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Presenter: Shuichi Sato Audience: IRRI Workshop, Indonesia Subject Country: Indonesia
Citation preview
Water Saving for Paddy CultivationWater Saving for Paddy Cultivation
by SRIby SRI (System of Rice Intensification)(System of Rice Intensification)
Experience of Experience of Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement
Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP) Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP) JBIC ODA LoanJBIC ODA Loan
7 March 20067 March 2006
by Shuichi SATOby Shuichi SATOTeam Leader of the Consultant for DISIMPTeam Leader of the Consultant for DISIMP
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Irrigation Development in Eastern IndonesiaIrrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia
Characteristics of Eastern Indonesia
Irrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia
Limited water resources Agriculture-based economy Remote location / poor transport infrastructure Less development / investment in the past
Government policies to develop eastern Indonesia started in the 1980s. Since 1990, SSIMP-DISIMP has continued to play a key role for water has continued to play a key role for water resources and irrigation development resources and irrigation development in eastern Indonesia.in eastern Indonesia.
SSIMP = SSIMP = Small Scale Irrigation Small Scale Irrigation Management ProjectManagement Project
DISIMP = DISIMP = Decentralized Irrigation Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement System Improvement
Project in Eastern Region Project in Eastern Region of Indonesiaof Indonesia(= SSIMP-IV)(= SSIMP-IV)
Outline of SSIMP-DISIMPOutline of SSIMP-DISIMP
Project ObjectiveProject ObjectivePoverty alleviationPoverty alleviation by improving agricultural by improving agricultural productivity and farmers’ income through productivity and farmers’ income through water resources and irrigation development / water resources and irrigation development / improvement and capacity building in Eastern improvement and capacity building in Eastern Region of IndonesiaRegion of Indonesia..
Performance of SSIMP-DISIMP Performance of SSIMP-DISIMP (JBIC Loan)(JBIC Loan)
Item unit SSIMP-I SSIMP-II SSIMP-III DISIMP
JBIC Loan Yen mil. 1,896 8,135 16,701 27,035
Implementaion 1990 - 94 1995 - 98 1998 - 03 2003 - 08
Province nos. 2 3 6 8
Sub-project nos. 3 11 40 27
Development Type New New New + Imp. Imp. + New
Irrigation Area ha 3,100 15,600 60,432 140,000
Water Supply persons 0 10,000 240,000 50,000
Water Source Facility
Large dam nos. 1 3 3 1
Small dam nos. 1 0 0 8
Weir nos. 0 6 12 15
Groundwater well nos. 248 192 310 250
Unique Points of SSIMP-DISIMPUnique Points of SSIMP-DISIMP
Comprehensive Project Management to Cover Comprehensive Project Management to Cover the Whole Project Cyclethe Whole Project Cycle (Project Formulation – Planning – Engineering – Guidance - Monitoring)(Project Formulation – Planning – Engineering – Guidance - Monitoring)
Continuous Learning Process by Project Continuity Made PossibleContinuous Learning Process by Project Continuity Made Possible by GOI and JBICby GOI and JBIC
Hard – Soft Integrated ApproachHard – Soft Integrated Approach
Flexible Project Formulation to Meet Local Flexible Project Formulation to Meet Local Needs (Bottom-up)Needs (Bottom-up) Component (hard) = Water source, Irrigation, Water supply, Component (hard) = Water source, Irrigation, Water supply,
Rural development,Rural development,
Component (soft) = Capacity building, Farm guidance, O&M guidance, Component (soft) = Capacity building, Farm guidance, O&M guidance, Special studySpecial study
Water source type = Water source type = Dam, Pond, Weir, Groundwater wellDam, Pond, Weir, Groundwater well
Development typeDevelopment type = = Improvement, New Improvement, New
Size of sub-project = 200 ha (groundwater) – 60,000 ha (Size of sub-project = 200 ha (groundwater) – 60,000 ha (improvementimprovement))
Stage-wise DevelopmentStage-wise Development
Strong Quality ControlStrong Quality Control (Task concept for supervision)(Task concept for supervision)
SSIMP-DISIMP = rapid realization of real benefits for the people.SSIMP-DISIMP = rapid realization of real benefits for the people.
SRISRISystem of Rice IntensificationSystem of Rice Intensification
SRI SRI (System of Rice Intensification)(System of Rice Intensification)
SRI was developed in the 1980s in Madagaskar, SRI was developed in the 1980s in Madagaskar, but became widely known only after 1999.but became widely known only after 1999.
SRI is an innovative paddy cultivation method SRI is an innovative paddy cultivation method attaining attaining higher paddy yields with lower resources higher paddy yields with lower resources utilizationutilization (>40% reduction for water, 50% reduction for (>40% reduction for water, 50% reduction for chemical fertilizer and insecticide).chemical fertilizer and insecticide).
SRI is a set of principles for rice cultivation:SRI is a set of principles for rice cultivation: (1) (1) Unique transplanting methodUnique transplanting method
Single planting of younger seedling (7-14 days after seeding) Single planting of younger seedling (7-14 days after seeding) at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm for DISIMP)at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm for DISIMP)
(2) (2) Intermittent irrigationIntermittent irrigation SRI will increase the burdens of water management andSRI will increase the burdens of water management and
weeding, but this can accepted by farmers owing to aweeding, but this can accepted by farmers owing to astrong incentives from yield increases.strong incentives from yield increases.
Note: a) Application of organic fertilizers is recommended, Note: a) Application of organic fertilizers is recommended, but is not the “Must”. (Experience of DISIMP)but is not the “Must”. (Experience of DISIMP) b) Value of transplanting of younger seedling was confirmedb) Value of transplanting of younger seedling was confirmed
in Japan by many researchers by 1990.in Japan by many researchers by 1990.
SRI under DISIMPSRI under DISIMP
1. SRI was introduced in DISIMP in 2002. SRI area is: 2 ha in 2002, 15 ha in 2003, 365 ha in 2004, 982 ha in 2005, and >4,000 ha in 2006.
2. Yield of SRI paddy (2002-2005 average) was 7.23t/ha, 84% higher than non-SRI paddy of 3.92 t/ha.
3. Irrigation water use for SRI is 40% less thannon-SRI plots.
4. Water saving by SRI will contribute to: Equitable water distribution in weir irrigation
scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas Efficient use of expensive water by dam and pond Cost saving for groundwater schemes
5. Success with the SRI method needs good water management, which in turn needs strong farmer groups, which needs a high level of participation.
Comparison of Seedlings, SRI vs. Non-SRIComparison of Seedlings, SRI vs. Non-SRI
Non-SRI Seedlings Non-SRI Seedlings (30 days)(30 days)SRI Seedling SRI Seedling (10 days)(10 days)
Young Seedlings Transplanting in JapanYoung Seedlings Transplanting in Japan
In Japan, since 1980, research on translanting of young seedling In Japan, since 1980, research on translanting of young seedling has been done from viewpoint of has been done from viewpoint of cost savingcost saving..
Results of findings on use of younger seedlings were the same as SRI.Results of findings on use of younger seedlings were the same as SRI.
By 1990, mechanized trasnplating technology for younger seedlingBy 1990, mechanized trasnplating technology for younger seedling was estabsliched and a manual was published.was estabsliched and a manual was published.
Nursery Bed for Young SeedlingsNursery Bed for Young Seedlings
Transplanter of Young Seedling (3 hrs/ha)Transplanter of Young Seedling (3 hrs/ha)
Field Preparation for SRIField Preparation for SRI
Digging of filed drain in plot for SRI Intermittent IrrigationDigging of filed drain in plot for SRI Intermittent Irrigation
Drainage pipe at plot bundDrainage pipe at plot bund
Marking for Marking for transplanting transplanting (30 cm x 30 cm)(30 cm x 30 cm)
Preparation of Seedlings and SRI TransplantingPreparation of Seedlings and SRI Transplanting
Seeding on nursery plateSeeding on nursery plate
young seedlingyoung seedling(10 days after seeding)(10 days after seeding)
SRI Transplanting of SRI Transplanting of single young seedlingsingle young seedling(7 – 14 days after seeding) (7 – 14 days after seeding) at wider spacing at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm)(30 cm x 30 cm)
Nursery plate rackNursery plate rack
Weeding by WeederWeeding by Weeder
SRI Rotary WeederSRI Rotary Weeder Developed by DISIMP ConsultantDeveloped by DISIMP Consultant
ConventionalConventionalWeederWeederfrom Javafrom Java
WeederWeeder ( (for Muddy soil)for Muddy soil)
Rice Plant Growth (1)Rice Plant Growth (1)
10 DAT10 DAT
DAT = Day After TransplantingDAT = Day After Transplanting
21 DAT21 DAT
41 DAT41 DAT62 DAT62 DAT
Rice Plant Growth (2)Rice Plant Growth (2)
72 DAT72 DAT
89 DAT89 DAT105 DAT105 DAT
Paddy Yield of SRI in DISIMP (2002-05)Paddy Yield of SRI in DISIMP (2002-05)Area (ha) Farmers SRI Non SRI Ratio
South Sulawesi (Sulsel)1 Awo-1 0.20 3 DS 02/03 7.15 4.35 164.4%
Awo-2 5.00 18 DS 04/05 6.29 3.61 174.2%2 Salomekko-1 0.20 1 DS 02/03 7.92 3.32 238.6%
Salomekko-2 5.00 7 WS 2004 6.19 3.66 169.1%Salomekko-3 5.00 10 DS 04/05 6.69 3.48 192.2%
3 Kelara Karalloe-1 4.30 6 WS 03/04 7.45 4.41 168.9%Kelara Karalloe-2 2.00 1 DS 2004 8.18 4.17 196.2%Kelara Karalloe-3 217.90 145 WS 04/05 7.65 3.83 199.7%
4 Kiru Kiru-1 1.00 1 WS 03/04 8.76 3.19 274.6%Kiru Kiru-2 1.00 1 WS 04/05 6.80 3.53 192.6%
5 Sadang-1 5.00 12 WS 2004 8.11 4.55 178.2%Sadang-2 77.79 106 DS 04/05 8.99 4.80 187.3%Sadang-3 164.89 183 WS 2005 7.57 4.59 164.9%
6 Lanrae-1 3.00 4 DS 04/05 6.80 4.08 166.7%Lanrae-2 10.00 10 WS 2005 7.65 4.47 171.1%
502.28 508 7.79 4.25 183.5%West Nusa Tenggara (NTB)
1 Jurang Sate (Lombok) -1 4.37 11 WS 04/05 8.48 5.58 152.0%Jurang Sate (Lombok) -2 74.95 216 DS 2005 6.44 3.94 163.5%
2 Jurang Batu (Lombok) -1 5.06 12 WS 04/05 6.66 4.98 133.7%Jurang Batu (Lombok) -2 103.42 241 DS 2005 5.59 2.62 213.4%
3 Lombok (other 8 locations) 41.24 123 DS 2005 5.56 3.95 140.7%4 Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -1 1.50 2 WS 02/03 7.37 5.10 144.5%
Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -2 2.62 10 WS 04/05 9.00 4.49 200.4%Tiu Kulit (Sumbawa) -3 5.07 5 DS 2005 7.20 4.06 177.2%
5 Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -1 0.16 1 DS 2004 8.02 4.51 177.8%Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -2 11.38 42 WS 04/05 8.45 4.73 178.6%Batu Bulan (Sumbawa) -3 61.55 128 DS 2005 8.30 3.95 210.0%
311.32 791 6.55 3.59 182.7%Central Sulawesi (Sulteng)
1 Karaopa -1 37.0 37 DS 04/05 8.10 4.00 202.5%Karaopa -2 493.0 493 DS 2005 6.90 3.70 186.5%
2 Sinorang -1 8.0 8 DS 04/05 6.10 4.10 148.8%Sinorang -2 12.0 12 DS 2005 5.60 3.60 155.6%
550.00 550 6.94 3.72 186.4%1,363.60 1,849 7.17 3.89 184.4%
Total/Weighted average
DISIMP Irrigation SchemeSRI Area
Grand Total/Weighted average
Paddy Yield (t/ha)*CroppingSeason
Total/Weighted average
Total/Weighted average
Note: * = Dry un-husked rice (14% moisture content)
Lessons Learned of SRI under DISIMPLessons Learned of SRI under DISIMP
SRI method can offer high paddy yield with less production costsSRI method can offer high paddy yield with less production costs (seeds, fertilizers, chemcals) as well as water saving.(seeds, fertilizers, chemcals) as well as water saving.
Labor burden increases by SRI, but farmers can overcome due Labor burden increases by SRI, but farmers can overcome due toto strong incentivestrong incentive of high productivity of paddy cultivation.of high productivity of paddy cultivation.
Without use of organic fertilizers (reduced chemical fertilizer only) Without use of organic fertilizers (reduced chemical fertilizer only) high yield of paddy can be obtained. Use of organic fertilizers ishigh yield of paddy can be obtained. Use of organic fertilizers ispreferable but not the “Must” for SRI.preferable but not the “Must” for SRI. If use of organic fertilizers is the must, expansion of SRI is difficult.If use of organic fertilizers is the must, expansion of SRI is difficult.
SRI is water saving attaining about 40% reduction in quantity in lotSRI is water saving attaining about 40% reduction in quantity in lot (variable by soil and filed conditions) due to intermittent irrigation.(variable by soil and filed conditions) due to intermittent irrigation.However,However, farmers will never agree to dry up their field without farmers will never agree to dry up their field without reliable water sourcereliable water source. . Therefore, introduction of SRI should be Therefore, introduction of SRI should be in irrigation area of relatively good conditions such as upstream in irrigation area of relatively good conditions such as upstream of the system.of the system.
For successful introduction of SRI, involvement of local governmentFor successful introduction of SRI, involvement of local governmentoffices as well as experts (consultant) is necessary for technical offices as well as experts (consultant) is necessary for technical
support and advice.support and advice.
Intermittent IrrigationIntermittent Irrigation
WetWet
DryDry
Wet-Dry Cycle is different by lot condition, soil type, and water availability.Wet-Dry Cycle is different by lot condition, soil type, and water availability.
Dry for 3 weeksDry for 3 weeks
Sambelia SRI Experimental Station, DISIMPSambelia SRI Experimental Station, DISIMP
5 m 5 m
0.60
m
5 m
0.60
m
5 m
0.60
m
5 m
0.60
m
5 m
0.60
m
5 m 5 m
5 m plot 11 plot 12 plot 13 plot 14 plot 15 plot 16
1.20 m
5 m plot 21 plot 22 plot 23 plot 24 plot 25 plot 26
1.20 m
5 m plot 31 plot 32 plot 33 plot 34 plot 35 plot 36
1.20 m
5 m plot 41 plot 42 plot 43 plot 44 plot 45 plot 46
5 m
2 Reservoir tank
Fibreglass, cap 2,200 liter
PVC H = 3 m PVC Tee 2" with reducer 2" to 1"
ball valve 2"PVC pipe 2" diameter
Valve 1" by-pass valve
5 drums each of 200 liters capacity PVC 2" dia
Outlet Box
Alfalva valve
Main supply
valve 2-1/2" dia valve H = 0.90 m
1" dia
GIP 2-1/2" or max 3" diameterDistributed to test plots
Mai
n su
pply
pip
e : P
VC
AW
2-1
/2"
Test Plot (5 m x 5 m, 24 plots)General Layout of Sambelia SRI Experimental Station
Water Measurement System
To Mataram(2 hours)
SRI Trial in Sambelia Station, DISIMPSRI Trial in Sambelia Station, DISIMP
First Planting Test 2005/2006
Land Preparation (30-Sep-05)
3 DAT (14-Oct-05)
27 DAT (7-Nov-05)
43 DAT (23-Nov-05)
72 DAT (22-Dec-05)
115 DAT (4-Feb-06)
DAT = Days After Transplanting
Field Test for Intermittent IrrigationField Test for Intermittent Irrigation
Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:
SRI Transplanting (10-day seedling, 30cm x 30 cm, 1 each) + Intermittent Irrigation SRI Transplanting (10-day seedling, 30cm x 30 cm, 1 each) + Intermittent Irrigation Non-SRI Transplanting (25-day seedling, 20cm x 25 cm, 4 each) + Continuous Irrigation Non-SRI Transplanting (25-day seedling, 20cm x 25 cm, 4 each) + Intermittent Irrigation
Field Test
Test Results
Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:
Total Irrigation Supply = 816 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,152 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,368 mmTotal Irrigation Supply = 1,136 mm
Paddy Yield = 5.12 t/haPaddy Yield = 4.46 t/haPaddy Yield = 2.95 t/haPaddy Yield = 3.40 t/ha
Case-1:Case-2:Case-3:Case-4:
Oct. 2005 Nov. 2005 Dec. 2005 Jan. 2006 Feb. 2006
11 Oct.
11 Oct.
26 Oct.
26 Oct.
3 Feb.
4 Feb.
3 Feb.
4 Feb.
HarvestTransplanting
Rice Variety = Cihereng
Irrigation stopped on 1-Jan-06 due to rainfall
Irrigation Practice
Water Savings by SRI MethodsWater Savings by SRI Methods
Field water measurement using V-notchField water measurement using V-notch has started in DISIMP schemes in 2006.has started in DISIMP schemes in 2006.
Less water for 2Less water for 2ndnd land preparation land preparation
Less water for nursery bedLess water for nursery bed
Less irrigation during plant growing under intermittent irrigationLess irrigation during plant growing under intermittent irrigation
Water-Saving Effects of SRIWater-Saving Effects of SRI
Field observation shows an amount of irrigation water use Field observation shows an amount of irrigation water use for SRI is about 40% less than non-SRI (continuous ponding).for SRI is about 40% less than non-SRI (continuous ponding).
Water-Saving Effects of SRIWater-Saving Effects of SRI
Contribution to mitigate upsteam-downstream problem in Contribution to mitigate upsteam-downstream problem in a scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas and increase a scheme by introducing SRI in the upstream areas and increase water for downsteam areas for equitable water diestribution. water for downsteam areas for equitable water diestribution.
=> Sustainable Participatory Water-saving=> Sustainable Participatory Water-saving
Cost saving for groundwater irrigationCost saving for groundwater irrigation
Effective use of impounding water by dam and pondEffective use of impounding water by dam and pond
Benefits of SRI Water-SavingBenefits of SRI Water-Saving
The EndThe End
SRI will contribute to mitigate SRI will contribute to mitigate present and future global issues ofpresent and future global issues of
FoodFood, , PovertyPoverty, , WaterWater, &, & EnvironmentEnvironment