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Presentation at “Global Health and Development” course, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca
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Roberto PolilloInformation and Communication Technology Department
Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca
“Global Health and Development” courseUniversità degli Studi Milano Bicocca
Villa Breme-Forno, Cinisello, 9 Febr 2011
Internet and ICT4D1
Agenda
1. What is ICT4D2. ICT development and digital divide3. Internet evolution and ICT4D4. Some examples5. Some conclusions
2
1. What is ICT4D3
ICT4D
Information and Communication Technologies for Development“The application of ICT within the field of socio-economic development, international development and human rights” (Wikipedia)
Interdisciplinariety, different approaches, philosophies, goals, ...
We bring with ourselves our story, …
4
What does it mean "development"? Development means different things to
different people At its core, it involves concepts of
"progress" and "growth" It cannot be simply equated to the
growth of GNP or personal purchasing power…
Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving empowerment, participation, ….
5
HDI: Human Development Index Developed by UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992
Covering almost 200 countries Three basic dimensions :
HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth EDUCATION: Education Index
(adut literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary schools)
INCOME: Per-capita GDI Index
6
HDI divide in 2010
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index
7
Why ICT can contribute to development
Information and Communication
Collecting, storing, processing and making available data and information
Providing media for human communication, interaction, collaboration and socialization
Supporting and managing interaction processes of any kind
8
Indeed…
There is a strong correlation between the HDI of a Country and its "level of ICT development " (see later on)
9
But ICT paradigms are changing fast…
Mainframe computing
Client-servercomputing
Cloudcomputing
Mobileaccess
1965 1985 2005+
10
Evolution of ICT devices11
Three phases of ICT4D
ICT4D 0.0: mid 1950s -late 1990sFocus on computing/data processing for back-office applications in large governement and private sector organizations in developing countries
ICT4D 1.0: late 1990s – late 2000sMillennium Development Goals and development of Internet in rich countries investment in ICT infrastructure and programmes. The diffusion on Telecentres.
ICT4D 2.0: late 2000s onwardsThe impact of mobile phones, Web 2.0, and more emphasis on “bottom up” innovation
12
WSIS
World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) (held Geneva, 2003 and Tunis, 2005) to discuss ICT4D issues
The Geneva Action Plan of Action identified 10 targets to be achieved by 2015
In 2010, ITU issued the report "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010 (available on the net)
13
The WSIS 10 targets (2003-5)
1. To connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points
2. To connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs
3. To connect scientific and research centres with ICTs
4. To connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs
5. To connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs
6. To connect all local and central government departments and establish websites
and e-mail addresses
7. To adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the
information society, taking into account national circumstances
8. To ensure that all of the world’s population have access to television and radio services
9. To encourage the development of content and put in place technical conditions in
order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet
10. To ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach
14
Target 5: Connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs
"The health sector stands to benefit greatly from the use of ICTs and ICT applications, for example through the more efficient delivery of healthcare services and the provision of health information to the general public. The use of ICTs in the health sector also improves the collection, storage, retrieval and transmission of individual patient information.
Furthermore, given the soaring use of mobile technologies worldwide, m-health (which refers to medical and public-health practices supported by mobile devices) holds huge promise for improving the delivery of health services to an increasing share of the world’s population. Thus, ICTs have the potential to contribute to more effective delivery of health services and to increase the efficiency of health systems.
By the end of 2009, some progress had been made in establishing basic Internet access in health institutions, including in developing countries, but much more needs to be done if all health institutions are to enjoy Internet access by 2015. It is likely that progress will initially be made in the major cities of developing countries, and less so in the remote and isolated regions, even though ICTs can potentially bring even greater benefits in remote geographical areas.
In addition to growing access to the Internet, health institutions are increasingly using ICTs for their own ends, for example through the connection of health institutions to HINARI (an online initiative to provide access to health research). While most countries have introduced some form of electronic patient records, in low-income countries this facility is not yet used intensively, and most patient records are still kept primarily in paper format.
Over 75 per cent of countries report at least one m-health initiative. This is an area which has great potential for further growth, especially in the developing world. Mhealth or other applications, including telemedicine, can deliver healthcare services at a distance, by providing and exchanging information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries. They can also promote research and evaluation, and helping in the education of healthcare providers."
15
(follows)"Governments in developing countries should therefore ensure the effective implementation of such initiatives.
Governments need to recognize the importance of ICT access and use in the health sector, and the benefits it will bring for the health of citizens, not to mention the potential for cost savings, including through increased efficiencies. Policy-makers need to put in place and implement enabling framework conditions for e-health, which will be critical for increasing ICT in the health sector. Government support needs to be reflected in the policy environment as well as the funding environment. Today, funding constitutes an important barrier to the spread of e-health. Governments can look to alternative funding sources, such as donor or private funds, as well as public-private partnerships, in order to complement public funding used for providing Internet access to health institutions and supporting the use of ICTs for the delivery of health services.
Interministerial cooperation is also crucial in the area of e-health. Any significant ICT initiatives in the e-health domain will need to be agreed on and governed by several ministries, usually those in charge of health, ICTs and finance. The successful development and implementation of e-health projects requires a common understanding by all parties of some of the key issues, including the strategic approach and goals, costs and financing mechanisms.
Besides establishing basic Internet access, health institutions are starting to increase their use of ICTs, for example by introducing electronic patient records
M-health has great potential for growth, and for delivering innovative health applications
Substantial efforts are required if Target 5 is to be achieved by 2015, including interministerial cooperation and adequate funding."
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
16
ICT4D: two basic approaches
"TOP DOWN"
"BOTTOM UP"
- ICT for productivity- From the experience and models of developed countries - Emphasis on [large] organizations
- ICT for human development- From the needs of local communities and individuals- New models of services, collaboration and interaction based on local needs and experiences
17
"What happens when you start to connect the world’s poor into the infrastrucure for a digital economy?What happens is some of the basic assumptions about barriers to development might no longer apply"
R.Heeks
18
Some examples
Crowdsourcing to mobile phone owners simple jobs requiring cellular (e.g. translation in local language,, input of local data,…) (http://txteagle.com , Kenia)
Posting requests of low-skilled jobs to web sites and SMS (http://www.babajob.com , India)
19
"How we see ICT4D depends fundamentally
on the place from which we are looking"
Tim Unwind"ICT4D", Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009
20
2. ICT development and digital divide
21
How can we measure and compare ICT development?
(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)
Two important sources, highly recommended:
22
Global ICT developments, 1998-2009
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
4,6 Billions
subscriptions
12%
23
Mobile cellular subscription by level of development, 1998-2009
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
1,4 BillionsSubscriptio
ns(China+India alone: 1,2
B)
3,2 Billionssubscriptio
ns
24
Mobile cellular penetration by 2009*
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States
25
"Available data suggest that by the end of 2008 almost three quarters of the world's rural inhabitants were covered by a mobile cellular signal, up from 40% in 2003.
The lowest coverage is in Africa, where just over 50% of the rural population is within reach of a mobile cellular network. This still represents a significant improvement from 2003, when coverage stood at only 20%"
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
26
Rural population covered by a mobile signal, 2002-2008
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
27
28
Internet Users by level of development, 1998-2009
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
1,7 BillionsPeople(1/3 in China)
29
Internet penetration, by region, 2009*
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
30
Broadband divide, 1998-2009
Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
«Mobile broasband subscriptons can be expected to increase significantly in the near future, though.»
31
IDI (ICT Development Index) Developed by ITU to measure the level
and evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and to measure the digital divide
Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development
Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008
32
IDI is based on an ICT development model3 stages in the evolution towards the information society
1 2 3
Access sub-index
Use sub-index
Skillssub-index
11indicatorsIDI
33
IDI components
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009
34
IDI 2008: Examples
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
35
IDI and GNI per capita correlation
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
36
HDI & DOI correlation for selected countries
0,500
0,550
0,600
0,650
0,700
0,750
0,800
0,850
0,900
0,950
1,000
0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90
Hu
ma
n D
ev
elo
pm
en
t In
de
x (
HD
I)
Digital Opportunity Index (DOI)
DOI-HDI Correlation for Selected Nations
CUBA
INDIA
INDONESIA
EGYPT
COLOMBIA
PERU
CHINA
MEXICOMALAYSIA
RUSSIA
CHILE
UAE ESTONIA
KOREA
SPAINITALY
US
FINLANDCANADA
SINGAPORE
UK
SWEDEN
BRASIL
Source: Silvia Masiero, Digital Technologies and Human Development, Think! Paper, Oct 2010
DOI: Digital Opportunity Index is a first version of IDI, 2004-2006
37
DOI: Digital Opportunity Index (ITU)
Opportunity of Digital Access Percentage of population covered by mobile telephony Mobile cellular tariffs as a % of per-capita income Internet cellular tariffs as a % of per-capita income
Infrastructure Percent of households with a fixed line, with internet access and with a
PC at home Mobile cellular and internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants
Utilization Internet users per 100 inhabitants Ratio of fixed and mobile broadband internet subscribers to total
subscribers
38
Digital divide
CAGR 2002-2008: 6,8%CAGR 2002-2008: 6,4%
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
39
Digital divide
ACCESS USE SKILLS
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
40
Digital divide by IDI values
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
41
Evolution of digital divide, 2002-2008
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
ArgentinaChile
NicaraguaCuba
Italia
42
3. Internet evolution and ICT4D43
A network of computer networks…A network of computer networks…
At the beginning, our view of the internet was like this...
44
(una rete telefonica con i PC al posto dei telefoni…)
45
Typical applications
E-mailFile transferNewsgroups….
46
A gigantic hypertext …A gigantic hypertext …
... then our view changed (circa 1995+)...
47
Typical applications
Company web sitesWeb portalsSearch enginesE-commerceWeb as an interface….
48
Then the crisis…
Nasdaq Composite Index10 March 2000:5049
9 Oct 2002:1114
Google IPO19 Aug 2004
49
IPO Netscape9 Augt 1995:
... Then our view changed again (circa 2005+)
A network of people …A network of people …
50
Typical applications51
Blogs Social network sites User generated contents Large scale cooperative creation Large scale sharing Reusable contents …
“SOCIAL MEDIA”
Xmas 2006
TIME Man of the Year52
Xmas 2010
Then the cloud (2010+) ...
A gigantic computer …A gigantic computer …
53
These tools can change completely the approach of ICT4D, and its results…
Three big revolutions… Three big revolutions…
Never, in the story of technology, we had at our disposal a set of powerful tools like those resulting from the evolution of the internet in the last few years…
54
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference
55
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference
56
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference
57
2. Software as a service
Software applications accessible from the net
Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed
Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs
58
59
t
Entrybarrier
2. Software as a service
Entry barrier (CAPEX)
- Hw & sw client & server- K-H (systems & apps) - Infrastructure- Organization set-up
Sustainability (OPEX)
- hw & sw maintenance- Recurrent fees- Technical support- Operations
60
t
Entrybarrier
- Hw client - Client maintenance- Recurrent fees (applications and connevctivity)
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
2. Software as a service
61
2. Software as a service
Developing countryDeveloped country
A new role for NGO?
Evolution62
2. Web 1.0
Provider hosting my site with my data
1. Local infrastructure
My data and applications
3. Web 2.0
My data, and 3d party applications as a service
broadband
Low cost PC
“Ecosystems” of open-source software components, developed and maintained by large communities
Online services easily integrable to provide higher level services (embedding & mashup technologies)
3. I building block per le applicazioni 3. Applications building blocks
63
64
Application virtualization
• Piattaforme open source• Servizi di hosting• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting• Servizi di pagamento online• Social network sites• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites•Telefonia IP• Microblogging• Online application suites• Online intranet
The pace of change…
Drupal
Word
press
Joomla
Alte
rvista
W
ordpre
ss.co
m
W
ikia
Webs
Ning
Weebly
Socia
lgo
Skyp
e
Google Apps
Linke
dIn F
acebook
YouTube
Slid
eshare
Flick
r
G
oogle D
ocs
Zoho
Paypal
65
4. Some examples66
Example 1. The computer network for the pediatric emergency in Nicaragua
Objective: connect via Internet 16 departmental hospitals in Nicaragua to La Mascota Children's Hospital in Managua for pediatric emergency
Project supported by Lombardia Region, part of the twinning between Policlinico Hospital of Milan and La Mascota Hospital of Managua, in collaboration with Associazione per il Bambino Nefropatico Onlus
Durata 2,5 years, since July 2010
Pediatric Hospital «La Mascota», Manuagua
67
The network
Policlinico Milan
La Mascota Managua
Phase 1
Phase 2
VPN
68
70
www.cure4kids.org: growth
71
Start: Oct 2002
Oggi: 23.000 utenti in 176 Paesi
5. Some conclusions72
One
ICT is changing fast…
My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it
73
Two
People is changing slowly… …but the world is getting younger and
younger …and the new generations have grown
(and will grow) with technology
We must target the new generations as the driving force for change
74
Three
The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can give a lot of value…
…for a low cost
75
Four
The main enabler will be broadband [mobile] access to the Internet
… because it gives access to lots of things (definitely, not only information!)
76
All this suggests the following strategy
Invest in broadband [mobile] access, not in software development
The software is there, and is (almost) free Develop skills to identify, mix and
integrate existing software and services Take advantage of utility computing to
avoid building local infrastructures Concentrate on applications requirements,
prototyping and experimentation Distribute results over the net
77
In three words…
1. Connect, connect, connect
2. Learn and experience the new paradigms
3. Understand local needs
78