Have Distritual Innovation Systems a chance

for Sustainable transitions A Case Study of the Ceramic Tile DIS

Daniel Gabaldoacuten-Estevan

Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology University of Valencia (ES)

Jornada de Distritos Industriales y Clusters 2014 ldquo35 Antildeos del Distrito Industrial Marshallianordquo

2

Introduction

Theoretical framework

Results bull Environmental issues on the development of the

Spanish tile industry

bull Energy (and environmental) policy

bull Energy consumption the challenge

Discussion

Index

3

There is a debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of within globalisation due to

- An increased demand of resources

- Limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity

- Increase public awareness and demands for the improvement of environment quality

Have Distritual Innovation Systems a chance for Sustainable transitions

A Case Study of the Ceramic Tile DIS

Introduction

4

Innovation is a collective and an interactive process [hellip] ldquoall important economic social political organizational institutional and other factors that influence the development diffusion and use of innovationsrdquo (Edquist 2004 pp 182)

Sectoral system of innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba 1997 Malerba 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz 1995 Huges 1984 Callon 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National system of innovation

Regional system of innovation

(Freeman 1987 Lundvall 1988 1992 Nelson 1993)

(Cooke 1993 and 2001 Saxenian 1985 Jaffe et al 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al 2008 Jacobsson and Johnson 2000

Edquist 1997)

Distritual Innovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al 2011)

Theoretical framework I

5

[hellip] ldquoall the changes in the product portfolio or in the production processes that tackle sustainability targets like waste management eco-efficiency emissions reduction recycling eco-design or any other action implemented by firms to reduce their environmental footprintrdquo (De Marchi 2012 615)

Environmental innovation ishellip

Theoretical framework II

Raw materials

Manufacturin

g

Ceramic tiles

Demolition

Use

The ceramic tile life cycle

Cogeneration

Reutilization Reduction

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

2

Introduction

Theoretical framework

Results bull Environmental issues on the development of the

Spanish tile industry

bull Energy (and environmental) policy

bull Energy consumption the challenge

Discussion

Index

3

There is a debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of within globalisation due to

- An increased demand of resources

- Limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity

- Increase public awareness and demands for the improvement of environment quality

Have Distritual Innovation Systems a chance for Sustainable transitions

A Case Study of the Ceramic Tile DIS

Introduction

4

Innovation is a collective and an interactive process [hellip] ldquoall important economic social political organizational institutional and other factors that influence the development diffusion and use of innovationsrdquo (Edquist 2004 pp 182)

Sectoral system of innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba 1997 Malerba 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz 1995 Huges 1984 Callon 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National system of innovation

Regional system of innovation

(Freeman 1987 Lundvall 1988 1992 Nelson 1993)

(Cooke 1993 and 2001 Saxenian 1985 Jaffe et al 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al 2008 Jacobsson and Johnson 2000

Edquist 1997)

Distritual Innovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al 2011)

Theoretical framework I

5

[hellip] ldquoall the changes in the product portfolio or in the production processes that tackle sustainability targets like waste management eco-efficiency emissions reduction recycling eco-design or any other action implemented by firms to reduce their environmental footprintrdquo (De Marchi 2012 615)

Environmental innovation ishellip

Theoretical framework II

Raw materials

Manufacturin

g

Ceramic tiles

Demolition

Use

The ceramic tile life cycle

Cogeneration

Reutilization Reduction

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

3

There is a debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of within globalisation due to

- An increased demand of resources

- Limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity

- Increase public awareness and demands for the improvement of environment quality

Have Distritual Innovation Systems a chance for Sustainable transitions

A Case Study of the Ceramic Tile DIS

Introduction

4

Innovation is a collective and an interactive process [hellip] ldquoall important economic social political organizational institutional and other factors that influence the development diffusion and use of innovationsrdquo (Edquist 2004 pp 182)

Sectoral system of innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba 1997 Malerba 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz 1995 Huges 1984 Callon 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National system of innovation

Regional system of innovation

(Freeman 1987 Lundvall 1988 1992 Nelson 1993)

(Cooke 1993 and 2001 Saxenian 1985 Jaffe et al 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al 2008 Jacobsson and Johnson 2000

Edquist 1997)

Distritual Innovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al 2011)

Theoretical framework I

5

[hellip] ldquoall the changes in the product portfolio or in the production processes that tackle sustainability targets like waste management eco-efficiency emissions reduction recycling eco-design or any other action implemented by firms to reduce their environmental footprintrdquo (De Marchi 2012 615)

Environmental innovation ishellip

Theoretical framework II

Raw materials

Manufacturin

g

Ceramic tiles

Demolition

Use

The ceramic tile life cycle

Cogeneration

Reutilization Reduction

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

4

Innovation is a collective and an interactive process [hellip] ldquoall important economic social political organizational institutional and other factors that influence the development diffusion and use of innovationsrdquo (Edquist 2004 pp 182)

Sectoral system of innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba 1997 Malerba 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz 1995 Huges 1984 Callon 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National system of innovation

Regional system of innovation

(Freeman 1987 Lundvall 1988 1992 Nelson 1993)

(Cooke 1993 and 2001 Saxenian 1985 Jaffe et al 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al 2008 Jacobsson and Johnson 2000

Edquist 1997)

Distritual Innovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al 2011)

Theoretical framework I

5

[hellip] ldquoall the changes in the product portfolio or in the production processes that tackle sustainability targets like waste management eco-efficiency emissions reduction recycling eco-design or any other action implemented by firms to reduce their environmental footprintrdquo (De Marchi 2012 615)

Environmental innovation ishellip

Theoretical framework II

Raw materials

Manufacturin

g

Ceramic tiles

Demolition

Use

The ceramic tile life cycle

Cogeneration

Reutilization Reduction

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

5

[hellip] ldquoall the changes in the product portfolio or in the production processes that tackle sustainability targets like waste management eco-efficiency emissions reduction recycling eco-design or any other action implemented by firms to reduce their environmental footprintrdquo (De Marchi 2012 615)

Environmental innovation ishellip

Theoretical framework II

Raw materials

Manufacturin

g

Ceramic tiles

Demolition

Use

The ceramic tile life cycle

Cogeneration

Reutilization Reduction

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

6

Environmental issues on the

development of the Spanish tile

industry

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

7

Energy consumption

Product

Materials use

Pollution

Water consumption

Waste Tile industry

Market

Legislation

Legitimation

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues on the development of the Spanish tile industry

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

8

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas 91 electric 9) - Transition from oil to gas in the 80rsquos amp new kilns reduced firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90) so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions are more difficult - Energy costs are about 15-25 of total costs

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries - Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact - Efforts are directed to reduce the thickness

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process - Interest in reducing thickness (again) - Recycling of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for water and suppresses dumping) - Or to improve the dry route powder processing

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the inputs

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

9

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years However there are still areas for improvement - Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) - Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) boron (B) sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO2) or fluorine (F) - Dust pollution suspended particles due to ransportation

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics resistant durable versatile requires low maintenance and aseptic - Green developments are thinner tiles photovoltaic tiles - Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function - Ventilated facades radiant ceramic tiles raised floor systems for flat roofs ceramic lattice Pot-in-pot system Giraplax Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation

- 17 of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80 recycled material) - Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt) towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the outputs

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

- EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector - IPPC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use - Kyoto and emissions rights problem with twin industries amp hope that it will change to best available technologies - REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies

- Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged since 1990s (increase in production high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities) - Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness

- Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their RampD effort to clients via the products they acquire - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish industry very competitive

The environmental turn in a moment of crisis Environmental issues hellip the context

10

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

A focus on

Energy (and environmental) policy

11

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (12)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation transformation distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions air pollution impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

12

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (22)

o Directive 20048EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of

cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 200929EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 200387EC

so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community

o Directive 201031EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 201075EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions

(integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 201191EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the

effects of certain public and private projects on the environment

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the Economic and

Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 ndash Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament The Council The European

Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low

carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 201227EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation 13

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (23 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last years

o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

Environmental and energy polices o Law 132010 Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 162002 de 24 de September on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

15 04

510148

252

72

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

RenewablesFinal energy

consumption in Spain (2011)

14

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN) Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region in accordance with the Regional Governmentrsquos guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

AVEN grants

o energy audits

o investment in energy efficiency measures

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

15

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy consumption

the challenge

16

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(mile

s of

m2 )

17

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Thermal specific consumption (kWhm2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Ther

mal

spe

cific

con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh

m2 )

18

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Energy and the Spanish tile industry

Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

93

90 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

hm

2 )

19

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

The run towards capacity and efficiency

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process 2007

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Grinding and spray drying

98 (36)

20

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

The run towards capacity and efficiency

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) 2008

21

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

The challenge A return to biomass

What about this challenge

22

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

The challenge

A return to biomass Strengths

bull Strong and mature sector

bull A functioning innovation system

bull Connections between agriculture and industry already exists

23

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

The challenge

A return to biomass Weaknesses Limitations

bull Economic crisis

bull Dumping due to globalisation

bull The biomass would need to be complemented resulting on an energy mix given the high demand of the industry

24

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

bull The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

bull The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term but also some opportunities

bull In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

bull The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

bull IPPC now Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

bull Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions There is a hope however that this process as the IED will force the use of the best available technologies

Conclusions I

25

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Conclusions II

Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy materials and water

Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted

Introducing biomass in the energy mix of the tile industry would alleviate total gas emissions

The strategy of Introducing biomass would help to the strategy of producing lsquogreenrsquo tiles and to the emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

26

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27

Thank you for your attention

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio - Forthcoming - Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 Available at httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158 Available at httpceramicayvidriorevistascsicesindexphpceramicayvidrioarticledownload12051239 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 Available at httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457 Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions - Available at httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1 Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp 211-222 Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Anaacutelisis de consumos energeacuteticos y emisiones de dioacutexido de carbono en la fabricacioacuten de baldosas ceraacutemicas Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 49 (4) 303-310 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Boletiacuten de la Sociedad Espantildeola de Ceraacutemica y Vidrio 47 (2) pp 57-80 - Available at httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Some references

27