[Day 2] Center Presentation: ICRAF

Role GIS Unit

World Agroforestry Centre

(ICRAF) Research and

Development

Mr. Meshack Nyabenge,

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) P. O Box 30667 00100

Nairobi, Kenya,

E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

April 4, 2009

W O R L D A G R O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R EICRAF GIS UNIT Meshack Nyabenge

Content

Introduction

GIS services in research and development domains

Targeting biofuel investment in Eastern Africa (Kenya)

• Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa

(PRESA)

Scaling up of Fardherdia Albida in cereal growing areas in E.

Africa

Rainwater harvesting in Africa and selected 11 countries

Potential vegetation mapping in Eastern Africa

April 4, 2009


• Trees play a crucial role in almost all terrestrial ecosystems and provide a range of products and services to rural and urban people.

• As natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture and other types of development, the benefits that trees provide are best sustained by integrating trees into agriculturally productive

landscapes — a practice known as agroforestry.

Introduction

Fodder

Medicine

Fertilizer Income

Soil Erosion protection Timber

April 4, 2009


The roles GIS unit are to provide:-

(a) the global coordination of spatial analysis in ICRAF

(b) spatial analysis to ICRAF ECA regional office at cost recovery approach,

(c) linkages to other GIS user groups within regional offices.

• These support services present myriads challenges that the unit has to

address within its mandated roles of establishing rich data bases, hosting both

specific and general agroforestry data, acquisition different of GIS and remote

sensing software, and continuous learning of new methods and tools in GIS

analysis remains the keys to success.

April 4, 2009


Targeting biofuel investment in

Eastern Africa (Kenya)

• The current debate on climate change and rising oil price has

greatly increased the interest in research and development in

renewal energy, such as biofuels.

• A number of industrialized and developing countries are

seeking to promote biofuels, as away of reducing fossils fuel

consumption and mitigating the adverse effects of climate

change at the same time.

• Biofuels are liquids, solids or gaseous energy sources derived

from renewable biomass (GTZ & GOK, 2008).

April 4, 2009


• As global oil consumption is projected to increase by 36% by 2030

and African countries’ consumption doubled, the scramble for

increasingly limited supply of oil, price and availability of fuel will

become ever more challenging issues (US Department of Energy,

2007). This has made many countries to resort to biofuel as a part of

solution to emerging fuels problems.

• Like other counties, Eastern Africa have no proven oil

reserve, but boast of suitable climate conditions for growing

biofuel crops, which could limit the shock of high oil prices

by developing its own supply of domestically, produced

biofuels.

• The number of private sectors and government agencies

involved biofuel investments in these countries indicate

potential and goodwill in adopting biofuel production within

the eastern Africa region.

April 4, 2009


• In 2006/7, ICRAF GIS unit used Bolean modeling approach to

produce Jatropha curcas suitability map of Kenya for Vanilla

Foundation, an NGO working on promotion of biofuel

production and development.

• The resultant map created a lot enthusiasm within private

investors with more requests coming to the ICRAF GIS unit to

map suitability at districts and project scale levels.

• In November, 2007, GTZ, through Endelevu Energy, a

consultant firm also commissioned ICRAF GIS Unit to produce

biofuel suitability maps for 11 biodiesel and bioethonal

feedstocks in Kenya, dabbed “A Roadmap to Biofuel in Kenya”

(GTZ & GOK, 2008).

• “A Roadmap to Biofuel in Kenya” did not only produce

suitability map for each biofuel feedstock, but also quantified

feedstock suitability within the arable and non-arable areas,

food and cash crop growing areas, and excluded gazetted

areas.

April 4, 2009


Suitability outside

gazetted areas

Suitability within

arable and non-arable

areas

Suitability with food

and cash crop areas

Jatropha Suitability maps of Kenya

April 4, 2009


• GTZ has funding this work to

cover Ethiopia, Rwanda,

Tanzania and Uganda.

• Further funding from GTZ to

including socio-economic variable

for investment purpose. This

process will involve use Multi-

Criteria Evaluation to target

specific areas in Kenya for

scaling-up biofuel activities

April 4, 2009


Targeting jatropha processing sites locations from MCE product

April 4, 2009


Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa (PRESA).

Key concepts of PRESADefinition of rewards for environmental services:

• realistic, voluntary, and conditional mechanisms for

rewarding ecosystem stewards for legitimate actions

foregone or positive actions undertaken beyond social

expectations.

April 4, 2009


PRESA

Goal: smallholder farmers and residents living in the highlands of East

and West Africa benefit from fair and effective agreements between

stewards and beneficiaries of ecosystem services.

Objectives:

1. Foster workable environmental service

agreements.

2. Catalyze policy support and private-

sector participation in environmental

service agreements

3. Community of Practice: Provide

support to researchers, NGOs and

government agencies interested in pro-

poor rewards for environmental

services in Africa

April 4, 2009


Sites

Characteristics of PRESA sites

• Fragile eco-systems

• Reported conflicts in use of

environmental services

• Over exploitation of ES leading

degradation.

April 4, 2009


Shamba

system

fields Sasumua

Reservoir,

Kenya

April 4, 2009


Sasumua Watershed

• Located in Nyandarua South District, Central Kenya.

• Consists of three sub-watershed Sasumua, Chania, Kiburu.

• Provide more than a third of drinking water for City of Nairobi.

• Located in agricultural area, forest reserve and Aberedare National Park- presenting a

fragile-ecosystem, source conflict, and over exploitation of environmental services.

April 4, 2009


What so far has been done in Sasumua?

Adopt the concept and framework of Pro-poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa.

• Awareness creation through several meeting with communities and stakeholders.

• Scientific inventory and analysis of environmental services (soil, water, landuse, land tenure, environmental audit)

• Involvement of community and stakeholder during data collection and interpretation supported by community-based knowledge.

• Stakeholder workshop for reporting and calibrating scientific findings and identification keys development issues for sustainable management of Sasumua system

April 4, 2009


Soil: Assessment of Land Degradation

• Using Soil Health Surveillance Protocol developed by ICRAF scientists, the

following sites were identified as areas with different erosion risk

April 4, 2009


Hydrological Modeling and Water Quality

Assessment

• Water quality measurements at selected sampling points during dry

and wet season.

• Watershed modeling using Soil and Water Assessment Tool, (SWAT)

a watershed scale model developed in the USA (Neitsch et. Al, 2002).

• Mingutii subcatchment both

from the cropped land and

stream corridor

• Little Sasumua subcatchment

(40% cropped land, 60% forest)

• Roads, paths, cattle tracks

contribute substantial sediment

Sources of Sediment• Best management practices on

agricultural land

– Grassed waterways

• Stream bank stabilization and protection

– Riparian buffer strips

• Road drainage

• Drainage of built-up areas: Njabini, Kwa Haraka, Githioro, Kanyenya-ini

• Sediment traps

Strategies for reducing

erosion and sedimentation

April 4, 2009


Water Yield

Flow % Mean Flow

m3/s

Sasumua River 66 1.72

Chania River 21 0.54

Kiburu 13 0.33

#

##

##

####

##

## ######

##

####

##########

###

##

%[&\

7

5

13

15

6

8

2

4

24

14

1

30

3

36

3125

20

17

21

11

16

34

28

10

35

19

38

32

2218

12

26

9

27

23

29

37

33

Sasumua

River, 67 %

Chania River,

21 %

Kiburu River,

13 %

April 4, 2009


Landuse Change

• To understand long-term utilization of resources, time series (1985-2007) landuse changes

from satellite remote sensing images was undertaken.

19851995

2000 2007

April 4, 2009


Landuse Change

Landcover Change between 1985 and 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

area1985 area1995 area2000 area2007

Year

Are

a (

km

2)

Agriculture

Woodlot

Degraded forest

Forest

Fallow

• Population

increase

resulting high

intensity in

agriculture

Land tenure

changes.

• Policy (

Drivers of Change

April 4, 2009


April 4, 2009


Land Tenure

1. The land was considered crown land and

was allocated to European farmers by

the colonial government as large scale

commercial farms on 999 year

agricultural leases.

2. The total land area in the basin is 5593

hectares and 49% was taken up by the

leasehold farms.

3. The population on these farms was low

as it often comprised only the settler

farmer and his laborers. Entry into the

white highlands was restricted and the

laborers were not allowed to come with

their families.

4. Movement permits were used to regulate

the movement into and out of the region

by locals. Agricultural activities tended

to be expansive rather than intensive due

to the large size of the farm units.

Leasehold agricultural land (1964)

April 4, 2009


Land Tenure

1. The Settlement Fund Trustee (SFT) was set

up by the post independence government

under the agriculture Act Cap 347, to

identify, plan and allocate land to local

farmers.

2. The farmers were allocated land and given

seed money to set up their farms. They were

to pay for the land and the seed money over

a period of 25 years after which they

obtained freehold titles.

3. The large scale farms were purchased by the

government and converted to settlement

schemes. The resettlement exercise was

started in 1964 and continued into the 1970s.

4. By 1980 most of the prime land had been

allocated but due to consistent demand even

marginal areas were converted to settlement

schemes. In the Sasumua watershed all

leasehold farms were converted to

settlement schemes.

Post independence freehold agricultural land (2008)

April 4, 2009


Environmental Audit Findings

• Persistent grazing along the riparian reserve, which affects groundcover thus

protection of the river

• Pollution from livestock, especially those grazing along the riparian reserve

• Planting of eucalyptus trees in proximity to the riverbanks

• Inadequate physical infrastructure, especially heavy reliance on pit latrines and

weak solid waste management mechanisms

• Weak physical infrastructure as exemplified by lack of land use planning

• Weak community participation in natural resource management, local

community’s access to water

• Reintroduction/illegal farming in the forest

• Dwindling water resources against rising demand

• Continued rapid growth of urbanisation and intensification of farming will

continue to place a lot pressure on the dam.

April 4, 2009


Stakeholder Workshop

• Presented all scientific findings

• Deliberation on keys issue of ES (water, policy, landuse\

agriculture, community role and other stakeholder)

• Explore benefits community can get or continue to enjoy from

positive contribution in sustaining Sasumua system.

• Way forward.

April 4, 2009


Current activity

• Scaling up of Fardherdia Albida in cereal growing areas in E. Africa.

• The inverse phonological rhythm of Faidherbia albida is important reason

for the use in agroforestry systems because of lack of competition

between tree and crops.

• Due to success story of this tree in Eastern Zambia, increasing maize

yield, ICRAF has started looking issues

– (a) scaling up

– (b) Genetic resources

– etc

• GIS is quickly needed to provide basic and ecologically-based suitability

in Eastern Africa

April 4, 2009


Basic Suitability Maps of Faidherbia Albida

April 4, 2009


April 4, 2009


THANKS

Technology

[Day 2] Center Presentation: ICRAF