1Copyright © 2014 Tata Consultancy Services Limited

Dr. Arpan Pal

Principal Scientist and Head of Research

Innovation Lab, Kolkata

Tata Consultancy Services

Standardization in Internet-of-Things

BIS 9 July 2016

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Click to edit Master title styleNeed for Standardization in IoT

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Internet-of-Things Horizon

Extract

http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Position_Paper_IoT_Standardization_Final.pdf

4

Internet-of-Things – at the peak of the Hype?

Revenue Potential - $300+ Billion for Technology and Services

Economic Value - $1.9 Trillion

50 Billion Connected Devices by 2030

Gartner, 2014

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Pervading all aspects of our life – Internet-of-Everything

Humans

Physical

Objects and

Infrastructure

Computing

Infrastructure

Physical

Context

Discovery

INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

Physical Context Discovery

What is happening, where and when

People Context Discovery

Who is doing what, where and when, who is

thinking what

Internet

of

Digital

Internet

of

Things

Internet

of

Humans

ABI Research. May 7, 2014

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Internet-of-Things – what does it really mean?

M2M Communication

Sensing the human – quantified self

Embedded software

and Hardware

Cloud, Mobile, Big Data

and Analytics

Wireless Sensor Networks,

Pervasive Computing

Sensors

and Actuators

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Too much diversity – Interoperation is the Key

• Highly heterogeneous set of sensors and devices

• Huge scale

• Pervasively distributed sensors, fixed and mobile

• Mobile phones as sensors

• Continuous evolution of devices, apps and domain specfic interface standards

• Third party / crowd-sourced apps

Sensor Network characteristics

• Application level - RESTful Sensor Web with Resource Catalog and Discovery

• Data level - Semantic meta-models for sensors and observations

• Network level - Network Proxies and Syntax Transcoders

How interoperability can be achieved

Ref : Defined by IEEE P2413

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An example of Mobile-Health as use case

Health Center/Home

TCUPWeb Request

Patient

Records

Social

Network

Healthcare

Portal

Expert Doctor

Elderly People Monitoring

Chronic Patient Monitoring

Networking:

ReST web service

Secure HTTP

GPRS / 2G, Bluetooth

Sensing:

Android Sensor APIs

Wearable

Data:

XML schema Storage

Application:

Programming Interfaces

Data:

Time-series of

HeartRate, Blood

Pressure, PPG, ECG,

Activity…

Sensor

Gateway

Cloud

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Click to edit Master title styleNetwork Layer Standardization

Have to allow all communication

standards to co-exist

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Sensor to Gateway - Wi-Fi / Zigbee / Bluetooth Trends

WiFi Direct

• P2P WiFi

• No need for an access point

802.11ac

• The fifth generation WiFi

• Up to 6.9 Gbps

802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper,, CISCO, August, 2012

• Long battery life (periodic or intermittent transfer with Sleep

modes)

• Verticalized Profiles

• Popular in Healthcare, Factory Automation, Apps that

need mobile phone as a gateway

• BLE – low power profile, but yet to proliferate

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Gateway to Cloud – TV White Space Spectrum

• http://gigaom.com/2010/09/23/get-ready-to-innovate-fcc-approves-white-spaces-rules/

The Federal Communications Commission unanimously approved new rules

for the unlicensed use white spaces, the empty or under utilized TV spectrum

that many are hoping could lead to a new form of super Wi-Fi.

The release of such spectrum could make White Spaces bigger than Wi-Fi.

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Need for Lightweight Protocols at Application Layer

Presentation / Application HTTP / ??

Transport TCP /

IP/routing IPv6, IETF RPL

Adaptation IETF 6LoWPAN

Medium-access / Physical WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee

Source : http://openwsn.berkeley.edu

Is HTTP too heavy for Sensor Data Upload?

CoAP / MQTT / ZeroMQ

UDP

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Lightweight Protocols

CoAPSpecialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained

nodes and constrained networks

proposed by IETF CoRE Working Group

Over UDP

MQTTLightweight broker-based publish/subscribe messaging protocol

for constrained devices. open, simple, lightweight and easy to

implement.

Developed by IBM , Eurotech

Under OASIS - an open standards organization:

Over TCP

ZeroMQSocket-like API with provision to Enque if receiver is not ready

Open Source

Over TCP

High-speed asynchronous I/O engines, in a tiny library

IPSO Alliance | Enabling the

Internet of Things

MQTT.ORG

Code Connected - zeromq

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TCS Contribution to IETF

NON_NORESPONSE

CoAP-Auth-lite

Useful trade-off

between reliability and

system throughput.

Improves resource

utilization further.

Address scalability

issue, network clogging

Lightweight Key

management protocol)

Adapted on CoAP

Integration with

pre-shared key mode of

DTLS

Submitted total 3 drafts – 2 on CoAP NON-NORESPONSE, 1 on CoAP-Authlite

The No-Response draft is in most promising state - Received good traction

• Now has a formal number assigned by IANA

• Promising candidate to become an RFC

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Data Layer Standardization

Need not only syntactic but also semantic

interoperability

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Syntactic Interoperability

• XML based standardization of all sensor meta

data

• JSON objects for web services

• SQL and no-SQL database schemas

• Binary time series representation of sensor

observations

But is Syntactic Interoperation enough?

No – Need Semantic Interop

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Actuators Sensors

Drivers

A new way to look at IoT – Knowledge-driven Semantic Sensor Web

Entity of Interest

(building)

Phenomenon

(catches fire)

observation

Drivers

Sensor

measurement

Deduce Fire,

activate fire

control

measures

actuation

Physical

World

Cyber

World

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Horizontal operators

(semantic integration) operates on data from heterogeneous sources to created integrated data streams.

Semantic Sensor Web - From Data to Wisdom

temperature

humidity

odor

image

high temperature

gaseous odor

light

concentrated light

high temperature

indicates fire

gaseous odor indicates

gas discharge

Fire from

Gas Leak,

evacuate

immediately,

send fire fighting team

equipped with gas leakage

data

information

knowledge

wisdom

Vertical operators

(semantic abstraction) operates on

artifacts at each level and

transcends them to the next level

F PCS(Data, KB*) → Information

F PCS(Knowledge, KB) → Wisdom

F PCS(Information, KB) → Knowledge

KB: Knowledge base

Adopted from: Physical-Cyber-Social Computing: An early 21st Century Approach, Amit Sheth et. al.

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OGC - Web Enablement of Sensor

Ref : http://www.opengeospatial.org/domain/swe

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IoT Standardization Landscape

Challenge is to stich and accommodate

so many existing standards

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Different SDOs and Industrial Organizations Working on IoT

Extract

TCS Involvement – ETSI, GISFI, TSDSI, IIC

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Relevant Standards

Networking – Sensors and Gateways

• Sensor to Gateway

• IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n

• IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee

• Bluetooth 4.x

• Gateway to Cloud

• 2g / 3g / LTE Cellular

Data and Control

• Service Methods - OGC SWE

• Data Formats - XML, JSON or EXI

• Protocols - RESTful and/or Pub-sub messaging protocols - CoAP and MQTT

Interfaces

• Device Management - BBF TR-069 or IETF SNMP v3 for fixed gateways/devices

• Device Management - OMA DM 2.0 (HTTP) for mobile gateways/devices

• Device Management - OMA LWM2M(CoAP) for constrained gateways/devices

Industry-specific Interfaces

• Interfaces to IT infrastructure - IETF SNMP v3

• Interfaces to physical security subsystems - ONVIF or PSIA

• Interfaces to environment subsystems - OPC UA (IEC 62541)

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IoT Reference Architecture - ETSI

Ref : ETSI TS 102 690 v1.1.1

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IoT Reference Architecture – OMA for M2M

Ref: http://community.arm.com/docs/DOC-8693

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OGC - Web Enablement of Sensor

http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10725/htm

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Are there more things to Standardize?

What about Privacy?

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The Holy Grail of Privacy

Data that is both contextually useful as well as forever privacy preserving

• Privacy agreements are ok for legalities sake – but does the average user understand it?

https://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs2b-cellprivacy.htm

• Main issue – Is the data I am giving out is worth the Utility I am getting?

PrivacyUtility

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Could indicate your pattern of living and what you are doing in your own home

Bad guy knows when you're not at home and burgles your house, or worse, he

knows when only one old woman is at home and breaks in

Source:

www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~gruteser/papers/fp02

3-roufPS.pdf

Privacy Issues with IoT applications - examples

Even Sleeping Smartphones Could Soon Hear Spoken Commands

Nuance is working with chipmakers on technology that would enable

“persistent listening” apps. http://www.technologyreview.com/news/429316/even-sleeping-smartphones-could-soon-hear-spoken-commands/

MIT Technology Review, Sept. 2012

Smartphone Malware Designed to Steal Your Life

The US Naval Surface Warfare Center has created an Android app that secretly records your

environment and reconstructs it as a 3D virtual model for a malicious user to browsehttp://www.technologyreview.com/view/429394/placeraider-the-military-smartphone-malware-designed-to-steal-your-life/

MIT Technology Review, Sept. 2012

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Implications

Behavioral privacy is under unprecedented threat

Original picture from: http://thedailydose.com, Aug 16, 2011

WITH IOT

Privacy: a major hurdle for the realization of IoT potential

Does Privacy also needs to be Standardized?

Will it be Global or National or Regional or Individual?

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References

1. Philip B. Gibbons, et.al, IrisNet: An Architecture for a Worldwide Sensor Web, October 2003 IEEE

Pervasive Computing , Volume 2 Issue 4

2. Open Geospatial Consortium, OGC Sensor Web Enablement Architecture,, December 2008

3. Charles Severance, Using Google App Engine, O Reilly | Google Press, May 2009

4. W3C Incubator Group, Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report, Report 28, June 2011

5. Dennis Pfisterer et.al, SPITFIRE: Towards a Semantic Web of Things, November 2011, IEEE

Communication Magazine

6. S Bandyopadhyay, P Balamuralidhar, A Pal, Interoperation among IoT Standards, Journal of ICT

Standardization, 2013

7. P Balamuralidhara, P Misra, A Pal, Software Platforms for Internet of Things and M2M, Journal of the

Indian Institute of Science, 2013

8. CoAP implementation from Californium - http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc/californium.php

9. S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Bhattacharyya, and A. Pal, Adapting protocol characteristics of CoAP using

sensed indication for vehicular analytics SenSys, 2013

10. A. Ukil, S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Bhattacharyya, A. Pal and T. Pal, Auth-Lite: Lightweight

M2MAuthentication reinforcing DTLS for CoAP, IEEE Percom, 2014.

11. No-Response Draft to IETF: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tcs-coap-no-response-option-06

12. Secure-session Draft to IETF: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bhattacharyya-core-coap-lite-auth-00

13. Arpan Pal, Arijit Mukherjee, Balamuralidhar P, Model-driven Development for Internet of Things:

Towards easing the concerns of Application Developers, IoTaaS, IoT 360, 2014

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Thank You

arpan.pal@tcs.com