MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Diagnostic Equipments Therapeutic Equipments

Measure the Determine the Physiotherapy Inst.Physical qua. Presence of Phy.qua. Haemodialysis Inst. Cardiac pacemakerRecording Imaging Instrument for surgery Inst. Inst.ECG, X-rays,EEG, NMR,PMS Ultrasonic Inst. BIO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS INST.

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTS

• A lot of information can be obtained about the function of the human body by the chemical changes in the internal environment of the body.

• There are Instruments that deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.

• Biochemical testing looks at the levels of specific substances and enzymes that are produced by chemical reactions in the body.

• Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. The different divisions of pathology are Anatomical pathology, Dermato pathology, Molecular pathology, clinical pathology etc.

• Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, and tissues using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology.

Complete analytical solutions for laboratories involved with environmental analysis, forensics,

food & flavors, quality control & Biomedical analysis.

Analytical instruments are used to provide information about the composition of a sample of matter.

They are employed to obtain

Qualitative information Quantitative dataabout the presence or are sought from Absence of one or more them. Components of the Sample.

Bio-Chemical Analyzers/Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation

• Analyze patient specimens for diagnostic & therapy efficiency measurements.

• Bio-Chemical analyzers must be exceptionally precise & accurate with fast response.

The instruments used can be categorized as follows:

• Chemistry section Instruments: Determine how much of a clinically important substance is present. (Samples usually blood, urine)

• Hematology section Instruments: Determine number & characteristics of formed elements in blood. (RBC, WBC, Platelets,etc.), blood clotting tests.

• Microbiology/Hematology section Instruments: Test blood & Tissue cultures for presence of Microorganisms.

• Blood Bank section Instruments: Determination of blood type & related tests.

• Analytical instruments analyze the samples of body fluids taken from the tissues, blood, urine, cerebro-spinal fluid etc.

Structure of Analytical Instruments

In the broadest sense, any analytical instrument would comprise of the following four basic units.

Chemical Signal Display

Information Transducer conditioner system

source

Chemical Information source

• This generates a set of signals containing necessary information.

• The signal may be generated from the source itself.

• For ex: The yellow radiations emitted by the heated sodium atoms constitute the source of the signal in the flame photometer.

Transducer:

• This converts the signal to one of a different nature.

• Because of the familiar adv. of electrical methods of measurement, it is a usual practice to convert all non-electrical phenomenon associated with the analysis of the sample into electrical quantity.

• For ex: A photocell is a transducer that convert radiant energy into electrical signals.

Display system

• It provides a visual representation of the quantity measured.

• It may be a displacement on scale, or a printout on a recorder, or on a screen of CRT, or in numerical form.

• Thus the instrument can be conveniently considered in terms of flow of information, where operation of all parts is essentially simultaneous.

• The first two blocks constitute the characteristic module, whereas the last two blocks form the processing module of the instrument.

• The characteristics module & each one of

its components contribute to the performance of an instrument. For ex: choosing a PM tube with broader spectral range.

• Similarly, each component of the processing module decides the precision of the results of the instrument.

Bio- Chemical Analyzers• Colorimeter• Spectrophotometer/AAS/Mass Spectroscopy• Flame Photometer/Electrolyte Analyzers• Auto analyzers• Blood gas Analyzers• Blood cell Counters• Haematology Analyzers/Coagulation Analyzers• Elisa Reader• IFA Processors • Chromatographs/GLC/HPLC• ESR Analyzers• PCR Technique Instruments