1. =SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions Jerzy Jasieko (ed) 2012 DPNH ProcawH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7lsbosfbt lc afccbobNT pTobNdTebNfNd TbCeNfnrbp Ammifba lN tAiip rpba fN efpTlofCAi pTorCTrobp Miccoli iKNI Mller rKOI pilva BKPI aa moro cK4I eraov pKRI mospil pKSI Adami CKbKTI sinzileou bKUI sasconcelos dKVI=molei bKNM ABpToACT aifferent= types= f= vertical= elementsI= such= as= masnryI= massive= walls= an= timber= frame= elementsI= exhibit= a= ifferent= respnse= expse= t= the= same= laing= scenariI= in= particular= when= it= cncerns= ynamic=laingK=ft=is=therefre=paramunt=t=investigate=the=principal=respnse=f= ifferent=types=f= cnstructin=with= ifferent= materials=uner=a= variety=f=laing=scenarisK=crm=thereI=the=esign=f= strengthening=techniques= against= earthquakes= can=be=perfrmeK= qhis= paper= presents= the=results= frm= experimentsI=where=varius=retrfitting=techniques= were=testeK= qhe=gals= were=t=efine=an=imprve= labratry= prceures= fr= evaluating= the= interventin= technlgies= an= specificatins= fr= labratry= specimensK= crm= this= base= tests= t= characterise= the= experimental= behaviur= f= riginal= an= strengthene=masnry=walls=were=perfrmeI=in=rer=t=btain=infrmatin=n=the=system=perfrmance= an=the=main=cnstitutive=laws=relevant=fr=mellingK=qhe=test=campaigns=were=fcuse=n=static=tests= as=well=as=cyclic=tests=f=unreinfrce=an=reinfrce= vertical=builing=elementsK= qhe=stuy=is= part= f= ur= wrk= in= the= framewrk= f= the= nging= prject= kfhbo= fune= by= the= burpean= Cmmissin= ealing=with=imprving=immvable=Cultural=eeritage=assets=against=the=risk=f=earthquakesK= = heywords: pone masonryI Brick masonryI barhen maerialsI ealf imbered wallsI drouingNKfNTolarCTflN=qhe= chice= f= ifferent= materials= an= cnstructins= fr= the= tests= was= mainly= rule= by= the= variety= f= materials=an=techniques=use=fr=histrical=cnstructinsK=fn=the=scpe=f=the=presente=paper=it=was= necessary= t= fin= the= mst= cmmn= cnstructin= techniques= an= materials= fr= histrical= structures= which= is= representative= fr= a= larger= number= f= immvable= heritage= assets= but= als= reflects= the= cmpetence= an= expertise= f= the= partners= participating= in= this= wrk= packageK= qhe= materials= use= enclse=the=mst=cmmn=nes=utilise=fr=traitinal=cnstructinW=ptneI=wI=brick=an=earthK=qhe= cnstructin=techniques=cnsiste= f= masnryI= massive=walls= an=timber= frameK= fnterventin=meths= fr= vertical= elements= fr= the= varius= builing= techniques= were= chsen= accring= t= their= expecte= perfrmanceK qhe= cnstructin= techniques= fr= stne= masnry= cnsiste= essentially= in= regular= an= irregular= three= leaf= limestne= masnry= with= natural= hyraulic= lime= EkeiF= mrtar= r= hyraulic= lime= mrtar=with=a=natural=pzzlanI=respectivelyK=Clay=brick=walls=cnsiste=f=ne=leaf=masnry=specimen= with=cement=r=earth=mrtarK=Abe=wall=specimens=were=cnstructe=as=ne=leaf=masnry=with=earthen================================================= N=mhaI=BAj=ceeral=fnstitute=fr=jaterial=oesearch=an=qestingI=dermanyI=lrenzKmiccli]bamKe= =mhaI=CBf=pweish=Cement=an=Cncrete=oesearch=fnstituteI=pweenI=ursKmueller]cbiKse=Efrmerly=BAjF= P =mhaI=rniversity=f=mauaI=ftalyI=silva]icKunipKit= 4 =Assistant=mrfessrI=rniversity=f=mauaI=ftalyI=aprt]icKunipKit= R =mhaI=fqAj=fnstitute=f=qheretical=an=Applie=jechanicsI=Czech=oepKI=hracv]itamKcasKcz= S =Assciate=mrfKI=fqAj=fnstitute=f=qheretical=an=Applie=jechanicsI=Czech=oepKI=pspisil]itamKcasKcz= T =mhaI=katinal=qechnical=rniversity=f=AthensI=dreeceI=aamis]centralKntuaKgr= U =Assciate=mrfessrI=katinal=qechnical=rniversity=f=AthensI=dreeceI=elvintz]centralKntuaKgr= V =Assistant=mrfessrI=rniversity=f=jinhI=mrtugalI=graca]civilKuminhKpt= NM =mha=CaniateI=rniversity=f=jinhI=mrtugalI=elisapletti]civilKuminhKpt= OOUTM=

2. =mrtarK= barth= blcks= cnsiste= f= mechanically= mle= abeK= oamme= earth= specimens= were= prepare= in= the= traitinal= way= by= mstly= by= han= with= frmwrkK= Cb= specimens= cnsiste= f= a=mixture=f=raw=earth=an=straw=an=were=cut=frm=a=larger=blckK=qhe=timber=frame=panels=cnsiste= f=timber=an=clay=brick=masnry=with=cement=mrtarK=qhe=static=an=cyclic=tests=in=the=labratry=were= each= perfrme= n= wall= element= specimens= with= an= withut= retrfittingK= lne= fcus= was= lai= in= prviing=a=cmpatible=slutin=in=frm=f=a=minimum=interventin=methK== =OKTeobb-ibAc pTlNb MAplNov tAiip pTobNdeTbNba tfTe dolrTfNdOKNK Monotonic and cyclic compression tests by rniversity of madua qhe=experimental=research=aime=at=stuying=the=mechanical=behaviur=uner=cmpressive=la=f=the= single-= an= three-leaf= stne= masnry= panels= unstrengthene= an= strengthene= with= grut= injectinK= curthermreI=the=tests=were=esigne=t=evaluate=capacity=t=increase=the=in-plane=cmpressive=strength= f =a =single =panel =ue =t =the =injectin =with =kei =grut = =cbk-uLBI =xNzI =anI =as =sI =btain =a =better = unerstaning=n=the=effectiveness=f=the=investigate=strengthening=technique=as=well=as=its=influence= n= the= failure= mes= an= transversal= efrmatins= f= this= wall= typlgyK= fn= this= experimental= campaignI=S=panels=in=scale=NWN=Ewall=BF=an=S=panels=in=scale=OWP=Ewall=aFI=half=in=riginal=cnitins= an= half= cnsliate= with= hyraulic= lime-base= grutI= were= teste= uner= mntnic= an= cyclic= cmpressinK= cur= single-leaf= panels= Ewall= cF= were=als= teste=fr= a= g=insight= int=the= structural= behaviur= f=each=ne=f=the= leaves=that=cmpse=the=stuie=typlgy=f= wallK=qhe=specimens=were= instrumente=with=linear=ptentimetric=isplacement=transucers=in=all=sies=as=shwn=in=cigure=NK= == cigK N=petup=an=instrumentatin=f=the=specimens=OKOK bvaluation and interpretation of results qhe=experimental=results=btaine=frm=the=perfrme=mntnic=an=cyclic=cmpressin=tests=were=use= fr= a= cmparisn= f= the= verall= behaviur= f= all= specimensK= qhe= resume= results= f= these= tests= are= presente=in=qable=N=an=cigure=OI=namely=the=maximum=cmpressive=strength=f=the=specimens=EmaxFI= the=stress=level=crrespning=t=the=first=crack=appearance=ENIcrFI=the=mean=values=f=the=elastic=mulus= cmpute= cnsiering= the=intervals=between= PMB=an=SMBmaxI= EbPMB-SMBF=as= well= as= NMB=t=4MBmax= EbNMB-4MBF=an=the=missn=rati=in=bth=lngituinal=EiF=an=transversal=irectin=EqF=f=the=panelsK== ====== = cigK O=ln=the=leftW=average=max=an=NIcr=fr=all=specimensK=ln=the=rightW=elastic=mulus=values=btaine=fr=all= the=teste=panels=uner=mntnic=an=cyclic=cmpressin=at=NMB-4MB=an=PMB-SMB=max=fr=all=specimens=OUTN= 3. = Table N jechanical=prperties=f=the=panels=subjecte=t=cmpressin=Emntnic=an=cyclicFK manelpcaleBP BS aO aQ cQNWNmanelpcaleBN BO BQ BR aN aP aR aS cN cO cPNWNOWP pingle-leaf ENWNFOWPpingle-leaf ENWNFMlNlTlNfC TbpTp Condition max NIcr xNLmmOz xNLmmOz OKN= MK4= ro 4KO= MKT= o OKU= NKS= ro RK4= 4K4= o SKR= NKO= ro CvCifC TbpTp Condition max NIcr xNLmmOz xNLmmOz OKV= MKT= ro OKR= NKN= PKT= OKM= o 4KV= OKN= OKO= NK4= ro OKO= NKR= 4KM= OKT= o RKP= NKS= RKU= OKU= ro SKT= OKS= TKM= OKV=*Not reliableNIcr xBz ONKM= NSKP= RTKR= UNKM= NUKV=bPMB-SMB xNLmmOz NTTM= 44ON= NPS4= PNVT= NTUV=bNMB-QMB xNLmmOz OUUR= 4NMP= OUNP= RMPM= NSVN=i xz MKM44= MKMSM= MKMOU= MKMNP= G=T xz MKMPM= MKM4O= MKNOO= MKMOM= =NIcr xBz O4= 4S= R4= 4P= S4= SU= SS= PM= 4U= PV= 4N=bPMB-SMB xNLmmOz N4UT= NRVN= O4M4= PSOU= P4OT= OMPP= PPUR= OUNM= ORPS= OPNV= PSUN=bNMB-QMB xNLmmOz O4NR= OOV4= 4TOR= STUN= P4OT= OSPS= RTMU= 4SPT= P4NU= P4US= 4V44=i xz MKMOR= MKMSV= MKMUV= MKMMP= MKMNM= MKSSV= MKMNO= MKMVN= MKMMR= MKMMU= MKNUU=T xz MKM4O= MKMSN= MKUST= MKOUU= MKNOO= G= MKNOP= MKRNR= = = =crm= this= experimental= stuy= the= fllwing= main= cnclusins= were= rawnW= After= cnsliatin= an= increase= f= apprximately= O= times= f= the= cmpressive= strength= was= bserve= in= all= specimensI= the= average= elastic= mulus= f= the= panels= Eunstrengthene=an= strengtheneF= is= apprximately=the=same= with= an= increase= f= apprximately= O= times= after= the= cnsliatin= prceureK= Althugh= the= injecte= panels=exhibite=higher=efrmability=at=maxI=the=increase=starte=fr=higher=levels=f=stressI=cmpare= t=the=nn-injecte=panels=which=exhibite=their=maximum=strain=grauallyK=qhis=is=very=imprtant=as=it= prves=that=the=injectin=interventin=is= mechanically=cmpatible=with=the=riginal=panels=anI=at=the= same=timeI=it=increases=its=perfrmance=by=elaying=the=pening=f=the=leavesK= = OKPK Compression tests by National Technical rniversity of Athens qhe=purpse= f= the= series= f= tests= carrie= ut= was= t=EaF= check= the= efficiency= f= a= natural= hyraulic= base= grut= mae= with=pt= Astier= kei= R= an= superfine= natural= pzzlan=Efr= etails= see= xOzFI= EbF= t= enrich=the=atabase=n=the=behaviur=f=three=leaf=masnry=in=cmpressin=an=EcF=t=btain=mre=ata= n=the=behaviur=f=grute=filling=materialK=qhusI=fur=wallettes=Escale=OWPF=mae=f=three=leaf=rubble= stne= masnry= were= cnstructeI= as= well= as= NS= cyliners= mae= f= filling= material= xOzK= cr= the= cnstructin=f=the=stne=wallsI=a=strng=limestne=was=use=Ecmpressive=strength=equal=t=NMM=jmaFI= whereas= the= mrtar= was= a= lime-pzzlan= neK= qhe= wallettes= were= teste= in= cmpressin= befre= an= after= grutingK= cr= each= walletteI= vertical= stressesI= vertical= strainsI= hrizntal= efrmatins= an= transverse= efrmatins= were= measureK qhe= cylinrical= specimens= were= teste= nly= after= grutingK= Curves=f=vertical=stress=vsK=efrmatin=measurements=were=rawn=fr=each=cylinerK=qhe=mixes=use= fr= gruting= f= wallettes= an= cyliners= were= aF= pure= keiR= grut= EdsF= an= bF= keiR= plus= NMB= superfine=natural=pzzlanI=cmmercially=available=as=-silica=t=type=EdtNMsFK= = OKQK bvaluation and interpretation of results qhe= experimental= results= n= cyliners= shwe= that= fr= the= grut= mixes= that= were= useI= cmparable= mechanical= prperties= f= the= grute= infill= material= were= achieve= Esee= cigK= PaFK= jreverI= significantly=higher=values=f=the=mulus=f=elasticity=were=btaine=within=this=stuy=as=cmpare=t= thse=available=in=the=literatureK=qhis=was=attribute=t=the=high=cmpressive=strength=f=the=stnesK= As=far=as=the=wallettes=are=cncerneI=the=typical=behaviur=f=three=leaf=masnry=xPzI=befre=an=after= grutingI=was=fully=cnfirmeK=qhe=failure=me=f=wallettes=implie=vertical=cracks=n=the=faces=f=the= OUTO= 4. =wallettesI=as=well=as=vertical=cracks=within=the=thickness=f=masnryK=cailure=was=ue=t=the=separatin= between=exterir=leaves=an=infill=material=an=t=the=subsequent=ut-f-plane=bening=f=the=exterir= leaves=EcigK=PFK=tith=the=exeptin=f=ne=walletteI=in=which=an=extensive=cracking=n=the=faces=f=the= wallette= was= ccurre= Ewallette= 4= after= grutingI= cigK= PFI= the= failure= me= f= the= remaining= three= wallettes=was=similar=t=that=bserve=in=the=same=wallettes=befre=grutingK=eweverI=the=pening=f= transverse=cracks= was=significantly=elayeK= fn=terms= f= mechanical=prpertiesI= it= was=clear= that= bth= grut=mixes=were=efficient=in=enhancing=the=cmpressive=strength=f=three=leaf=masnry=EcigK=PbI=PcFK= ActuallyI= inepenently= f= the= grut= mixe= useI= gruting= le= t= a= significant= imprvement= f= the= cmpressive=strength=f=masnry=Eby=PO=t=NNRBFK== = compressive strength [MPa] 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5cylinders grouted with Gscylinders grouted with G10s=modulus of elasticity[GPa] 7.5 5.5 3.5 1.5cylinders grouted with Gscylinders grouted with G10sEaF==EbF==EcF==cigK P= EaF= Cmpressive= strength= an=mulus= f=elasticity=Emeasure= at= PMB= f=the= cmpressive= strengthF= f= grute=cyliners=at=the=age=f=NUM=aysX=sertical=stress=vsK=vertical=strain=curves=fr=wallettes=N=t=4=EbF=befre== == gruting=an=EcF=after=gruting====== ========== ==== = ===============colkq=cAAab=C=============pfab=cAAab=a=======================colkq=cAAab=C============pfab=cAAab=a= cigK Q=cailure=me=in=cmpressin=befre=Ere=lineF=an=after=Eblue=lineF=gruting=f=aF=tK=O=an=bF=tK=4== By=the=interpertatin=f=the=btaine=curvesI=the= latter=was= explaine=xOz=by=the=enhancement=f=the= prperties= f= the= infill= materialI= as= well= as= by= the=imprvement= f= the= bn= prperties= between= the= exterir= an= interir= leavesK= jreverI= higher= values= f= cmpressive= strength= were= exhibite= by= wallettes= grute= with= mix= dtNMs= thanks= t= the= better= bn= prperties= achieve= in= the= interfaces= between=this=type=f=mixes=an=in-situ=materialsK=Anther=psitive=result=was=that=the=strain=f=grute= masnry= at= failure= was= significantly= larger= than= that= f= the= ungrute= masnry= Esee= cigK= 4bI= 4cFK= cinallyI=it=is=imprtant=t=nte=that=the=use=f=hyraulic=lime=base=gruts=i=nt=lea=t=an=increase=f= the=stiffness= f= masnryK= fn=sme= casesI= reuce= mulus= f= elasticity= were=btaine= ue=t=the=fact= that= masnry=was=grute=after= the=ccurrence=f=amagesK= qhe=experimental=results=cnfirm=that= fr= this= type= f= masnryI= the= main= failure= mechanism= is= the= separatin= f= the= three= leaves= an= t= the= cnsequent=ut-f-plane=efrmatin=f=the=external=leavesK=jreverI=in=generalI=it=was=bserve=that= gruting=i=nt=lea=t=the=mificatin=f=the=failure=me=f=the=wallettesK=fn=terms=f=mechanical= prpertiesI=it=was=bserve=that=bth=gruts=were=efficient=in=imprving=significantly=the=cmpressive= strength= f= the= wallettesI= as= well= as= its= efrmabilityI= withut= mifying= the= stiffness= f= masnry= elementsK=qhusI=it=was=cnfirme=that=the=use=gruts= with= lw=cmpressive=strength=Ehyraulic=lime= base= grutsF= fr= strengthening= f= histric= masnriesI= ensures= bth= a= mechanically= efficient= an= urable=interventinK== OUTP= 5. =PKbAoTe BilCh MAplNovI oAMMba bAoTe ANa ClB tAiip pTobNdeTbNba tfTe TbuTfib BbiTp ANa dolrTfNd =PKNK aiagonal compression tests by cederal fnstitute for Material oesearch and Testing ptrengthening= techniques= were= investigate= n= ifferent= types= f= earthen= wall= elements= in= frm= f= static=laing=experimentsK=qhe=types=f=wall=segments=cnsiere=in=the=experiments=cnsiste=f=ne= leaf=masnry=f=abe=Eearth=blck=masnryF=in=cmbinatin=with=earth=mrtar=an=mnlithic=walls=in= frm=f=ramme=earth=an=cb=specimensK=qhe=gruting=mrtar=cnsiste=f=a=lime=base=material=with= pzzlanic=aitinsK=qhe=riginal=iea=fr=the=belts=was=t=intruce=a=vertical=element=fr= walls= in= rer=t=take=up=hrizntal=las=which=result=in=a=shear=respnse=f=the=builing=elementK=qherefreI= the=reinfrce=specimens=were=teste=in=iagnal=cmpressinK=cr=fixing=the=belts=int=the=specimen= three= ahesives= were= teste= n= cb= specimenW= mlyurethane= famI= epxy= resin= an= cmmercially= available= hyraulic= repair= mrtarK= crm= these= testsI= the= hyraulic= repair= mrtar= prve= t= be= the= material =with =the =best =perfrmance =an =the =least =intrusivenessK =qhis =material =was =therefre =use =fr = ramme=earth=an=earth=blck=masnry=retrfittingK= ft= has=t=be=cnsiereI= that= vertical=cuts=int=the= samples= fr= fixing= the= belts= are= pints= f= weakness= an= have= t= be= mitigate=by=the=ahesiveK= qw= retrfitte= earth= blck= panels= were= testeI= which= were= prepare= with= wette= earth= blcksK= lne= retrfitte=sample=shwe=an=abve=average=shear=strength=f=MK4O=jmaK=eweverI=with=this=panel=the= set=f=isplacement=transucers=i=nt=wrk=prperly=t=the=en=f=the=efrmatinK= === === === ============EaF====================================================EbF=============================================EcF===============================EF==cigK R=cailure=mes=f=the=retrfitte=ramme=earth=specimenK=EaF=mlyurethane=fam=ahesive=EbF=epxy=resin= ahesive=EcF=hyraulic=repair=mrtar=ahesive=EF=gruting== qhe=ther=panel=exhibite=average=shear= strength=f=caK=MKPT=jma=but=shwe=a= much=higher=strainK= Bth=panels=shwe=strain=values=which=were=much=higher=than=with=the=unretrfitte=panelsK=qhis=was= ue=t=the=actin=f=the=beltsI= which=went=int=actin=enabling=a=better=stress=istributin=ver=larger= efrmatins=an=mitigating=the=brittle=behaviur=f=the=earth=blck=panelsK=bven=after=ttal=failure=f= the=panel=the=belts=hl=mst=f=the=builing=blcks=in=placeK=qhe=cuts=fr=the=belts=ha=n=effect=n=the= crack=evelpment= uring=laingK=jst=f=the=shear=cracks=f=bth=specimens=went=perpenicular=t= the=beltsK=A=better=perfrmance=with=higher=shear=values=might=be=reache=by=mifying=the=placement= f=the=belts=in=the=panelsK=cr=bth=panels=the=cuts=were=mae=in=the=earth=blcks=an=nt=in=the=jints= Eexcept=fr=the=hrizntal=jintsFK=ff=the=belts=wul=be=place=in=the=vertical=jints=an=increase=in=shear= strength=cul=be=expecteK=fn=case=f=ramme=earth=panels=the=belts=were=inserte=perpenicular=t=the= cmpactin= layers= f= the= panelsK= Bth= panels= ha= lwer= shear= strength= values= as= the= average= unretrfitte =samplesK =eweverI =maximum =strain =f =bth =samples =was =increase =cmpare =t =the = panels=withut=beltsK=qhe=failure=in=the=retrfitte=ramme=earth=specimen=ccurre=partially=at=the=cuts= were=the=belts=were=inserte=EcigK=RFK=Certainly=the=cuts=were=weakening=the=specimen=an=this=was=nt= entirely= cmpensate= by= the= ahesive= in= frm= f= the= repair= mrtarK= qhe= failure= me= was= als= enhance=by=the=iagnal=laing=which=was=nt=crrectly=perpenicular=t=the=belt=system=but=rather= supprte= the= curse= f= the= cracks= in= the= cutsK= A= ramme= earth= panel= frm= a= previus= iagnal= cmpressin=testI=which=was=cracke=but=still=in=ne=piece=was=subjecte=t=gruting=with=the=hyraulic= mrtarK=qhe=crack=with=was=nt= mre=than=N=mmK= Befre=injectinI= hles=were=rille=int=the=crack= system=fr=imprving=grut=penetratin=an=fr=the=packersK=qhe=panel=was=then=subjecte=t=anther= iagnal=cmpressin=testK=qhe=cmparisn=f=the=test=results=befre=an=after= grutingshws=clearly= that=theriginal=shear=strength=cul=nt=be=regaine=by=grutingK=eweverI=arun=OMB=f=the=riginal= value=was=reache=in=the=shear=testK=barth=base=materials=are=fairly=ifficult=t=structurally=repair=by= grutingK= rsuallyI=the=elastic=mulus=has=t=be=limite=in=rer=t=nt=intruce=a=stiff=elementK=But= by=this=restrictin=it=is=als=ifficult=t=intruce=a=grut=which=fulfils=all=the=requirements=cncerning= ahesin=an=tensile=strengthK= OUT4= 6. =PKOK bvaluation and interpretation of results oesults= frm= the= iagnal= cmpressin= tests= f= the= retrfitte= samples= in= cmparisn= t= the= nt= retrfitte=specimen=are=liste=in=qable=OK=qhe=results=inicate=that=the=type=f=retrfitting=technique= by =belts =has =a =lesser =impact =n =the =shear =strength =but =mre =n =the =strain =capacityK =fn =almst =all = retrfitte= samples= with= repair= mrtar= as= an= ahesive= Eo-oj= in= qable= OF= the= shear= mulus= was= reuce= an= the= strain= after= failure= was= usually= exteneK= qhis= was= in= particular= evient= with= earth= blck=masnryI=where=unretrfitte=specimen=were=suenly=cllapsing=but=retrfitte=samples=shwe= a= istinctive= pst= failure= isplacementK= qhe= repair= mrtar= as= an= ahesive= perfrme= best= in= the= experimentsK= qhe= bn= twars= the= plyester= belt= an= earth= was= satisfying= but= cul= certainly= be= imprve= by= fine= ajusting= the= mrtarK= crm= the= mechanical= pint= f= viewI= the= retrfitting= meth= seems=nt=t=increase=stiffness=f=the=structure=at=all=but=enlarges=the=strain=capacityK= = Table O=Cmparisn=f=the=iagnal=cmpressin=test=ata=fr=nt=retrfitte=an=retrfitte=panels= Eo-oj= == retrfitte= with= belt= an=repair= mrtarX= o-mr=== retrfitte= with= belt= an= plyurethane= = == famX=o-bo===retrfitte=with=belt=an=epxy=resinX=d===repaire=by=grutingF= ==phear strength u xMmaz phear modulus d NLP xMmaz phear strain NLP xBz MeanpTaMeanpTaMeanpTaMKP4=MKMS=SSM=O4S=MKMOM=MKMNN=barth=blck=masnry=Eo-ojF= MKPS=MKMU=NOM=NO4=MKNVO=MKNTM=oamme=earth=MKTN=MKNN=OPOS=TNM=MKMNN=MKMMP=oamme=earth=EdF=MKNS==RO==MKNMR==oamme=earth=Eo-ojF=MKRU=MKMM=NONN=P4T=MKMNT=MKMMR=Cb=MKRM=MKNM=4OM=NPT=MKM4N=MKMMS=Cb=Eo-mrF=MKPS==PMN==MKM4M==Cb=Eo-boF=MKTV==SMU==MKM4P==Cb=Eo-ojF=MKRN=MKMS=PMS=VV=MKMRU=MKMNO=barth=blck=masnry=== fn= case= f= earthquakesI= this= means= that= an= earthen= builing= might= still= be= amage= but= it= can= hl= tgether= a= lnger= time= an= increase= the= escape= peri= fr= their= inhabitantsK= qhe= apprach= fr= retrfitting=the=earthen=elements=by=plyester=textile=beltsI=which=were=glue=vertically=int=the=wallsI= shwe=in=general=a= g=perfrmanceK=qhey=acte=by=increasing=the=strain=capacity= f=the=samples= uner=shear=stressK=eweverI=mre=tests=n=this=retrfitting=technique=are=neee=in=rer=t=investigate= the=bn=behaviur=between=beltI=ahesive=an=substrateK=curthermre=imprtant=are=the=rati=f=with= f=belt=an=wall=as=well=as=the=frequency=f=vertical=belts=per=meter=f=wall=length=t=be=inserte=t=get= an=ptimal=perfrmanceK=== QKAalBb MAplNov tAiip pTobNdeTbNba tfTe tfob olmbp ANa dblNbTpQKNK fn plane cyclic tests by fnstitute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics qhe=experimental=tests=cnsiste=f=in-plane=shear=tests=n=masnry=walls=strengthene=with=ifferent= techniques=an=subjecte=t=a=cmbinatin=f=cmpressin=an=cyclic=shear=laingK== = Table P tire=steel=rpes=an=ge-nets=specificatins= =Title tire=rpes de-nets==plyprpylene=EmmF=EqbkAuF= de-nets==plyester=EmbqF= jiragri=du=PRLPREqbkCAqbFb xdmaz ONM= = = xmmz 4= = =Tensile strength NTTM=jma= VIPLNT=kkLm= PR=kkLm=Ebth=irectinsF=Mesh sizes xmmz = PM==4R= OR==OR=jasnry= specimens= were= mae= with= bricks= f= ifferent= materialsK= fn= particularI= abeI= burne= clay= bricks=an=rie=lay=bricks=were=useK=qw=examples=using=abe=material=are=given=in=this=sectin=fr= OUTR= 7. =illustratin= an= fr= the= sake= f= brevityK= qhe= reinfrcing= systems= was= realize= using= steel= wire= rpes= mechanically=fastene=t=the=wall=an=ispse=accring=t=an=u=shape=see=cigK=S=an=using=genets= fastene=t=the=walls=an=qable=P=fr=material=etailsK=qhe=reinfrcement=was=ne=n=bth=surfaces=f= the= wallK= Als= the= retrfitte= technique= by= means= f= use= reinfrcement= meth= has= been= n= the= applie=n=previusly=amage=wallsK== QKOK bvaluation and interpretation of results qhe=tests=carrie=ut=an=the=graphs=shw=several=imprtant=resultsK=ft=has=been=shwn=that=steel=wire= rpes= n= an= abe= wall= surface= increase= significantly= the= la-carrying= capacity= f= the= wall= uner= hrizntal= laK= ft= was= bserve= that= the= strengthening= system= leas= t= an= increment= f= strength= by= SMBI= see= cigure= SK= qhe= effectiveness= f= the= system= is= evient= als= in= terms= f= increment= f= the= isplacement=capacity=f=the=wallK=qhis=type=f=reinfrcement=is=relatively=cheap=with=respect=bth=t= material=an=wrk=an=it=is=the=mst=efficient=frm=the=pint=f=view=f=the=la=bearing=capacity=frm= all=the=use=methK=Almst=the=same=imprvement=can=be=achieve=using=ge-netsI=even=with=lwer= cstsK=fn=cigure=SI=the=frce-isplacement=curves=fr=the=unreinfrce=wall=an=fr=the=wall=reinfrce= with=ge-net=are=pltte=in=the=same=graphK=ft=is=bserve=that=the=applicatin=f=the=reinfrce=mrtar= layers =nt =the =walls =surfaces =allws =the =specimen =t =reach =a =higher =value =f =strengthI =with =an = increment=f=abut=OMBK=jreverI=an=increment=in=terms=f=uctility=is=als=registereK=de-nets=have= als= g= rati= f= strength= t= the= strength= f= the= bricks= anI= therefreI= they= are= favurable= t= be= applieK=jreverI=u=nlike=in=the=case=f=steel=wire=rpesI=there=is=nt=such=a=anger=f=pulling=ut=the= reinfrcement=in=the=ut-f=planeK=qhe=ge-nets=have=been=use=als=fr=the=retrfitting=n=the=amage= specimens=applying=them=n=the=amage=EcntrlF=wallK=qhe=results=frm=ne=example=are=shwn=in= cigure=SK=Cmparing=the=frce-isplacement=curve=f=the=retrfitte=wall=by=means=f=ge-nets=EmbqF= with= the= unreinfrce= abe= brick= wallI= it= has= been= bserve= that= the= strengthening= allws= the= specimen=t=reach=the=riginal= wall=strength=in=almst=TMBK=katurallyI=the=stiffness=f=the=retrfitte= wall =is =lwer =than =the =stiffness =f =the =cntrl =wall =after =the =interventinK =qhe =reinfrcement =f =the = abe=wall=using=mly-mrpylene=nets=significantly=increase=la=capacity=f=the=wall=similarly=t=the= case=f=mly-bethylene=netsK= qhe=cmparisn=f=results= f=bth=types=f=ge-nets=shwe=almst=the= same= behaviur= an= capacity= f= the= wallsK= keverthelessI= the= reinfrcement= using= mm= ge-net= gave= higher= resistance=f=the=wall= n=cyclic= laing=fr= partially= amage=specimensK= qhe=reinfrcements= using= wire= rpes= an= ge-nets= were= very= effective= fr= all= types= f= teste= wallsK= rse= reinfrcements= significantly=increase=the=strength=an=la-carrying=capacity=n=cyclic=hrizntal=laingK=crm=this= pint=f=view=steel=rpes=are=a=bit=mre=effective=than=ge-netsK=ln=the=ther=han=the=ge-nets=prvie= cmpactness= f= the= material= f= the= wall= even= after= the= partial= amageK= All= teste= types= f= reinfrcement= cul= imprve= the= resistance= f= the= wall= as= a= part= f= the= histrical= structure= t= earthquake=an=exten=the=general=lifetime=f=the=whle=structureK= =========EbF==EaF==EF========EcF======EeF====cigK S=EaF=oeinfrce=abe=wall=with=steel=rpesK=EbF=oeinfrce=abe=wall=with=genetsK=EcF=Behaviur=f=the= wall= strengthene= with= steel= wire= rpes= cmpare= t= the= unreinfrce= wall= EF Behaviur= f= the= wall= = == strengthene=with=genetsK=EeF=Behaviur=f=the=retrfitte=abe=wall=by=genets=t=the=unreinfrce=wall=OUTS= 8. =RKeAic TfMBboba tAiip pTobNdeTNba tfTe pTbbi miATbp ANa BliTp =RKNK Cyclic tests on strengthened walls by rniversity of Minho ealf-timbere=structures=represent=an=imprtant=histrical=heritage=that=has=t=be=preserveK=bxamples= f=this= structural=typlgy=are=present= in=many=cuntries=arun=the=wrlK= fn=mrtugalI= timber= frame= walls= infille= with= brick= r= rubble= masnry= are= typical= cnstructive= elements= ate= frm= the= recnstructin=f=iisbn=city=after=the=earthquake=f=NTRRK=qhe=iea=f=using=these=timber=frame=walls= was=t=imprve=the=seismic=behavir=f=masnry=structures=by=prviing=high=issipative=shear=wallsI= which=act=als=as=a=cnnecting=elements=t=the=masnry=faaesI=aiming=at=imprving=the=ut-f-plane= f=the=vervall=structureK=diven=the=reuce=results=available=in=the=literature=an=in=the=scpe=f=the= kfhbo= prjectI= an=experimental=prgramme= was=efine= in= rer= t=evaluate=the=cyclic=perfrmance= f=timber=frame=wallsK=qhe=experimental=prgramme=encmpasses=static=cyclic=tests=n=unreinfrce= an=retrffite=specimensK=qhe=lateral=behavir=f=these=walls=is=higly=epenent=n=the=behavir=f=the= cnnectins=an=thus=the=lateral=resisting=prperties=can=be=enhance=by=strengthening=the=traitinal= cnnectinsK= aifferent= types= f= reinfrcement= were=cnsiere=fr= the= wallsI= namely=steel= blts= an= stell=plates= qhe=retrfitting=techniques= were=applie= irectly= n=unreinfrce= walls= previusly= teste= uner =cyclic =laingsK =ft =was =ecie =t =test =full =scale =timber =frame =walls =an =repruce =typical = traitinal= cnnectinsI= see=cigure=TaK= qhe= walls= were=teste=as= cantiliver= wallsK= qhe= vertical= lasI= cmpatible=with=real=values=pssibly=transfere=by=the=pavements=were=applie=irectly=n=the=vertical= psts=by=three=hyraulic=actuatrsK=qhe=hrizntal=la=was=measure=by=an=hrizntal=serv-cntrlle= actuatr=cnnecte=t=a=reactin=wall=by=an=hinge=an=t=the=tp=f=the=walls=by=a=steel=plate=an=fur= steel =bars =as =can =be =seen =in =cigure =TbK =qhe =static =cyclic =tests =was =carrie =ut =uner =isplacement = cntrlK=qhe=isplacement=time=histry=use=fr=retrfitte=walls=was=the=same=as=that=applie=n=the= unreinfrce=wallsK== = RKOK bvaluation and interpretation of results A=istinctively=ifferent=behaviur=can=be=ntice=with=a=varying=vertical=pre-cmpressinK=qhe=typical= p-shape=curve=f=a=flexural=respnse=with=a=rcking=mechanism=at=the=bttm=f=the=wall=was=evient= fr= the= walls= subjecte= t= a= lwer= vertical= la= level= whilst= a= preminant= shear= behaviur= was= encuntere= in= walls= uner= a= higher= vertical= la= levelK= qhe= walls= exhibiteI= fr= lw= vertical= la= levelsI=a=highly=preminant=flexural=behaviurK=qhey=reache=the=maximum=la=level=at=a=hrizntal= isplacement=f=apprximately=RM=mm=an=the=subsequent=lss=f=capacity=was=OMB f=the=maximum= la=r=lessK=aue=t=the=cnnectin=typeI=the=vertical=psts=uplift=uring=the=test=an=the=wall=rcks=back= an=frthK=then=a=higher= vertical=pre-cmpressin=level=was= applieI=the=prevailing=mechanism=was= shearI=but=the=flexural=mechanisms=was=still=presentI=as=can=be=seen=frm=the=amunt=f=vertical=uplift= f=the=lateral=pstsI=which=was=lwer=E4OBF=if=cmpare=t=the=wall=subjecte=t=a=lwer=vertical=laK== =EaF=========EbF=cigK T=aetails=f=the=experimental=testingX=EaF=experimental=setupX=EbF=frce-isplacement=iagrams=fr=the=wall= retrfitte=with=plates=Elwer=vertical=la=levelF== qhe=walls=teste=uner=a=higher=vertical=la=level=reache=their=maximum=capacity=at=apprximately= the= same= hrizntal= isplacementI= but= the= pst= peak= lss= f= capacity= was= higherK= fn= the= hysteretic= curves=f=the=wallsI=the=change=in=stiffness=that=can=be=bserve=in=the=unlaing=pathI=ccurre=when= the=vertical= uplift= f= the=bttm=cnnectins= returne=t= be=zerI= thus= increasing= the=stiffness= f= the= wallI= as= mre= resistance= was= given= by= the= psts= xPzK= cr= the= lwer= vertical= laI= the= walls= i= nt= OUTT= 9. =present=significant= amageI=but= became=significant=fr= the=walls=teste=uner= higher= laK=thile=the= walls=subjecte=t=the=lwer=level=faile=ue=t=the=pening=f=the=bttm=cnnectinsI=with=the=vertical= psts=uplifting at=the=bttm=the=higher=lae=walls=faile=ue=t=shear=in=the=central=cnnectin=with= w=crushingK= qhe=bttm= cnnectins= tene=t= pen=an= uplift= in= this= case= tI= but= they=i= nt= cntrl=the=general=wall=failureK=fn=the=case=f=strengthening=ne=with=bltsI=the=imprvement=in=terms= f=la=capacityI=energy=issipatin=an=uctility=was=nt=verly=significantK=cr=the=lwer=vertical=la= levelI= the= retrfitte= wall= experience= a= gain= in= terms= f= la= capacity= f= O4BI= while= fr= the= wall= subjecte= t= a= higher= vertical= level= there= was= n= gain= but= the= wall= regaine= its= initial= capacity= an= imprve=in=terms=f=energy=issipatinK=qhe=insertin=f=blts=i=nt=influence=the=verall=behaviur= f =the =wallsK =qhe =respnse =f =the =wall =was =characterize =by =a =cmbinatin =f =flexural =an =shear = mechanismsI=the=psts=cntinue=t=upliftI=thugh=the=vertical=uplift=ecrease=f=4MB=when=cmpare= t=the=unreinfrce=cnitinK=qhe=main=avantage=was=that=the=cnnectins=were=nw=unable=t=pen= ut-f-planeI= thus= allwing= them= t= functin= until= the= ultimate= isplacementI= whereas= in= the= unreinfrce= specimenI= the= pening= f= the= cnnectin= effectively= cause= that= cnnectin= t= cease= wrking=prperlyK=Analysing=the=behaviur=f=the=walls=strengthene=with=steel=platesI=it=was=bserve= hw=this= type=f= strengthening=highly=stiffene=the=wallI= see=cigure=TbK= qhe=gain=in=la=capacity=fr= the= wall=subjecte=t=the= lwer= vertical= la= level= was= f= NONB= when=cmpare=t=the=unreinfrce= cnitinK= qhe= plates= i= nt= shw= great= efrmatinsI= but= the=hles= f= the= blts= generally= became= valI=especially=the=nes=crrespning=t=the=iagnal=elements=f=the=central=cnnectinI=which=were= the= elements= that= wrke= mre= as= they= pushe= an= pulle= the= central= cnnectinI= an= thse= f= the= bttm=cnnectinsI=since=thse=were=the=nes=which=nrmally=tene=t=uplift=mreK=== SKClNCirpflNp=qhe= strengthening= f= walls= in= existing= builings= nees= t= be= fcuse= n= tw= main= aspectsW= use= f= effective=technlgical=slutins= an= the=preservatin= f= the= riginal= characteristics= f= the= histrical= substrateK= ptrengthening= interventins= apting= traitinal= materials= with= traitinal= techniques= an= the= use= f= innvative= materials= nee= t= be= use= taking= int= accunt= their= mechanical= an= chemical= cmpatibility= with= existing= materialsI= easy= applicatin= an= limite= cstsK= jrever= urability= an= remvability=aspects=can=nt=be=neglecteK=qhe=techniques=presente=in=this=paperI= mainly=fcuse=n= the= use= f= cmpsite= material= an= grutingI= shwe= an= imprving= f= bth= la= an= isplacement= capacityK= fn= generalI= it= was= bserve= that= strengthening= techniques= apte= i= nt= lea= t= the= mificatin=f=the=failure=me=f=structural=elements=testeK=fn=mst=f=casesI=in=terms=f=mechanical= prpertiesI= they= were= efficient= in= imprving= significantly= the= cmpressive= strengthI= as= well= as= the= efrmabilityI=withut=mifying=the=stiffness=f=structural=elementsK=obcbobNCbp xNz qassull=pKpKAK=EOMNNFK=qassull=qrentI=ftaly==Available=atW=httpWLLwwwKtassullKitK= xOz Aami= CK-bKI= sintzileu= bKI= juzakis= ChKI= Bagiannis= bKI= halagri= AK= EOMNOF= qhe= effect= f= hyraulic= lime= pzzlanic= gruts= n= the= mechanical= prperties= f= three-leaf= stne= masnry= in= cmpressinI= Uh fnernaional Conference on prucural Analysis of eisorical ConsrucionsI= lctber=NR-NTI=trclawI=mlanI=OMNOK= xPz mletti=bI=sascncels=dK=EOMNOF=peismic=behaviur=f=traitinal=half=timbere=wallsW=cyclic=tests= an= strengthening= slutinsI= Uh fnernaional Conference on prucural Analysis of eisorical ConsrucionsI=lctber=NR-NTI=trclawI=mlanI=OMNOK=OUTU=