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Behind the Water Footprint Stream -
Metrics and Initiatives
Overview of available metrics to asses potential impacts of water
use and current initiatives integrating them within LCA
Manuele Margni, Ph.D.Scientific coordinator, CIRAIG
Ecole Polytechnique Montréal
(Incl. material provided by Quantis)
CIRAIG Factsheet
Founded in 2000
Multidisciplinary world-renowned research centre
135+ professors, researchers and students
10 universities, 7 Chairs, 5 research units
Member of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
Numerous collaborations (Canada, USA, Europe)
120+ applied research projects (industry and gov.)
Official spin-off
Expertise:
Carbon and Water footprint
LCA
Company-based LCA and
sustainability dashboard
Ecodesign
Environmental communication
www.quantis-intl.com
2
The Water Footprint Stream: Initiatives and timeline
Source: WBCSD 3
Which Footprint Is Correct?
• There is currently little consistency in the scope of
water footprint and what is measured
• There is nearly no consistency in how to evaluate
impact
Chapagain
and Hoekstra
2007
Humbert et al
2009 (1)
Humbert et al
2009 (2)
140 L per
serving
29 L per
serving
4 L per serving
Includes
“green” water
Includes
irrigation
Includes
neither
But what water is
important?
4
Problem Statement
• To know what water is important, we must know
what type of water use occurs and where
• To know the impact of water use, we must know
the impact of each use type in each geography
• The method must be operational for companies to
apply in decision making
But what water is
important?
5
Accounting vs. Impact Assessment vs. Communication
Impact Assessment Framework in LCA
Water Scarcity Assessment
(«Screening assessment » using Water stress index, WSI)
Water Scarcity vs. Full Assessment
Turbined water
DE CH DE CH DE CH
•Importance to check the (range/scope of) validity of the results
10
Why Expanding the Scope of Water Footprint to LCA?
Climate
changeEcosystems
Natural
resourcesHuman healthWaterfootprint
To avoid burden shifting from an impact category to another
Framework for Freshwater use In LCA
(UNEP-SETAC LC Initiative)
FUTURE
GENERATIONS
Water
deprivation for
future
generations
ECOSYSTEMS
Water
Use
Water
deprivation
for
ecosystems
Water
deprivation
for human
uses
Human
Health
Ecosystems
Quality
Natural
resources
EndpointMidpointInventory
All Impact
Categories
Backup
Technology
Areas of Protection
Mo
dif
icati
on
of
wate
r
availab
ilit
yfo
r…Water
Use
HUMAN USES
Human Health Impacts from production of board in
Hanoi for different scenarios
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
Well-treated effluent
(S2a)
Average effluent
(S3a)
All water consumed
(No effluent)
HH
Imp
acts
, bo
ard
pro
du
ctio
n, H
ano
i (D
ALY
/ton
)
Remaining substances
Arsenic, to air
Arsenic, to water
Dioxins
Ammonia
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Zinc, to soil
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, < 2.5 um
Nitrogen oxides
WATER 12
... Avoid Taking the Wrong Decision
13(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)
Spatial variation of blue water consumption bioenergycrop production within
Spain at two different levels:
Impact Assessment Inventory accounting
UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
International initiative for LCA
Review and characterization of existing
accounting and Impact assessment methods
Recommendations (end 2010) for:
Science
Practitioners (incl. industry)
Contact:
Manuele Margni, CIRAIG
Sebastien Humbert, Quantis
14
Towards an International Standard for Water Footprinting
“Water Footprint: Principles, Requirements and Guidances”
International standard for water footprintingThis International Standard specifies requirements and guidelines to assess and report water footprint based on LCA
• Terminology, communication
• Important stages to consider
• Consistency with carbon footprinting and other LCA impact categories
◦ Scope, system boundary
• Review/Validation
• Reporting
Began 2009, end 2011
Towards industry and practitioners
17
“Scope 1” Analogous Tools –
Direct Usage
“Scope 3” Analogous Tools –
Total Footprint
WBCSD Water Tool Water Footprint Network (WFN)
(Planning update to consider
“Scope 2”)
LCA-based footprint
Product / Company
GEMI Tools
From Lack of Methods to Methods Overload?
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly
Humbert
Boesch
(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water Resources
Vulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Ecoinvent
Global
Water ToolVince
BayartChapagain
Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-
Canals
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain
Hoekstra
Frischnecht
(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
What and
How much (m3)
Potential
problems?
Consequences
/ damage
quantification?
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly
Humbert
Boesch
(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Humans(health and stress)
Humans(health and stress)
EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources
Boulay
Maendly
Humbert
Boesch
(CExD)
Van Zelm
Endpoint (Damage)
Pfister
Motoshita
Pfister Pfister
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water Resources
Vulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Water Use Per Resource
Seckler
Scarcity indexes
Smakhtin
Falkenmark
Ohlsson
Alcamo
Sullivan
Pfister
Water Poverty Index
Gleick
Water Resources
Vulnerability Index
Raskin
Indexes
Ecoinvent
Global
Water ToolVince
BayartChapagain
Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-
Canals
Ecoinvent
Global
Water ToolVince
BayartChapagain
Hoekstra
Inventory (~accounting)
GaBi
Mila-I-
Canals
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain
Hoekstra
Frischnecht
(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)
Humans(heath and stress)
Boulay
ResourcesResources
Pfister
Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals
Chapagain
Hoekstra
Frischnecht
(Ecopoints)
Pfister
Midpoint (~benchmarking)
Pfister
What and
How much (m3)
Potential
problems?
Potential
problems?
Consequences
/ damage
quantification?
Consequences
/ damage
quantification?
Inventory &
Categorize
Impact
Net Damage
18
Risks to Business
Physical RisksRegulatory /
Litigation Risks
Reputational
Risks
Supply Chain
Interruptions of
Productivity
Costs of
Compliance
Public
Perceptions and
Brand Reputation
Production
Product Use
19
Physical risks
Deficiency or Compensation
Scarcity
Quality
T-shirt produced in India and Turkey
SIMPLIFIED RESULTS
Regionalization of impacts
Greenhouse gases emissions
Greenhouse gases emissions (from deforestation)
Water use (including “green water”)
Water impact (human health and ecosystems)
Risks
associated with
water use:
Water pollution
Risks associated
with water use:
Water rights
Water pollution
Ground water over
exploitation
Risks associated with
water use:
Water pollution
Ground water over
exploitation
Reduced availability for
nutrition
Risks associated with
water use:
Water pollution
Ground water over
exploitation
River drying
Geen Water LCI
23(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)
Implications of Water Shortages
• Ecosystem quality• Lakes and rivers drying
• Disappearance of wetlands
• Lack of water for wildlife
• Human health and welfare• Disease
• Displacement
• Conflict / warfare
• Nutrition
• Economic development
• Resources• Future development and response
24
25
A Global Presence
Academic Partners
Diverse Clientele
About Quantis
INVENTORY IN THE MODEL
HHimpact = Human health impacts in Daly
CFi = Characterization factor for water type i for the impact
category Human Health (in Daly/m3 of water type i consumed)
Vi = Volume of water type i – inventory value (in m3), positive value
for water withdrawn and negative value for released flows
)(HH impact iiiVCF
The method assesses the impacts of the water
withdrawal and credits the impacts of the water release
26
INVENTORY
13 Water classes described by:
- Source (surface, ground or rain)
- Quality (34 parameters + organics)
- Users it can be functional for
Class
i
Source Quality Users it can serve
S1 Surface low microbial, low toxic All users
S2a Surface low microbial, medium
toxic
All except Domestic 1 and
fisheries
… … … …
G1 Ground
water
Mediocre quality All offstream users
…
Rain Rain All users
27
i: Scarcity of water class i (dimensionless)
Di,j: User j distribution of water class i (dimensionless)
AC : Adaptation capacity (dimensionless)
E j: Effect factor for user j (DALY/m³)
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
)1(CF ,i jjii
j
EACD
FATE EXPOSURE EFFECT
28
SURFACE WATER SCARCITY
)1(CF ,i jjii
j
EACD
PROPOSED AS A MIDPOINT INDICATOR 29
)1(CF ,i jjii
j
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR
Di,j = User’s distribution of water type i for activity j (no units)
• Assesses the proportion of the elementary flow affecting
each user.
• Based on
1) Quality of the water : its functionality
2) Geographical region :intensity of each activity in
that region
30
)1(CF ,i jjii
j
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – ADAPTATION CAPACITY
No compensation
Proportional adaptation
100% compensation
Proportional adaptation
31
)1(CF ,i jjii
j
EACD
DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR
Ej = Effect factor for user j (daly/m3)
Efish/agriculture =
(DALY/m3)
Health Burden by kcal malnutrition* (Daly/kcal)
Water requirement per kcal (m3/kcal)
Edomestic =
(DALY/m3)
Health Impacts from water related issues* (Daly/yr)
Water in deficit for domestic use* (m3/yr)
* Data by country,
geometric average used
to produce resulting
Effect factor
Effect factors Ej (DALY/m3)
Agriculture Fisheries Domestic
6.64 x 10-5 2.05 x 10-5 3.11 x 10-3
32
2 options:
- Aggregated (as an indicator)
- Desaggregated (by user) for modeling of
compensation by system expansion
CAD ji
j
i,icomp, IS
HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD BE COMPENSATED?
Water
deprivation
for human
uses
Human
Health
Ecosystems
Quality
Natural
resources
All Impact
Categories
Backup
Technology
HUMAN USES
Modification of
water availability
for…
IScomp,i = Impact Score of compensation for water of class i
(m³to be compensated/m³water class i)
33
USING GIS FOR COMBINING SCALE
208 countries
Adaptation capacity
Some quality data
Some statistical data
227 Main Watersheds
Some quality data
808 Resulting cells
All data
0.5° x 0.5° grid
Water consumption
Water availability
34
RESULTS – HUMAN HEALTH CF
35
RESULTS – COMPENSATION
36
APPLICATION
• Board production from recycled fibers
Parameter Description
Influent 17.4 m3/ton
Quality S2a (average surface water)
Effluent 16.4 m3/ton
Quality scenario 1 S2a (well treated)
Quality scenario 2 S3a (partially treated)
Scenario 3 No effluent (all water consumed)
37
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS FROM PRODUCTION OF BOARD IN
HANOI FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
Well-treated effluent
(S2a)
Average effluent
(S3a)
All water consumed
(No effluent)
HH
Imp
acts
, bo
ard
pro
du
ctio
n, H
ano
i (D
ALY
/ton
)
Remaining substances
Arsenic, to air
Arsenic, to water
Dioxins
Ammonia
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Zinc, to soil
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, < 2.5 um
Nitrogen oxides
WATER 38
NORMALIZED HUMAN HEALTH (HH) IMPACTS AND COMPENSATION
VOLUME (COMP) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 1 TON OF BOARD
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
HH Cape Town
Comp Cape Town
HH Cologne
Comp Cologne
HH Hanoi
Comp Hanoi
water
process
39
DISCUSSION
Only methodology to
Use adaptation capacity
Consider quality of water withdrawn and released
Evaluate scarcity based on consumed water
Evaluate scarcity for different water qualities
Include and differentiate instream/offstream users
Includes all water types: ground, surface, sea, rain, wastewater, etc...
Limits
Unreliable regional quality data
Cases of over/under estimation of impacts due to water categories
Temporal adaptation of CF
User’s distribution for transport and recreation not evaluated
Impacts from compensation are not evaluated
Does not include impacts on future generations or ecosystems
FUTURE WORK
Evaluate impacts based on functionalities instead of
water classes and compare results
Evaluate fraction of water used by transport and
recreation
Identify default compensation scenarios and their
impacts
Modeling of the resource depletion aspect of water
use
40
