needs of velocity and bandwidth born. This birth start with a technology called 1G that means first generation, trough the years another generations arrived till the point that is almost arriving the 5G (fifth generation) wireless technology. The following work is a research about the emerging wireless technology 5G, the history and evolution of all the generations for a better understanding of the 5G, why this technology is need, and how will be composed the 5G wireless technology.

The G5 mobile network is a complex concept at this moment because this new technology is not pretending add more velocity to our devices thing that probably will happen, the real pretension of this new technology is the the association of different devices such as cellphones, smart houses, cars, etc. To make the life of users more convenient and simple. Also this technology will be focused on energy efficiency, helping this in the reduction of energy cost and expanding the hour-life of devices that use batteries.

Evolution of Wireless Technology (History)

The evolution of the wireless technology starts with a technology called Zero Generation that is the previous steps before the evolution of the wireless technology, the pre-cellular mobile technology, after that we have the First Generation that introduced the analog wireless technology, the following technology was the Second Generation and its updates that presented the digital mobile technology, the next generation was called Third Generation and brought more efficiency and velocity to the cellular network, and the actual technology that is called Fourth Generation that is an upgrade of the previous generation.

Zero Generation Technology (0G)

Zero Generation (0G) refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s. These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes referred to as 0G (zero generation) systems. Technologies used in 0G systems included:

PTT (Push to Talk)

MTS (Mobile Telephone System)

IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service)

AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)

OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony)

MTD (Message Terminal Device)

First Generation Technology (1G)

In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications have undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. The two most popular analogue systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT and TACS, some other analog systems were also introduced in 1980s across the Europe. All of these systems offered handover and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to inter-operate between countries. This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation mobile networks.

In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in 1982. The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz frequency range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In 1988, an additional 10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded Spectrum (ES) was allocated to AMPS. It was first deployed in Chicago, with a service area of 2100 square miles2. AMPS offered 832 channels, with a data rate of 10 kbps. Although Omni directional antennas were used in the earlier AMPS implementation, it was realized that using directional antennas would yield better cell reuse. In fact, the smallest reuse factor that would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) using 120-degree directional antennas was found to be 7.

Second Generation Technology (2G - 2.75G)

By the late 1980s, it was clear that the first generation cellular systemsbased on analog signaling techniqueswere becoming obsolete. Advances in integrated circuit (IC) technology had made digital communications not only practical, but, actually more economical than analog technology.

Digital communication enables advanced source coding techniques to be utilized. This allows the spectrum to be used much more efficiently and, thereby, reduces the amount of bandwidth required for voice and video. In addition, we can use error correction coding to provide a degree of resistance to interference and fading that plagues analog systems, and to allow a lower transmit power. Second generation digital systems can be classified by their multiple access techniques as either Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

FDMA, the radio spectrum is divided into a set of frequency slots and each user is assigned a separate frequency to transmit.

TDMA, several users transmit at the same frequency but in different time slots.

CDMA uses the principle of direct sequence spread-spectrum: the signals are modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms or codes.

2.5G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.

2.75 EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks. This technology works in GSM networks. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and fast transmission of data and information.

Third Generation Technology (3G 3.75G)

HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific digital communication system. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing

UMTS protocols.

3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and video Conferencing.

3.5G HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

HSDPA provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink.

3.75G HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-to-person gaming. Traditional useful applications along with many consumer applications will benefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to 5.8Mbps.

Fourth Generation 4G (Actual Generation)

It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or mobile structural design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several architectures by a particular network operator ever more common.Some of the companies trying 4G communication at 100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations.

Why the World needs a Fifth Wireless Generation?

One of the main benefits of 5G technology over 4G will not be its speed of delivery which admittedly could be between 10Gbps and 100Gbps. The actual 4G technology has a very quit response, but is not a real-time response. While the latency of the 4G network oscillated between 20 and 40 milliseconds, the expectations of the 5G will be between 1 and 10 milliseconds.

The capacity is an important factor too. With the Internet of Things (devices such as smart homes, automation, smart cars, etc) becoming more and more important over time, where gadgets and objects employ smart, connected features that they have never had before, the strain on bandwidth will continue to grow.

Initial ideas behind 5G is that an infrastructure will be in place to avoid that. It will be more adaptive to users needs and demands and therefore able to allocate more or less bandwidth based on the application.

Flat IP Network

Mobile networks have been designed up to this point for circuit-switched voice. Wireless networks were designed in a hierarchic fashion to aggregate, authenticate, manage and direct calls. Flat network architecture removes that voice centralized hierarchy from the network. Instead of overlaying a packet data core on the voice network, separate and much-simplified data architecture can be implemented that removes the multiple elements from the network chain. BSC functions are divided between Base station and media gateway router. Base station will communicate directly via 3GDT (3G direct tunnel) with media gateway over WAN ( Carrier Ethernet, MW, DWDM etc). Some of the functions of BSC/RNC such as Radio resource management, Radio Bearer Control, and Dynamic allocations of resources will be handled by base stations, while functions such as Distribution of paging messages, Security will be function by mobility manager, located in Gateway router.

This approach has clearly visible advantages. It will save significant amount of Capex and Opex as, service provider will have fewer hopes and fewer network entities. By reducing the number of hops on the network, data travels faster between end points, greatly reducing the network latency to help support real-time applications such as voice over IP (VoIP), gaming and videoconferencing.

The flat IP architectures have emerged with WiMAX, and future LTE networks will be flat by definition.

The NanoCore Concept

The Nanocore on 5G promises to bring the fusion of three actual technologies. Those technologies are:

Nanotechnology

It is the application of nano-science to control process on nanometer scale. i.e between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology(MNT).MNT deals with control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo international conference on production engineering.

Nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a few years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most significant in telecommunication. Cloud computing

Cloud Computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G network this central remote server will be our content provide. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. The same concept is going to be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his private account form a global content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. This could make our user to obtain much more real-time application to utilize his 5G network efficiently. Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum cryptography. Cloud computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nanocore thereby also reducing the cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage from a third party Provider(Content Provider). The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses.

Cloud computing has three main segments:Applications : It is based on, on demand software services. On demand software services come in different varieties. They vary in their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered to the end users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a server that can be accessed by the end user over the internet.

2. Platform: The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are used to deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed platforms that allow users to access applications from centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud, amazon.com and sales force are some of the active platforms.3. Infrastructure: The third segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendors environments such as Google gears allow users to build applications. All IP Network:The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the increasing demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer demand for real-time data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements of packet switched technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and optimization of the system concept in order to provide a competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost.

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are lower costs universal seamless access improved user experience reduced system latency decoupled radio access and core network evolutionData will flow more freely as mobile communications networks move toward a "flat IP" model, but developers and operators will face new security challenges. This kind of security challenges can be trounced by nanotechnology.

The key aspects of the All IP:Support for a variety of different access systemsCommon capabilities provided independent to the type of service provided with convergence to IP technology considered from the perspective of the system as a whole

High performance mobility management that provides end-user, terminal and session mobility

Ability to adapt and move sessions from one terminal to anotherAbility to select the appropriate access system based on a range of criteriaProvision of advanced application services as well as seamless and ubiquitous servicesAbility to efficiently handle and optimally route a variety of different types of IP traffic including user-to-user, user-to-group and ubiquitous service traffic modelsHigh level of security and support for user privacy e.g. location privacy, identity privacyMethods for ensuring QoS within and across AIPNsAppropriate identification of terminals, subscriptions and usersFederation of identities across different service providersConclusion

This research paper exposed the futuristic wireless data transmission technology that everything points out that will be called Fifth Generation (5G). This technology is projected to arrived at the end of this decade or the beginning of the next one as the previous generations did. This new technology promise to bring as is expected more velocity and bandwidth, but besides, this technology will employ the use of nanotechnology for security purpose and will also merge various service to make the life of the user more easy. Companies and engineers around the world started thinking on what are the real necessities that the users will have in the following six or seven years to make a solid solution for all the future users requirement.

References