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Perpetual Mobility and Sustainment on Water
Zero Energy Cost - No Longer a Panacea
[email protected], Canada
1 June 2012
New Technology Solar/Wind: Packaged Power Solutions
Business Plan - Executive Summery
Who am I: Seen in the 60s Criss-crossing the North Sea in a Collin Archer 38’
Great Fascination
with Oceans from an Early Age
What Do I Do?
INTRO: Energy DensityWh/Kg
10000
1000
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sp
ecific
En
erg
y (
Wh
/Kg
)
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
High-pressure
Hydrogen (35 Mpa) CNG
20 Mpa)
Hydrogen
absorbing
Alloy (2wt%)
Ethanol
Gasoline
Bio-diesel
Diesel
Lithium-IonNickel metal hydride
Lead
Source: Toyota
Gaseous fuels
Liquid fuels
Batteries
INTRO: Selecting Fossil Fuel Instead of Electricity as Power Source at the Turn of the 20th Century Was Perhaps Mankind’s Most Costly Mistake
Over 60% of oil today is destined
for Transportation Fuels
Intro: Fossil Fuel Price Growing in Leaps and Bounds
How Do We Beat the Energy Drain?
Current Ideas on How to Beat the Cost of Mobility at Sea
Current Ideas on How to Beat the Cost of Mobility at Sea
Current Ideas on How to Beat the Cost of Mobility at Sea
Current Ideas on How to Beat the Cost of Mobility at Sea
Current Ideas on How to Beat the Cost of Mobility at Sea
The First Total Solar Powered Circumnavigation of the Planet Was Completed on May 4th 2012
Emergence of Solar Power for Ocean Passages
2007 Sun21 Travel 7,000 nm
Crossing the Atlantic
Seville – Florida – New York
2010-2012 Planet Solar global
circumnavigated
21,638 nm
Solar Power versus Fossil Fuel in Circumnavigation of the Planet
Similar 95 tons vessels’Cost of Mobility for 21,638 nm(40,075 km) including Hotel Load for up to 8 people:
Motor Yacht fuel Cost $600,000+Planet Solar energy Cost $ Zero
Cruising Speed Fossil fuel: 12 -16 knots,Planet Solar Speed average 6-8 knots -
Under sunny sky max 14 knots
Acquisition at today’s level of technologyFor Conventional yacht vs. the Planet Solar
Prototype: 1/10 ratio with currentTechnology
Planet Solar’s MissionDesign and Mobility Solutions
• To voyage at reasonable speeds,
• Prove that perpetual travel on Solar
Power alone is possible
• Test the wave-piercing hulls ability to
penetrate water to reduce resistance
under all condition as required to
optimize the electric propulsion
The multihull gave Planet Solar the beam
required to place 5,780SFof Solar Panels
topside which provided sufficient power for
mobility and Sustainment (Hotel Load) for
a global circumnavigation with current
technology. CPV technology will allow
much reduction in seize of vessels.
Improved Output from Solar Fields Will Shrink Size of Sun Catchment Area
Improved Solar Field Output would
Impact the size of catchment area for
Power Generation - Smart System
monitoring will increase utilization of
Energy for new Solar Yacht designs.
Type Cell(DC)
Module (DC)
System (AC)
T racking 1 & 2 Axis
Amonix CPV 39% 31% 25% 28% & 32%
SP PV 23.4% 19% 16% 18% & 21%
Thin Film (n/a) 12% 10% 8% 9% & 10%
Comparison of Solar System Efficiency
* Thin Film not practical for power generation
Equivalent Power Applying New Solar Technologies -Impact on Catchment Area
100’ x 50’ – 95 tons
2007 SP PV
Planet Solar Field Size:
5,780 SF – 93.5 kWp
Net 124,821 kWh/y
2012 CPV Amonix
Next Generation
Similar to Planet Solar
Field Size*: 3,468SF – 56.1kWp
Net 124,821 kWh/y
61’ x 30’- 57 tons
NREL* Near Future CPV (2015)
Similar to Planet Solar
Field Size**: 2,751 SF – 44.5 kWp
Net 124,821 kWh/y
52’ x 26’ - 49.4tons
Efficiency Impact of
Solar Energy Harvesting
On the Size of
Planet Solar
Notionally over Time
* Using CPV 1-Axis will further
Increase Efficiency by13%
Field Size 3,068 SF – 48.8 kWp
** Using CPV 2-Axis will further
Increase Efficiency by 29%
Field Size 2,002 SF – 31.6 kWp
NREL is working towards CPV with 50%
Efficiency further reducing field size
*NREL: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Solar PV vs. CPV Efficiency vs. Field Size
SP C-Si 74% Size High Efficiency Silicon
NREL GaAg 68% Size
NREL Single Junctional 58% Size
Amonix CPV 53.1% Size
Planer Solar in 2008 Selected SP C-Si PV for its Global circumnavigation Project to meet all onboard Energy requirements with 93.5kWp. In 2012 – 2015 timeframe future technology will further drive down size of the energy Solar harvesting fields.
Best
FSLR CdTe 100% Size - All Thin Film (Baseline)
C-Si/CIGS Approx 81% Size - Most Silicon
The Energy Issue for
all Yachts are about Size -
the Best Field Size for
Harvesting Solar Energy in
2007 Was SP C-Si 23.4%
Cell Efficiency and 16%
System Efficiency
NRLE BestCPV Cell
Effectiveness43.5% - 41.7 Size
* Technology market in Red has too low efficiency to be used where size of energy fields are an issue
Solar PV vs. CPV Efficiency vs. Field SizeEqual Energy by Size of Field*
Nearly all Silicon based
SP C-Si 100% Size –23.4% High EfficiencyPlanet Solar 18.8% Eff. (4.6% degraded)
NRLE BestCPV Cell
Effectiveness 43.5%41.7 % Size
2015 CPV TargetEffectiveness 50%
36.3% Size
All Thin Film
Showing the 2008 SP C-Siat 100% for comparison ofCurrent and Near Future Energy Field by Comparison
Using CPV 1-Axis will Increase Efficiency by13%
Using CPV 2-Axis will Increase Efficiency by 29%
Amonix CPV 53.1% Size
* All Size percentages relates to Planet Solar SP C-Si versus CPV
Energy Storage
The accelerated development in Energy Storage is focus on eight technologies:
batteries, hydrogen fuel cell, compressed air storage, flywheels,, superconducting magnetic energy storage, thermal energy storage, ultra-capacitors, isentropic –these technologies will compete head-to-head - size and weight will determine suitability for use onboard yachts .
The most common energy storage system for small Yachts is Lithium Ion Batteries, packaged in 12 volt/160A (1,920W), or 24 Volt/160A (3,840W) weighing only 106 lbs. and measures 24.5”x7.8”x3.6” (12v version). These units are adequate for the Hotel Load for small yachts and cruising sailboats. These types of energy storage units will make it possible to provide sufficient power even when the sun have been absent for long periods of time (up to 72 hours), to ensure that most equipment will function. Fuel Cells (Hydrogen) of different designs will be used for large yachts.
Most Recent Battery DevelopmentThis Development Could Solve the On-board Energy Storage Problem
Liquid Metal BatteryIt has been developed at MIT by Sadoway with seed
capital from Khosla Ventures and Bill Gates.
Two liquid metal materials form the positive and negative poles of the battery. An electrolyte layer, which allows charged particles to cross through as the battery is charged or discharged, is located in the middle.
The battery uses magnesium as the negative electrode on the top layer; molten salt as the electrolyte and antimony as the positive electrode on the bottom layer. To produce current, the magnesium loses two electrons to become magnesium ions that travel through the electrolyte to the other electrode. Upon arrival, it accepts two electrons from the antimony and mixes with it to form an alloy. And electricity is released.
Sadoway said the goal is to develop stackable modules to form a giant battery that would fit into a 40-foot shipping container (40’ x 8’ x 8’). The giant battery would have a nameplate capacity of two megawatt-hours, enough energy to meet the daily electrical needs of approx. 100 average households.
2,000 kWh/d(40’ x 8’ x8 =2,560 ft3)
1,500kWh/d
v500Kwh/d
12.5%
25%
Lithium-ion 250kWh/d
100%
1,000kWh/d
75%
50%
250kWh/d
Lithium-Ion 4.8x
Larger in size than
Equivalent output
from Liquid Metal
Battery
Distributed Power Requirement: Motors & Hotel LoadBased on Liquid Battery Projected Capacity
Yacht Size of Energy Storage unit: Capacity Motors Hrs Motors Htl. Load
Size* Lg Wi Hi ft3 kWh/d KWp Run kWh Bal. Kwh
400'- up 40 8 8 2,560 2,000 80 8 640 1,360
300-400' 30 8 8 1,920 1,500 60 8 480 1,020
200-300' 20 8 8 1,280 1,000 40 8 320 680
100-200' 13.1 7 7 640 500 30 8 240 260
40-100' 8.9 6 6 320 250 20 8 160 90
* Estimated based on Cruise Speed of 8 kts - leaving sufficient Hotel Load for the size of yacht
The Battery Development has seen little development in the last five years, the
Lithium-Ion Batteries are the current standard. New development of liquid Batteries
may take storage a quantum leap forward. The Table above reflects the
requirements that will have to be met for Independent Mobility and Sustainment for
sea passages in perpetuity
Isentropic Energy StorageResearch underway on a 100kW unit to become the Solar Yacht’s Energy Storage
Isentropic IEC is a high efficiency external heat engine which allows for cost-efficientgeneration of solar thermal power via a concentrating system. The IEC can work with conventional solar collectors to deliver efficiencies as good as large steam turbines but in sizes down to 100kW, allowing CPV for to be use on large Mega Yachts.
Key Elements for Achieving Total Independence: Renewable Energy and Storage Technology
sourse
SP Solar PV Amonix *Solar CPV
Future (NREL)*Solar CPV
Lithium IonBatteries
Fuel Cells
TypeSystem
93.5 kWpSolar PV output 100% field size
23.4% Cell Efficient
(Used Planet Solar)
56.1 kWpSolar CPV equivalent
60% field size39% CellEfficient
44.5 kWp Near Future
Solar CPV40.3% field sizeApprox 37.7%
Efficient
A 144 x 1.5 Volt System,
connected in Series
40-100 kW Energy Storage
Suitable for large yachts, only
CurrentStatus
Best PV Technology
Increased UseProven
LaboratoryCell Proven
OperationalToday
OperationalToday
Tech2015
PV C-SiReach Limit
AdvancedDesigns
Adds 1-2 Axis
AdvancesIn System
Output
Increase inCapacity
Improvement In Fuel Cell Efficiency
* CPV Solar Harvest can be further enhanced by Tracking : 1-Axis 13% and 2-Axis 29%
Wind Power Added
Ducted Wind Power for Battery Charging During Cloudy Days
The ducted rotor consists of a turbine inside a duct which flares outwards at
the back, referred to as Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines (i.e. DAWT). The
main advantage of the ducted rotor is that it can operate in a wide range of
winds and generate a higher power per unit of rotor area. The ducted rotor
advantage is that the generator operates at a high rotation rate, so it doesn't
require a bulky gearbox allowing the mechanical portion of the unit to be
smaller, lighter and more quiet: 35dB at10 feet distance.
Airborne Wind Turbine The airborne wind turbine is a design concept for electric energy generation that is supported in the air without a tower.. When the generator is aloft, a conductive tether would be used to transmit energy to the ground or used aloft or beamed to receivers using microwave or laser. Airborne turbine systems would have the advantage of tapping an almost constant wind, without requirements for slip rings or yaw mechanism, and without the expense of tower construction.. When the generator is ground-based, the tether need not be conductive
The Airborne Turbine can be used when a
Yacht is stationary for recharging batteries,
the same tether can be used for the SkySails
Auxiliary Power Generation for Charging Batteries
SkySails – Towing Kite
Proven Fuel Saving Transit System in use with Commercial Ships – the Towing Kites
are approved as Spinnaker Replacement in America Cup Races. The Economics for
the Skysails show two year repayment and a Life Long Cost-effective Transit Aid
Reducing Cost. Estimated average underway savings of $1,500/Daily. Best routes for
sustained wind can show up to 35% fuel savings
Sailboat Solar Energy EvolutionOpportunities still being developed
Smaller Cruising sail boats requirements could be satisfied with renewable power, the
current solar panels generating power for lighting and navigation equipment– min.
consumption180 watt over10 hour of cruising or racing equals 1.8kWh. In the future
we may see hybrid energy harvested from dye-sensitive solar-thermal textiles woven
directly into the main sail, acting as a large catchment field for Solar Power. Or, dye-
sensitive film attached to a solid Wing Sail with multifunctional harvest/storage power
skins like those used by the Military today on Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs). The
Oracle latest America Cup winner used a generator mounted behind the Captain for
trimming the nine sections of the solid Wing Sail and other operational requirements–
it was noisy, smelly and totally unnecessary. The Wing Sail can generate 5-10 kWh/d
of electricity, enough for all electronics, LED lights and winches.
Today’s Solar Panel for
Nominal Auxiliary Power Future Textile Thermal Solar
Energy Generation
Tomorrow’s Solar Dye Sensitive Film
Coating for Solid Wing Sails
Wind Systems Power Augmentation
sour
se
Ducted Wind Auxiliary Wind Airborne WindWind*
Towing Kite* Thermal Textiles/ Solar Cell Films
TypePower
5 m/s 10kWh/d7.5 m/s 15kWh/d
Used during TransitSuitable for large
yachts only
3.5 m/s :7.6 kWh/d7.5 m/s 9.7kWh/d for Hotel Load orBattery Charging
during Transit
Airborne Tether System
Stationary(only large yachts)
SkySails Provides30% Fuel Saving
during Transit (only large yachts)
The Sail boat Textiles or Films for Solar Power
Harvesting
CurrentStatus
PrototypeAvailable for Test
OperationalToday
ConceptProven
OperationalToday
Solid Wing SailIs Proven
Tech-nology2015
AdvancedDesign
Larger Yachts
Improvementsand
Expanded Use
Test Systems ImprovementIn Electronics
Enter Dye-sensitive Solar Cell Films for
Solid Wing Sails
* Same Tether can be used for Airborne System and SkySails Towing Kite
Future Designs Maximizing Renewable Energy
Solar PV
Panels
Central
Energy
Mgmt.
System
Energy
Storage
System
Wind
Generators
Electric
Motors
Solar and Wind Yacht
Conceptual - Integrated Energy System
Electric/
Alternator
Motor*
Electric/
Alternator
Motor*
Emergency/
Battery
Charging
Genset*
Energy
Preserving
Towing Kite
Taffrail Water
Generators
(small yachts)
Regeneration
Systems
Airborne
Generating
Rotating Kite
*Electric Motors, Alternator for Regeneration and Genset are all Mature Technologies
Packaged Power - OptionsDiesel/Electric Hybrid - Current Technology
Diesel
Fuel
Tank
Solar
Field*
GenSet
Batteries
Lithium-
Ion
DC DC
Appliances
AC
Appliances
Hydrogen
Tank
Fuel Cell
Stack
Emergency
GenSet
Power
Generator
Fuel Cell/Electric Hybrid – Near Future Technology
2 Electric
Motors
Power
Control
Unit
2 Electric
Motors
4 Electric
Motors
AC
Batteries
Lithium-
Ion
DC
Appliances
AC
Appliances
1 or 2 Propeller
Drives
2 Propeller
Drives
A/C , Refrigerator, Induction Cooking, TV,, LED Lighting
All Other Appliances
A/C , Refrigerator, Induction Cooking, TV,, LED Lighting
All Other Appliances
* Red Denotes Packaged Power Augmentation
DC or AC Motors
DC or AC Motors
* Red denotes Emergency Power only
Diesel
Fuel
Tank
Plug-in Shore Power
Plug-in Shore Power
Conceptual Solar and Wind - Packaged Power System
v
Diesel*
Fuel
Tank
Solar
Field
GenSet*
Batteries
Lithium
Ion
DC DC
Hotel Load
AC
Hotel Load
2 Electric
Motors
4 Electric
Motors
AC
2 Propeller
Drives
A/C , Refrigerator, Induction Cooking, TV, LED Lighting
All Other AppliancesSwitch
Wind
Aux
vInverterDC or AC
Motors
* Red denotes Emergency Power only
PV or CPV
Volt Scalable: 12-24-48
Ah Scalable 200-,4,000
Motors
Hotel Load
Sample Battery Arrangement
Solar/Wind/Diesel Electric Hybrid – Packaged Power System
Plug-in Shore Power
CPV Power Generating Installation
CPV Makes Energy Independence Possible
Top side tubswivels +/- 15°
Each unit6 ft x 6ft
36 SF
Bank of 10 units of CPV30ft x 12ft top view: 360 SF
Yacht size of 78ft x 40ft - 50 tons (approx.) will require 2 banks/10 tubs (20 tubs total). One 360SF Bank of CPV is equal to 720SF of the highest performing PV field today.
1st Axis
2nd Axis
Benefits of High Efficiency Photovoltaic
Highest Current Cell Output for CPV 43.5% vs. Best PV Cell Output of 25% provides:
• Sustainable, Reliable Power and very low Maintenance,
• Clean, no smell from Fuel internally or Fuel Spillage externally,
• Cost-efficient Life Cycle Cost when size of field is match to consumption,
• Challenge: Price (Technology and Integration) and Energy Storage
Solar Yacht High Level Design FeaturesLife Cycle Cost Implications
Target Items Conventional Today Solar Yacht -Tomorrow Impact Notes
Power Plant/ Propulsion
Diesel/
Diesel-electric
Electric Motors/Generator back-up (proven technology)
Diesel GenSet providing backup emergency energy for batteries
Energy Storage/ Batteries
Lead Acid/ Lithium-Ion Fuel Cells Energy Storage, or Liquid Batteries
Weight reduction , energy output and overall cost reduction most critical to achieved future results
Design Features Traditional Hull Shapes Catamaran, Tri-maran or
Ramform for Stability
New Power placement, Surface piercing Propellers, Wave Cutting Shapes etc…
Construction/ Material
Composite and Wood Composite/ Carbon/ Ti/ Al Use Space Age Materials ensures weight saving and strength
Operational Systems
Electronic Controls (manual)
Computerized Controls -Energy management
Controlling Energy Budget improves utilization and conserves stored energy
Infrastructure/ Lighting
Battery Lighting,
Gas Appliances
Halogen LED, Low Power Convection Appliances
Apply new technology to reduce Energy consumption , using DC power where possible (>20%)
Weight Budget Diesel Engines/ Genset/ Batteries
Electric Motors/ new Energy Storage Systems
Trade-off in Storage , power systems on Life Cycle Cost basis (over 20 year Life Cycle)
Way AheadThe Renewable Energy Market is Fractured and Power Systems are Nascent
• Complete Database Research on All Possible Power/Storage Solutions
• Design a practical land based scalable integration demo unit
• Build a Proof-of-principle Integrated Power System (100kWp)
• Create Computer Model for Scalable Motive Power & Hotel Load
Calculations used to Propose Custom Solutions to Yacht Designers
• Establish a Number of Renewable Energy Turnkey Power Packages
• Promote the Packaged Power Approach to the Yachting Industry
• Offer Power Packages to Yacht Designers/Builders Worldwide
• Along with Power Option Solutions and Consulting Services
Cont.
Market Size – High Level
Primary Market:The Mega Yacht new built (100 feet and up) worldwide Market is 25 yachts annually:
Currently scheduled for delivery in 2012 is 25 Mega Yachts - laid end-to-end this represents approx 4,388 feet at a total estimated built cost of approx $1.5 billion*.
Average size of current Yachts is 176 feet atan average Cost of approx $59 million.
Market is unaffected by the ups-and-downs in the Economy (2011 Market was equal to 2012 delivery schedule).
The total Packed Power Requirement represents between 25-30% of the built Cost equal to $20-24 million per Yacht.
Secondary Market:2,500 yachts are listed in Lloyd’s Registry (including Mega Yacht) as operating worldwide, all can benefit from a retrofit Packaged Power System.
In the 40-100 foot size category there are no reliable figures, but its likely to be over 100,000 – all of which can benefit from Packaged Power in order to reduce the energy cost required for cruising operation – including both Motive Power and Hotel Load.
More and more Yacht Builders are installing a variety of Hybrid Power Systems in order to reduce the energy requirement, but activities is lacking an overall strategy to maximize the Energy Savings.
This is a fractured and untapped Market!* Base line estimated cost $300,000 per running foot
Marketing Strategy
For Mega Yachts Establish Direct Contact with the Following Builders:
Feadship, Lurssen, Peri Yachts. Delta, Amels, Mondo Marine, Fincantieri Yachts, Oceanco,Trinity, Palmer Johnson, Benedetti, CRN, Heesen, Christensen, Icon, Azimut, Aneking & Rasmussen, Cheoy Lee, Codecasa, Nobiskrug, Nothern Marine, Jade Yachts, Arcadia Yachts, ADM Shipyard, Mega Technica, RMK Yachts.
And the following Designers:Reichel & Pugh, Van Geest Design, Phillippe Briand, Hot Lab Design, Espen Oino, Tim Heywood Design, Ron Holland Design, Diana Yacht Design, DeVoogt Naval Architects, Azure Naval Architects, Laurent Giles Naval Architects, Vripack, Mulder Design, Claydon Reeves, C3 Design, Moore yacht Design, Ken Freivokh yacht Design, Dixon Yacht Design, Marco Casali-Too Design, Barracuda Yacht Design and Misha Merzliakov Design.
New and Upgrade Package Power Systems for Yachts in the 40-100ft:
The Marketing focus will be on Yacht Builders known to already have added Electric Drives to their most current designs (Off-line Diesel Engines with GenSet and Battery Storage), or various other Energy Saving devices such as limited use of Solar Panels (160-200 Wp) or Taffrail Generators (6 kts for up to 100 W per panel), for partial electric power.
This fleet of yachts is very large as is the number of boat builders worldwide (in the 1000s). Interest in a well thought out Packaged Power System is high today. These Boat Builder can best be reached at Boat Shows (local and International), by demonstrating performance with the planned land based Demo Unit.
This in the End of the Presentation
If you are interested in moreSpecific information on
Project Designs in this Presentationdetailed explanation and Case Studies
can be provided by contacting :
Henning Jacobsen
HJA Solutions
+1 514 214-4245
Current Business Case Samples of Applied Renewable Technology for Yachts
1. 2007 Sun21 – Catamaran 42’ x 20’ and weighing 12 tons
2. 2008 PlanetSolar is a Catamaran measuring 102’ x 49’ and weighing 95 tons
3. 2009 WHY Wallygator – four deck 190’ x 125’ size weighing 2,646 tons
4. 2010 Mochi Craft 23 Long Range - four-deck 75 foot, 95 ton yacht
5. 2011 Oculus (250’ x 42’) 2,800E Tons
6. 2012 Rainbow – J-Class Fleet Replica, 131’ x ? tons
7. 2013 Floating Home -2 Story Living Quarters 60’ x 30’ weighing 100 -110 tons
