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Visualization as a Tertium
Comparationis within Multilingual
Scientific Communities
MWAIL2015, Multilingual Workshop on AI & Law Research, 8 June 2015, San Diego
Friedrich LACHMAYER Vienna and University of Innsbruck
Vytautas ČYRAS Vilnius University
Erich SCHWEIGHOFER University of Vienna
1. Introduction
2
Visualization in 8 views/4 methods
• 8 views 1. text (multimedia) corpus
2. logical representation
3. ontological representation
4. visualization
5. argumentation view
6. annotation view
7. citation network view
8. user view
• 4 methods 1. documentation
2. interpretation (searching, reading and understanding)
3. structural (logical and conceptual) analysis
4. visualization
3
• Synthesis – consolidating all the representations and analytical
methods into a common representation
2. Visualization as a
tertium comparationis
4
Formal and informal visualization
• Formal – Formal syntax, strict rules of composition
• Informal – no formal semantics
– “clare et distincte”
5
Tertium comparationis
• The third part of the comparison, the quality that
two things have in common
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tertium_comparationis)
6
Indirect relation between A and B through tertium comparationis,
the common property
A B
tertium comparationis
Translation problem in EU
• English is lingua franca
7
A visualization can replace wording
Tertium communicationis
• Which formats contribute to better communi-
cation between humans or machines
– visual
– textual, e.g. XML structure
8
Two directions in producing
visualizations
a) From a natural language to a professional one
b) Vice versa
9
Lachmayer’s visualizations
Law in films/novels
Explaining law
Two ways of producing tertium
comparationis
1. via a visualization
2. via a model/metamodel
10
Visual products
Analogous to H2O formula in chemistry
11
3. Indirect relations and
tertium comparationis
12
Indirect relations
• E.g., reflected relation and broken relation
• Examples
– Translation from Portuguese into Lithuanian
through English
– Interoperability bridge to make two
information systems interoperable
13
Portuguese Lithuanian
English
System_A System_B
Bridge
Subsumption
• Relation between the facts (Tatbestand)
and the circumstances (Sachverhalt)
14
a) pattern b) explanation
Universalia in rem
See also universalia ante rem
15
Types of legal relations
16
Is/Ought -Is/Ought combinations
Thank you
17
F. Lachmayer see www.legalvisualization.com,
http://jusletter-it.weblaw.ch/visualisierung/