Upload
kerstiru
View
480
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
introductory session on ICT4D during iweeks Wageningen June 2012https://iweeks.wikispaces.com/Track+-+ICT+4+Dev
Citation preview
ICT4Dan introduction to ICT4D from a
broader perspective
©Kersti R. Wissenbach
TTs are not seen as end in themselves but tools toconnect, share, voice out, map, visualize, receive, … information by
more than
people
…ICTs as enablertoempowerreveal injusticefacilitate educationtackle crisesfight for rights
…change
ICTs?electronic means of capturing, processing, storing, and communicating information
radio, television, cellular phones, computer network hardware and software, satellite
systems etc. associated services and applications
associated, e.g. videoconferencing and distance learning
cross-disciplinaryretrospective
historyICT4D 0.0 - 1950s to 1990s initially within governments, focus administration public sector
ICT4D 1.0- 1990s MDGs, emergence of internet > large investments in infrastructure (telecentre ‘fail decade’)
ICT4D 2.0- Mid/late 2000s mobiles and web 2.0 communication, recognition of need for integrative approaches
cross-cuttings Since 50th parallel shifts in development and communication sciences
50s, 60s – Modernization paradigmRecognition of role of communication for development, behavior change, one-way, top-down focus
60s, 70s – uprise of DependenciaRecognition of need for own information channels > relevant, demand-driven, cultural sensitive
cross-cuttings 80s – 90s MacBride Reportinevitable need for development strategies to incorporate communication policies‘many voices one world’
90s Development Communicationpriority on dev agendasawareness on need for inclusion, giving voice to voiceless…
cross-cuttings Participatory Development Communication changes in way media ´is used´ in development demand-driven, inclusion in production, ownership community media >> community radio
Re-orientation of development sector→ towards impact-oriented strategies→ from result focus to process focus→ communication as dialogue
ICT4DFrom e-whatever to m-whatever?! strong tech-centrism excitement about every new ICT rather than
carefully evaluating what role which ICT could play in tackling specific problems
pilot-centric, lack of strategic developments enabling upscaling
increasing debate on people-centrism and recognition of need for participatory approaches
state of the art
‘intersection between social scientists & tech people
too thinly populated’ (@techsoc)
consider> start with/enable TG to start with
communication strategy and see which ICT can facilitate best
> stats such as number of mobile registrations not enough
> mix ICTs & online/offline to enable every segment of TG to have equal access and chance to participate
ICTs & shifting communication
spheres
media shifts
chances from top-down to participatory approach of (online)
communication User-build online public spheres, user generated
content rise of network technology > change of human
interaction disperse networked collaboration
Talking about a revolution?
different politicalInfrastructuralculturalenvironments
…
…reality
…
access & freedom 30% of countries rated as not free,
36.5% only partly free (media freedom)
developing countries 70% of people younger than 25 (1.9 billion people) not online yet
…
inequalitiesCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF PUBLIC SITESCountry Percentage of
public sitesUnited States 55%Germany 6%Japan 5%United Kingdom 3%Canada 3%Italy 2%France 2%Netherlands 2%Others 18%Unknown 4%
Source: OCLC (2008)
PERCENTAGE OF INTERNET USERS BY LANGUAGE Language Percentage of all
Internet users English 29.4% Chinese 18.9% Spanish 8.5% Japanese 6.4% French 4.7% German 4.2% Arabic 4.1% Portuguese 4.0% Korean 2.4% Italian 2.4% Other 15.0%
Source: Miniwatts Marketing Group (2008)
repression
broadbandmobile access
…
connectivity
…
connectivity
connectivity
connectivity
shiny globe?2009 number of people without access to electricity 1.3 billion > 20% of the world’s population
http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp
global friends?
mobile solution?Mobile revolution?
…
connectivity
who is talking?
mobile phoneMobile Phones can play role in
elections monitoring enabling emergency communication creating a voice > grassroots campaigning providing economic access (e.g. job alerts) enabling to run small businesses access to up-to-date market prices enabling m-banking connecting with disperse family members and
communities enabling emergency communication creating a voice > grassroots campaigning
further gaps remaining exclusion in regards to education &
capacity related access cultural communication patterns
(oral histories, strong position of traditional media usage)
cultural structures, e.g. collective mobile usage still excluding e.g. women from individual use of
new technologies
remembermove into the communication sphere of all your target group/S
one communicationchannel rarely stands alone
online does not comewithout offline (catalyst)
´alternative tools´
Niche for ICT4DICT4D community developed some useful ‘alternative tools’ responding to prevailing inequalities in access and participation from the technological perspective
Freedom FoneZimbabwean InnovationVoice-based dial up services
voice reporting voice recognition voice menus SMS polls no online access needed open source bridging literature and
language barriers
UshahidiKenyan Innovation
multiple-channel crowdsourcing information to map (visualize)information> emergency response,
election monitoring, peace building…
open source
Frontline SMSBulk messaging tool
send, receive, and organize text messages through a mobile device and a laptop
offline supportopen source
Speak2TweetGoogle & Twitter launch in reaction to Egyptian government internet shut-down Creating tweet by calling a phoneAutomatic country hashtag
GeoChat enabling self-organizing group communication based
on SMS, email, and Twitter Simplifying team
communications, logistics and data reporting
open source
out-of-the-boxKhmer alphabet and mobile phones in election campaigning
InStedd case
…
out-of-the-box
context
© panoseastafrica © Swiatoslaw Wojtkowiak
ICT4D in practice
health facilitation of health communication medical supply coordination distance diagnosis pre and post natal health public health education
awareness creation / social change advocacy
My Questionallows young people to send in questions about sexual reproductive health and/or HIV/AIDS anonymously to trained counselors via SMS, voice, or through email.
Within 24 hours, an answer is sent directly to the phone from which the question was sent.
Stock-out campaignPill check weekrevealing shortages of essential medicines in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia
SMS text messages were sent when data collectors discovered stock-outs of essential medicines
Computers running FrontlineSMS processed and validated data before sending to Ushahidi interface to be visualized on the web
pilots
agriculture market price information market supply and demand
information information on production
techniques
Mfarm KenyaTransparency tool for farmers
local farmers receive crop prices and market information by sending SMS shortcode
digital marketplace in which subscribing farmers can sell their crops & by farm inputs
Online platform to connect and sell collectively
agriculture
agricultureIcow success due to extensive collaboration on ground training farmers on how system works etc. being there to respond to queries and questions
6,000+ small-scale dairy farmers
education Mobile learning Distance learning Literacy teaching formal / informal education life skills etc.
GraphoGAMEGrapho Learning Initiative digital-based learning game to teach basic literacy and supply further access to reading materials in local languages via mobile
LAL Nigeriabased on the Nigerian Family Life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) curriculum
online, CD & print version
local partner, TOT
rights & democracyaccess to information and free (UDHR Art. 19) call for action, mobilization coordination of action visualizing injustice voter education & voter registration election monitoring violation reporting e-governance / e-government
witness.orgusing power of video and storytelling to open the eyes of the world to human rights abuses
Training human rights defenders to use video to fight injustice, and to transform personal stories of abuse into powerful tools that can pressure those in power or with power to act
alavateliFreedom of information request platform supporting citizens
requesting government information
all replies made public platform Transparency /
accountability open source
new chancesWith new ICTsmobiles (mobile cameras) and social media platforms
people can more than read, listen and watch
NOW
people can make other people read, listen and watch what concerns them, what happens to them, what moves them, what threatens them, …
revolution?relevance to clarify role of new ICTs in socio-political movements
online- offline spin, not online vs. offline public sphere or counter-hegemonic dynamics
relevance of societal histories (ex. Egypt vs. Cambodia)
controlHegemonies and control vs. counter-hegemonic movements
Growing triangulationAutocratic regimes don’t stay in power through strategic censorship, isolation and repression of dissent > control over information flows and public sphere as key element
3 days into protest Libya went offline…one day prior to elections, mobile networks turn off…
avoiding failure Demand-driven
Relevant & Accessible
Maintainable / scalable
listen and co-create, local realitiescustomize > know infrastructure, freedom, capacity, local languages, respond to illiteracy…support do-it-yourself, build capacities
Projects and technological developments have to be people focused, needs based and structurally integratedin order to be sustainable.
demand-assessment 1st step > route should derive from there! less emphasis on what might be used (Internet,
PCs); more emphasis on what is actually used (mobiles, radio, television)
less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation; more emphasis on application and business model innovation
less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new applications; more emphasis on assessing and scaling existing applications
remembermove into the communication sphere of your TG get to know TG well (number of mobile subscriptions is
not enough)
recognize diversity need for combination of ICTs (communication channels)
to enable everyone to receive information and to actively participate
online & offline public spheres are connected change is to happen offline motivations are rooted offline
questions?@[email protected]
strategy advice, development & implementation, M&E; trainings & workshops, lectures
ICT4C, C4SC, citizen advocacy, human rights campaigning, information & society
s